被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主要用法.docx

被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主要用法一定義語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示主語和謂語的關(guān)系。語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如果主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者是說動(dòng)作是由主語完成的，要用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，或者是說動(dòng)作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的，則用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by短語。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知誰打破的) They have been poorly paid. 他們的工資太低。(沒必要指出工資是誰付的) 突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語。The time-table has been changed. 時(shí)間表已變動(dòng)了。(要突出的是“時(shí)間”) These books are written especially for children. 這些書是專門為孩子們寫的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“”這些書) 為了使語言得體或圓滑等不愿意說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 請(qǐng)您在下次會(huì)議上作個(gè)發(fā)言。It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 據(jù)說她要嫁給一個(gè)外國人。出于修辭的原因，或是說為了更好地安排句子。如：It is generally considered impolite to ask ones age, salary, marriage, etc. . 問別人的年齡、工資、婚姻狀況等通常被認(rèn)為是不禮貌的。The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 這個(gè)提議特別遭到了那些在本地區(qū)投資很大的人的反對(duì)。(因those的定語太長了，若用它作主語，主語與謂語就相距太遠(yuǎn)而顯得句子松散。) 8種常用時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be 有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are +過去分詞。如：Rice is grown in south China. 華南種植水稻。(2) 一般過去時(shí)：was/were+過去分詞。如：The glass was broken yesterday. 這塊玻璃是昨天打爛的。(3) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are being +過去分詞。如：The project is being carried out. 這個(gè)計(jì)劃正在執(zhí)行中。(4) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were/being +過去分詞。如：This road was being built this time last year. 這條路去年這個(gè)時(shí)候還在修建。(5) 一般將來時(shí)：will be +過去分詞。如：The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 這些汽車將由水路運(yùn)往國外。(6) 過去將來時(shí)：would be +過去分詞。如：The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 經(jīng)理說這個(gè)工程在年底前將會(huì)完成。(7) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has been +過去分詞。如：This novel has been translated into several languages. 這本小說已被譯成了幾種語言。(8) 過去完在時(shí)：had been +過去分詞。如：When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到達(dá)劇院時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)票已賣完了。使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)“六注意”一要注意被動(dòng)語態(tài)的不同時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”，其中的助動(dòng)詞 be 根據(jù)情況可使用各種不同時(shí)態(tài)。如：She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))The book will be reprinted soon. 這本書很快會(huì)重印。(一般將來時(shí))The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))They have been given a warning. 他們受到警告。(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))二要注意帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)該結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be(或be的適當(dāng)形式)+過去分詞”。這類結(jié)構(gòu)非常有可能作為語境題出現(xiàn)在考卷中。如：The rules must be obeyed. 這些規(guī)章制度必須遵守。They shouldnt have been told about it. 這事是不應(yīng)當(dāng)告訴他們的。三要注意非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)1. 不定式一般式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“to be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求給她一些工作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀請(qǐng)發(fā)言的人。2. 不定式完成式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“to have been+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想讓人把結(jié)果早點(diǎn)告訴我的。3. 現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：I saw him being taken away. 我看見有人把他帶走了。Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有墻作保護(hù)，他感到很安全。4. 現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“having been+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Having been invited to speak, Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 因?yàn)檠?qǐng)我去講話，我明天就得做準(zhǔn)備。The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. 話題已經(jīng)開始了，他不得不談下去。5. 動(dòng)名詞一般式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：She likes being looked at. 她喜歡被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of. 他討厭被別人愚弄。This question is far from being settled. 這個(gè)問題遠(yuǎn)沒解決。6. 動(dòng)名詞完成式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。由“having been+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮沒受過舞蹈的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練是她感到遺憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把車開出城的指令后，我開始信心十足了。注：過去分詞沒有被動(dòng)式，因?yàn)樗旧砜梢员硎颈粍?dòng)意義。如：The door remained locked. 門仍然鎖著。四要注意“get+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常由“助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，有時(shí)也可用“get+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。如：James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。How did that window get opened? 那個(gè)窗戶是如何打開的？但總的說來，用get構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不如用be構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)常見，尤其是在含有施動(dòng)者的by短語時(shí)，用get構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)更是少見。不過有時(shí)用be+過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成誤解時(shí)，人們可能會(huì)選get+過去分詞來避免這種誤解：The window was broken. 窗戶破了(表狀態(tài))。/ 窗戶被打破了(表動(dòng)作)The window got broken. 窗戶被打破了(表動(dòng)作)五要注意哪些動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)1. 不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。因?yàn)椴患拔飫?dòng)詞沒有賓語，所以若將其用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)則沒有主語，故不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但是值得注意的是，有些英語中的不及物動(dòng)詞，譯成漢語時(shí)卻可能是“及物”的，很容易出錯(cuò)，這類動(dòng)詞如：take place(發(fā)生)，happen(發(fā)生)，come about(發(fā)生)，break out(爆發(fā))，appear(出現(xiàn))，disappear(消失)，last(持續(xù))，arise(出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生)等：Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常發(fā)生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要時(shí)就使用這筆錢。2. 英語中的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)：My shoes dont fit me. 我的鞋不合適。The young man lacks experience. 這個(gè)年輕人缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)。英語不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)幾種的情形1.謂語為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：He looked fine. 他氣色好。The food tastes delicious. 這食物味道很好。2. 謂語為不及物動(dòng)詞(短語)時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The war broke out in the end. 戰(zhàn)爭終于爆發(fā)了。I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在哪兒見到了他。3. 賓語為不定式、動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式或從句，表示主語的一些想法、愛好或愿望時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：He decided to go with us. 他決定跟我們一起去。I want to buy a computer. 我想買一臺(tái)電腦。4. 賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞、同源賓語等時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該相互幫助。We live a happy life here. 我們在這兒過著幸福的生活。He thinks of himself too much. 他對(duì)自己想得太多。5. 賓語是處所、地點(diǎn)時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：We will reach the station in two hours. 我們再過兩個(gè)小時(shí)就會(huì)到站了。He has gone to London now. 他去倫敦了。6. 謂語部分(動(dòng)詞與賓語) 是一個(gè)不可分割的動(dòng)詞短語時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The ship set sail this morning. 這艘輪船今天早晨起航了。He saw the doctor yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上看了醫(yī)生。通常不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞那里的人缺乏食物。正：People there lack food. 誤：Food is lacked by people there. 從形式上看，第2句是第1句的相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)形式，既然第1句為正句，那么第2句從理論上說應(yīng)該是成立的。而事實(shí)上第2句卻是個(gè)錯(cuò)句。在英語中，并不是所有的及物動(dòng)詞都可以用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的，有些動(dòng)詞(尤其是那些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞)盡管它們可以帶賓語，但卻不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這種動(dòng)詞考生容易弄錯(cuò)，其中主要的有：have，lack，fit，suit，cost，let，like等：他有一臺(tái)電腦。正：He has a computer.誤：A computer is had by him. 他當(dāng)時(shí)正在洗澡。正：He was taking a bath. 誤：A bath was being had by him. 我的鞋不適合。正：My shoes dont fit me. 誤：I am not fitted by my shoes. 這架鋼琴花了她6000美元。正：The piano cost her 6000 dollars. 誤：She was cost her 6000 dollars. 誤：6000 dollars was cost her. 這件衣服他穿很合適。正：The coat suits him very well. 誤：He is well suited by the coat. 六要注意兩類被動(dòng)句型的相互轉(zhuǎn)換英語中有一種主動(dòng)句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成兩種被動(dòng)句型，它們通常是一些表示客觀說明的句子。如：People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是誠實(shí)的。Its believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是誠實(shí)的。She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是誠實(shí)的。比較上面兩類被動(dòng)句型可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，一類是“it+be+過去分詞+that從句”，另一類則是“主語+be+過去分詞+不定式”(其中的“主語”為前一類句型中that從句中的主語)，通?？捎糜谶@兩類被動(dòng)句型的動(dòng)詞有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等，比較(同時(shí)注意其中時(shí)態(tài)和動(dòng)詞形式的變化)：Its known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位優(yōu)秀的歌手。Its reported that he was driving fast. / He is reported to have been driving fast. 據(jù)說他當(dāng)時(shí)車開得很快。表示“據(jù)說”的三類被動(dòng)句型(1) It is said that句式It is said that honesty is the best policy. 人們說誠實(shí)是上策。It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. 據(jù)說13是一個(gè)不吉利的數(shù)字。It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 據(jù)說吃得最多的人身體最差。注：其他類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有：Its supposed to be very good. 據(jù)說它質(zhì)量很好。Its expected that the war would end soon. 預(yù)計(jì)戰(zhàn)爭不久即可結(jié)束。It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. 據(jù)報(bào)道又有一顆衛(wèi)星上天了。(2) There is said that句式There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast. 據(jù)信我們近海有大量石油。注：其他類似表達(dá)還有：There is supposed to be a train at 9:30. 九點(diǎn)半應(yīng)有一班火車。There are known to be thousands of different species of beetles. 據(jù)了解，有成千上萬種不同的甲蟲。(3) sb / sth is said that句式：其意為“據(jù)說”，Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer. 據(jù)說布朗先生死于肝癌。注：其他類似表達(dá)還有：The strike is expected to end soon. 估計(jì)罷工不久就可結(jié)束。He is believed to have already got out of the country. 據(jù)信他已離開這個(gè)國家。關(guān)于主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1. 連系動(dòng)詞(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove)要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，因?yàn)檫B系動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。The building looks very beautiful.這座建筑看上去很美。Your idea proved to be wrong. 你的想法證實(shí)是錯(cuò)的。2. 當(dāng)open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語的某種屬性時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：The door wont shut. 這門關(guān)不上。The book sells quickly. 這書銷售得快。3. 有的動(dòng)詞本身含有被動(dòng)意味，通常用主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)含義。如：Her coat caught on the nail. 她的大衣被釘子鉤住了。Her eyes filled with tears. 她眼睛里充滿了眼淚。4.不定式to blame, to let作表語時(shí)，常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)Who is to blame? 該怪誰呢？The house is to let. 此屋出租5. 某些“be+形容詞+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The book is difficult to understand. 這書很難懂。The music isnt pleasant to listen to. 這音樂不好聽。The picture is interesting to look at. 這幅畫看起來挺有趣的。注：這類結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是句子主語就是其后不定式的邏輯賓語，按理說其中的不定式要用被動(dòng)形式，但習(xí)慣上卻要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。這類形容詞常見的有convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等。6. 不定式用于某些動(dòng)詞(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的賓語后作定語時(shí)，如果不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：Do you have time to help us? 你有時(shí)間幫助我們嗎?I have some clothes to wash. 我有一些衣服要洗。I want something to drink. 我想喝點(diǎn)什么注：若不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式，比較：I have something to type. 我有些東西要打(字)。(指自己打字)I have something to be typed. 我有些東西要打(字)。(指請(qǐng)人打字)7. 在 tooto do sth 和enough to do sth這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，若句子主語與其后不定式為to do sth被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則該不定式通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義(有時(shí)也可直接用被動(dòng)式)The writing is too faint to read. 這筆跡太模糊，看不清。These boxes are not strong enough to use to be used as a platform. 這些箱子不夠牢，不能用作站臺(tái)。8. be worth后的動(dòng)名詞要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：This movie is worth seeing. 這部影片值得一看。Shes not worth getting angry with. 犯不上跟她生氣(from )。注：與worth相似的worthy卻不一樣，其后不接動(dòng)名詞而接不定式(若接動(dòng)名詞則其前應(yīng)有介詞of)，且要用被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義：This book is worthy to be read of being read. 這本書值得一讀。9. 在need, want, require等少數(shù)表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The house needs cleaning. 房子需要打掃了。These children require looking after. 這些孩子需要照看。This wall requires repairing. 這面墻需要修理了。注：該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)名詞改用不定式則要用被動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)。如：The house needs to be cleaned. 房子需要打掃了。These children require to be looked after. 這些孩子需要照看。主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的常見情形(1) 連用動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：尤其是表示“起來”的系動(dòng)詞，如sound(聽起來), taste(吃起來), smell(聞起來), feel(摸起來), look, seem(看起來)等，盡管它在漢語意思含有被動(dòng)意味，但英語卻要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：綢子摸起來柔軟光滑。誤：Silk is felt soft and smooth. 正：Silk feels soft and smooth. 他并不像他看起來那么傻。誤：He is not such a fool as he is looked.正：He is not such a fool as he looks.(2) 某些不及動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：用作不及物動(dòng)詞的open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash, clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook等，當(dāng)主語是物，且因該事物本身具有某一固有特點(diǎn)使得謂語動(dòng)詞能以某種方式得以實(shí)現(xiàn)或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：The book sells well. 這本書賣得不錯(cuò)。The window wont open. 窗子打不開了。This shirt will wear very long. 這襯衫可以穿很久。This cheese doesnt cut easily. Its too soft. 這乳酪不容易切，太軟了。(3) 關(guān)于let, blame：不定式to blame, to let等作表語時(shí)，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。如：This house is to let. 此房出租。Nobody is to blame for it. 誰也不該埋怨。(4) 幾個(gè)表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞：在表示“(某物)需要”的need, want, require等后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如()：The house wants painting(= to be painted). 房子需要油漆了。The floor requires washing(= to be washed). 地板該洗了。(5) 關(guān)于be worth doing sth：在be worth后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。如：His suggestion is worth considering. 他的建議值得考慮。This clock is hardly worth repairing. 這個(gè)鐘幾乎不值得修了。也談主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義 某些系動(dòng)詞，如feel, look, seem, appear, taste, sound, smell, prove, remain等用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義；主語通常是事物，且表示該事物本身具有某一固有特征。如：The material feels very soft. 這種料子摸起來很柔軟。誤：The material is felt very soft. The music sounds beautiful. 這音樂聽起來很美妙。誤：The music is sounded beautiful. 表示主語由內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，使得主語得以實(shí)現(xiàn)或不能實(shí)現(xiàn)，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook, open, close, lock等。1. 同well, badly, easily等副詞連用。如：The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。The book sells well. 那本書很暢銷。The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆很好寫。2. 謂語動(dòng)詞用否定式。如：The window wont open. 這扇窗開不了。The door wont lock. 這門鎖不上。3. 主語+謂語(blow, wear等) +主補(bǔ)。如：The door blew open. 門被風(fēng)吹開了。 某些日常用語，cook, bake, make, print, pack, build, work out等動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The fish is cooking. 魚正在煮。The book is printing. 那本書正在印刷中。The plan is working out. 計(jì)劃正在制訂。 不定式在下列情況下用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：1. 在“be+形容詞+fit to do”句型中。如：English words are difficult to remember. 英語單詞很難記。注：常用于此句型形容詞有easy, hard, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable等。2. 在作補(bǔ)語的形容詞后作狀語的不定式。如：We found the book easy to understand. 我們覺得這本書的容易懂。3. 在This /That /These /Those be后的名詞后的不定式。如：This is a difficult problem to solve. 這是一個(gè)很難解決的問題。4. 在“there be/have/with sth. to do(有要) ”結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：I have a lot of work to do. 我有許多事要做。5. 在“疑問代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：The question is what to do next. 問題是接下來做什么。6. 在“be to blame/seek/let”結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：The house is to let. 此房出租。He is to blame for this. 他因此事應(yīng)受到責(zé)備()。 在表示“需要”的need, want, require，及be worth后的動(dòng)詞-ing形式，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：The floor needs sweeping. 這地需要打掃了。That picture is worth looking at. 那幅畫值得看。主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1.take place等能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)嗎Great changes _ in China since 1978. A. have taken placeB. took placeC. have been taken placeD. were taken place 此題應(yīng)選A。首先要排除C，D，因?yàn)閠ake place(發(fā)生)是不及物動(dòng)詞，所以不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；另一方面，因?yàn)榫渥又械膕ince 1978，所以句子宜用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)A。大家知道，不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)(因?yàn)椴患拔飫?dòng)詞沒有賓語，轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)便沒有主語)。但這里要注意的是：由于受漢語的影響，有些不及物動(dòng)詞很容易被考生誤認(rèn)為是及物動(dòng)詞，從而誤用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。這類易用錯(cuò)的動(dòng)詞主要的有take place 發(fā)生 / happen 發(fā)生 / come about 發(fā)生 / breakout 爆發(fā) / appear出現(xiàn) / disappear 消失 / last 持續(xù) 等)。他出什么事了?誤：What was is happened to him?正：What has happened to him?每四年舉行一次選舉。誤：Elections are taken place every four years. 正：Electionstake place every four years. 我不知道這事是怎么發(fā)生的。誤：I dont know how this thing was come about. 正：I dont know how this thing came about. 夜里起了一起火災(zāi)。誤：A fire was broken out during the night. 正：A fire broke out during the night. Have you moved into the new house? Not yet. The rooms _. A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are paintedD. are being painting此題選A。從句意上看，此題應(yīng)選被動(dòng)式(這是顯然的)，同時(shí)注意：被動(dòng)語態(tài)要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)形式(這點(diǎn)容易忽視)。在做動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)題時(shí)，同時(shí)要注意其時(shí)態(tài)形式：You are wanted on the phone. 有人給你打電話。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))When was the building completed? 這座大樓什么時(shí)候建成?(一般過去時(shí))You wont be allowed to take so much luggage with you. 不會(huì)準(zhǔn)你帶這么多行李。(一般將來時(shí))A new railway is now being built. 一條新鐵路正在修建。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))The roads were being widened. 道路當(dāng)時(shí)正在加寬。(過去進(jìn)行時(shí))Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這種事以前從未聽說過。(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))有時(shí)被動(dòng)式動(dòng)詞可與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用：The work must be finished at once. 這工作必須馬上完成。The method can still be improved upon. 這方法還可以改進(jìn)。My umbrella may have been left on the train. 我的傘可能忘在火車上了。含有雙賓語的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，但變間接賓語為主語的情況較多。主動(dòng)：Tom gave me a present on my birthday. 我生日那天湯姆送我一件禮物。被動(dòng)：I was given a present by Tom on my birthday. A present was given to me yesterday. 注意：如果把直接賓語（指物）改為主語，則在間接賓語（指人）前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。1. 在下列動(dòng)詞后，通常在間接賓語前用介詞to：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, sell, show, take,通tell等。2. 在下列動(dòng)詞后，一般在間接賓語前用介詞for：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。 主動(dòng)：Mother made me a new skirt. 母親給我做了件襯衣。被動(dòng)：A new skirt was made for me. 3. 由于某些動(dòng)詞與介詞有習(xí)慣搭配，既不用to也不用for, 而用別的介詞。如: People all over the world know the Great Wall. 世界上的人都知道長城。The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. （不用by短語）4. 有時(shí)用間接賓語作主語講不通或不習(xí)慣，必須用直接賓語作主語。如： Tom wrote me a letter 誤：I was written a letter by Tom 正：A letter was written to me by Tom 類似的動(dòng)詞還有：return, send, pass, hand, sell, teach等。含復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）的主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)句中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語動(dòng)詞后面成為主語補(bǔ)足語。如：We always keep the classroom clean. 我們總是保持教室清潔。The classroom is always kept clean. 教室總是保持清潔的。They asked me to help them. 他們叫我?guī)椭麄?。I was asked to help them. 我被他們叫去幫忙了。We saw them playing football. 我們看到他們在踢足球。They were seen playing football. 他們被人看見在踢足球。注意：1. 在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后要加上to。We often hear her sing. 我們經(jīng)常聽到她唱歌。She is often heard to sing. 經(jīng)常有人聽到她唱歌。2. 如果賓語補(bǔ)足語是名詞，變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，不要誤把賓語補(bǔ)足語的名詞作主語。如： We called him an ass. 我們叫他傻瓜。誤：As ass was called him. 正：He was called an ass. 短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)1. “動(dòng)詞+介詞/副詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞，變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要把它們作為整體看待，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。The patient is being operated on. 病人正在動(dòng)手術(shù)。His request was turned down. 他的要求遭到拒絕。注：這類短語動(dòng)詞常見的還有agree to, ask for, laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, call on等。常用的由“及物動(dòng)詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞有bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put on, put off, take off, think over, work out, turn out, sell out, use up look up (查詢) ()等。2. “動(dòng)詞副詞介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞，變成變動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要把它們作為一個(gè)整體看待。如：The poor were looked down upon then. 那時(shí)窮人被人瞧不起。 He was looked up to by everyone他被人們所敬仰。注：這類短語動(dòng)詞還有：get out of, look out of, get on with，get along with, catch up with, keep up with等。3. “動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)動(dòng)詞，變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，既可將短語動(dòng)詞后的賓語作為被動(dòng)句的主語，也可將短語動(dòng)詞中的名詞作為被動(dòng)句的主語。如： You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 你必須注意你的發(fā)音。Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. 注：這類短語動(dòng)詞常見的還有catch sight of, make use of, make fun of, make friends with, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take part in, take notice of, keep an eye on等。當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody，作by的賓語，并將謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語態(tài)。如： Nobody can lift this stone. 誰也拿不起這塊石頭。誤：The stone can be lifted by nobody. 正：The stone can not be lifted by anybody.當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用by whom放在句首：Who wrote this novel? 這部小說是誰寫的？誤：Who was this novel written by? 正：By whom was this novel written? 主動(dòng)句中完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)句變?yōu)橥瓿蓵r(shí)態(tài)。如：He has been using this dictionary for ten years. 這本詞典他用了十年了。This dictionary has been used for ten years. 帶雙賓語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)有何規(guī)律請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)句子：主動(dòng)：He answered me the question. (正)被動(dòng)：I was answered the question by him. (正)被動(dòng)：The question was answered me by him. (誤)以上句子涉及帶雙賓語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)問題。這個(gè)問題可以從三個(gè)方面去概括：有些帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，可以有兩種形式(即可用直接賓語或間接賓語作主語)，這類動(dòng)詞主要的有：buy，give，l