【步步高】高考英語 語法專題八 特殊句式 外研版(1).doc

專題八特殊句式主謂一致的考查要點(diǎn)1就近一致原則(1)由or，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.，not.but.等連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語時(shí)，通常根據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語動(dòng)詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。neither his parents nor i am able to persuade him to change his mind.(2)here/there引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子而主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，通常根據(jù)就近原則，謂語動(dòng)詞要與離它最近的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.2意義一致原則(1)謂語動(dòng)詞必須用單數(shù)的情況表示學(xué)科的名詞以及works(工廠)，news(消息)等作主語時(shí)，雖然本身為復(fù)數(shù)形式，但表示單數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。politics is his favorite subject.表示某些組織機(jī)構(gòu)的名詞、書/報(bào)名、國名、地名等作主語時(shí)，雖然形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但所表示的意義是單數(shù)，所以謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。do you know when the united nations was set up?(2)謂語動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)的情況表示總稱意義的名詞，如people，police，public，cattle等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。the police are searching for the murderer.(3)謂語動(dòng)詞的形式依據(jù)主語表示的意義而定集體名詞，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式根據(jù)其在語境中表示的意義而定。當(dāng)其表示集體意義，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；當(dāng)其表示集體中各個(gè)組成部分，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。as far as i know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.“the形容詞/分詞”表示“一類人”時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。the poor were looked down upon in the old days.3語法一致原則(1)由and連接的兩個(gè)名詞作主語“a/the名詞單數(shù)and名詞單數(shù)”表示一個(gè)人(雙重身份)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。the teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.“a/the名詞單數(shù)anda/the名詞單數(shù)”表示兩個(gè)人，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。the teacher and the poet have just arrived.“every名詞單數(shù)andevery名詞單數(shù)”表示每一個(gè)人，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.通常由兩個(gè)部件組成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。bread and butter is not to his taste.(2)表示時(shí)間、數(shù)量、長(zhǎng)度及價(jià)格的名詞，盡管有時(shí)是復(fù)數(shù)形式但常被看作是一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。is fifty pounds enough?(3)“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)of名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式根據(jù)of后的名詞的形式來定，如果名詞是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果名詞是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。twothirds of the books are about science.only 30% of the work was done yesterday.題組訓(xùn)練1用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1the writer and translator is(be) delivering a speech in our school now.2he or i am(be) to go.3are(be) not only the students but also their teacher required to attend the meeting?4ten years is(be) a moment in history.5a third of his compositions have(have) been corrected.6the unknown is(be) always something to be feared.倒裝句的考查要點(diǎn)1全部倒裝(1)在there be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。look，theres that bookshop i was telling you about.(2)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)移的副詞如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主語是名詞而不是代詞時(shí)，用完全倒裝。此時(shí)，句子多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過去時(shí)。there goes the phone.ill answer it.(3)such作表語置于句首時(shí)。such was albert einstein，a simple man but the 20th centurys greatest scientist.(4)直接引語的全部或部分位于句首時(shí)?！癷f you die，who will get your money？” asked holmes.(5)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語位于句首時(shí)。in the center of the square stands a monument.(6)為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，或使上下文銜接緊密，而將作表語的介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，引起倒裝。gone forever are the days when the chinese people had to use foreign oil.2部分倒裝在下列幾種情況下，只把助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語之前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意義的單詞或短語位于句首時(shí)。little does he care about what others think.(2)在not.until.，no sooner.than.，scarcely/hardly.when.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.等句式中。neither does he drink nor smoke.(3)當(dāng)only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句位于句首時(shí)。only then did i find i had made a mistake.(4)在so/such.that.從句中，當(dāng)so形容詞/副詞或such名詞位于句首時(shí)。so exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.(5)當(dāng)表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，常用“so/asbe動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語”，表示“也是”。times have changed and so have i.(6)當(dāng)neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)，常用“neither/norbe動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語”，表示“也不”。they couldnt understand it at that time，and nor could we.(7)省略if的虛擬條件句，把助動(dòng)詞were，had，should提到主語前面。had it not been for your help，we shouldnt have achieved so much.(8)as和though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。try as she might，sue couldnt get the door open.(9)“may動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝語序。may you succeed!題組訓(xùn)練21successful as he is (他雖然成功)(as)，he is not proud.2only when he reached the teahouse did he realize(他才意識(shí)到) it was the same place hed been in last year.3its nice.never before have i had such a special drink(我以前從沒喝過這么特別的飲料)!im glad you like it.4up jumped the cat(貓?zhí)饋? and caught the mouse.5not until he finished his work did he go home(他才回家)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的考查要點(diǎn)1使用助動(dòng)詞do，does和did對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。first impressions really do count.2運(yùn)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型來強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語動(dòng)詞以外的其他句子成分。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)為：it is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that/who其他成分。可用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語、賓語、狀語、表語、同位語等成分。在復(fù)習(xí)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)，要注意以下幾個(gè)方面：(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的主謂一致在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，當(dāng)對(duì)陳述句中的主語進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，無論被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞都要用單數(shù)形式it is/was.，同時(shí)，that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要與被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語在人稱和數(shù)方面保持一致。it is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.(2)當(dāng)對(duì)地點(diǎn)狀語、時(shí)間狀語或其他狀語從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用連接詞that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。it was on august 8,2008 that the 29th summer olympic games were opened in beijing.(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的疑問句在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，無論被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是什么句子成分，變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧鋾r(shí)，都須將主句改為疑問語序，即將“it is/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他成分”改為“is/was it被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that其他成分？”或“疑問詞is/was it that其他成分？”結(jié)構(gòu)。was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?when was it that she changed her mind?(4)在對(duì)not.until.結(jié)構(gòu)中的until時(shí)間狀語或時(shí)間狀語從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，要將句中的not移至until之前，構(gòu)成：it is/was not until.that.。注意that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要變成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒裝語序。i didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.it was not until she took off her dark glasses that i realized she was a famous film star.題組訓(xùn)練31was it on a lonely island that(是在一個(gè)荒涼的島上) he was saved one month after the boat went down?2it is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that(不是我們做了多少，而是我們對(duì)所做的事情注入了多少愛) benefits our work most.3have you seen the film under the hawthorn tree?of course，i have.it was in our village that it was made(這部電影是在我們村里制作出來的)4if you have a job，do devote yourself to it(務(wù)必全身心地投入到工作中) and finally youll succeed.5its not what we do once in a while that(不是我們偶爾做的事情) shapes our lives，but what we do consistently.省略句的考查要點(diǎn)1狀語從句中的省略由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，如果其謂語動(dòng)詞為be，而主語與主句的主語相同時(shí)，則從句的主語和be可省略；或從句的主語為it，謂語動(dòng)詞為be時(shí)，也可省略從句中的it和be。when (i am) in trouble，i always turn to my classmates for help.if (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.2不定式的省略單獨(dú)使用不定式符號(hào)to代替不定式后被省略的動(dòng)詞，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等詞后；或放在表情緒的詞后，代替被省略的動(dòng)詞，常見詞有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，則要保留be，have，have been。will you please look after my house when im away?im glad to.are you a sailor?no.but i used to be.your work hasnt been handed in，but it ought to have been.3?？嫉膸讉€(gè)省略形式if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller.than等。4并列句中的省略并列句中的兩個(gè)對(duì)等句里的動(dòng)詞相同時(shí)，后者的動(dòng)詞可以省略。he is going to hong kong，but his brother (is going) to america.my room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.題組訓(xùn)練41jane wont join us for dinner tonight and tom wont either(湯姆也不想加入)2it sounds like something is wrong with the cars engine.if so(如果這樣的話)，wed better take it to the garage immediately.3what a strange plant (多么奇怪的植物啊)! ive never seen it before.4while walking along the street(當(dāng)沿著大街走的時(shí)候)，i heard my name called.5i asked him to see the film，but he didnt want to(他不想去)注意事項(xiàng)1如果由特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語從句時(shí)，從句必須使用陳述語序，不可用疑問語序。he asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.2強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的反意疑問句式。在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，其反意疑問句的主語及助動(dòng)詞必須與主句it is/was.保持一致。it is mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isnt it?3強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)與定語從句的混合使用。在高考試題中，為了增加試題的難度，命題人常將強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語從句混合起來，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加復(fù)雜。我們要注意從語法角度來分析句子，理清結(jié)構(gòu)“強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語從句”。it was on the farm where we worked that i got to know her.4強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與時(shí)間狀語從句的辨析。當(dāng)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，去掉“it is/was”和連詞“that”，原句仍然完整；而在時(shí)間狀語從句中，若去掉“it is/was”和連詞“when/before”，原句不完整。it was at 1428 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)it was 1428 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(狀語從句)語法與寫作根據(jù)提示翻譯下面的句子1只有這種方式他們才能長(zhǎng)大獨(dú)立，變得真正成功。(使用only放句首引起的倒裝句)(2013福建書面表達(dá))only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.2只有到那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到話語有積極和消極的力量。(使用not until放句首引起的倒裝句)(2013湖北短文寫作)not until then did i realize words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.3如果你需要更多的信息，務(wù)必也讓我知道。(do放在祈使句前表強(qiáng)調(diào))(2013新課標(biāo)全國書面表達(dá))also，do let me know if you need further information.4它不僅讓我們接近自然，讓我們從繁重的學(xué)業(yè)中得到放松，同樣還促進(jìn)了我們之間的友誼。(not only放句首引起的倒裝句)(2013江西書面表達(dá))not only did it get us close to nature and give us relaxation from heavy schoolwork，it also promoted the friendship among us.5兒子，穿得很好，在中間自豪地?fù)]舞著(使用省略句)(2013福建書面表達(dá))the son，well dressed，waves proudly in the middle.語法填空aan old man who lived in a small street in the city of mumbai had to put up 1.with the nuisance(煩心事) of having boys play cricket outside his house at night.one evening when the boys were 2.particularly (particular) noisy he went out to talk to them.he explained that he was happiest 3.when he could see or hear boys playing his favourite game，cricket.he said he would give them 25 rupees(盧比) each week to play in the street at night.the boys were thrilled.they were being paid to do something they enjoyed! at the end of the first week，they 4.knocked(knock) at the old mans door and asked him to pay them，and so he did.the second week when they asked for 5.payment (pay)，he said he had run out of money and sent them away with only 15 rupees.the third week the man said he had not 6.yet received his pension and gave them only 10 rupees.the boys were very 7.disappointed (disappoint)，but there was not much they could do about 8.it.the fourth week the man said he could not afford to pay them 25 rupees 9.as he had promised but would give them 5 rupees each week without fail.this was too much for the boys.“you expect us to play seven days 10.a week for a merely 5 rupees！” they yelled.“go to blazes.” they stormed away and never played on the street again.bthis is a true story that happened in japan.in order to repair 1.a house with a history