研究生英語精讀李敦之等主編,第二冊,第七單元課后答案.ppt

1 Week12 13 Unit7CellphoneRadiationMayAlterYourBrain 2 Lead in Exercises PassageStudy WritingPractice 3 Theme BasedDiscussion Lead in BackgroundInformation 4 1 WhatisCellPhoneRadiation cellphonesemitradiofrequencies RF atypeofnon ionizing 非電離 electromagneticenergythatfallsbetweenFMradiowavesandmicrowavesonthespectrum ItisnotlikeanX ray butmorelikeaverylow poweredmicrowaveoven Whatmicrowaveradiationdoesinmostsimplistictermsissimilartowhathappenstofoodinmicrowaves essentiallycookingthebrain 5 Theageofthepersonusingthephone Whethertheuserisusingspeakermodeorahandsfreedevice Thestrengthofthecellphonesignalatthetimeofuse Theamountofcellphonetrafficatthetimeofuse andThemodelofphoneused 2 Factorsdeterminingcellphoneradiation 6 glioma 神經膠質瘤 acousticneuroma 聽神經瘤 meningioma 腦膜瘤 ortumorsofthesalivaryglands 涎腺腫瘤 CellPhoneRadiationwithCancerAndTumors 7 CellphoneRadiationtoChildren Children sskullsandscalpsarethinner Sotheradiationcanpenetratedeeperintothebrainofchildrenandyoungadults Theircellsareatadividingfasterrate sotheimpactofradiationcanbemuchlarger 8 TipstoReduceCellphoneRadiationExposure BUYALOW RADIATIONPHONEUSEAHEADSETORSPEAKERLISTENMORE TALKLESSHOLDPHONEAWAYFROMYOURBODYCHOOSETEXTINGOVERTALKINGPOORSIGNAL STAYOFFTHEPHONELIMITCHILDREN SPHONEUSESKIPTHE RADIATIONSHIELD 輻射防護屏 9 WhatisTawkon 10 SamsungKnack SCH U310 DistinctivekeypadLargeblur free2 2 displayscreenDedicatedhotkeystotextanddialfasterTextgraphicsandsoundwithQuickTextPhrase 11 Theme basedDiscussion TopicDiscussion Video 12 PassageStudy DetailedStudy TextAnalysis 13 Theeffectofmobilephoneradiationonhumanhealthisthesubjectofrecentinterestandstudy asaresultoftheenormousincreaseinmobilephoneusagethroughouttheworld asofJune2009 thereweremorethan4 3billionsubscriptionsworldwide Mobilephonesuseelectromagneticradiationinthemicrowaverange Otherdigitalwirelesssystems suchasdatacommunicationnetworks producesimilarradiation DetailedStudy Mobilephoneradiationandhealth 14 TheWHOhasclassifiedmobilephoneradiationontheIARCscaleintoGroup2B possiblycarcinogenic 致癌的 Thatmeansthatthere couldbesomerisk ofcarcinogenicity soadditionalresearchintothelong term heavyuseofmobilephonesneedstobeconducted Somenationalradiationadvisoryauthoritieshaverecommendedmeasurestominimizeexposuretotheircitizensasaprecautionaryapproach DetailedStudy 15 IARCInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer 國際癌癥研究機構 TheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer IARC French CIRC isanintergovernmentalagencyformingpartoftheWorldHealthOrganizationoftheUnitedNations ItsmainofficesareinLyon France Itsroleistoconductandcoordinateresearchintothecausesofcancer Italsoconductsepidemiological 流行病學研究 studiesintotheoccurrenceofcancerworldwide Itmaintainsaseriesofmonographsonthecarcinogenicriskstohumansposedbyavarietyofagents mixturesandexposures DetailedStudy 16 DetailedStudy TheIARCcategorizesagents mixturesandexposuresintofivecategories Group1 carcinogenictohumans Group2A probablycarcinogenictohumans Group2B possiblycarcinogenictohumans Group3 notclassifiableastocarcinogenicityinhumans Group4 probablynotcarcinogenictohumans Onlyonesubstance caprolactam 己內酰胺 hasbothbeenassessedforcarcinogenicitybytheIARCandplacedinthiscategory 17 DetailedStudy EffectsManyscientificstudieshaveinvestigatedpossiblehealthsymptomsofmobilephoneradiation Thesestudiesareoccasionallyreviewedbysomescientificcommitteestoassessoverallrisks Arecentassessmentwaspublishedin2007bytheEuropeanCommissionScientificCommitteeonEmergingandNewlyIdentifiedHealthRisks SCENIHR Itconcludesthatthethreelinesofevidence viz Namely animal invitro 試管內 andepidemiologicalstudies indicatethat exposuretoRFfieldsisunlikelytoleadtoanincreaseincancerinhumans 18 RadiationabsorptionPartoftheradiowavesemittedbyamobiletelephonehandsetareabsorbedbythehumanhead TheradiowavesemittedbyaGSMhandsetcanhaveapeakpowerof2watts andaUSanaloguephonehadamaximumtransmitpowerof3 6watts Otherdigitalmobiletechnologies suchasCDMA2000 碼分多址 接入系統 andD AMPS 數字先進移動電話服務 useloweroutputpower typicallybelow1watt Themaximumpoweroutputfromamobilephoneisregulatedbythemobilephonestandardandbytheregulatoryagenciesineachcountry DetailedStudy 19 Inmostsystemsthecellphoneandthebasestationcheckreceptionqualityandsignalstrengthandthepowerlevelisincreasedordecreasedautomatically withinacertainspan toaccommodatedifferentsituations suchasinsideoroutsideofbuildingsandvehicles TherateatwhichradiationisabsorbedbythehumanbodyismeasuredbytheSpecificAbsorptionRate SAR anditsmaximumlevelsformodernhandsetshavebeensetbygovernmentalregulatingagenciesinmanycountries 20 IntheUSA theFederalCommunicationsCommission FCC hassetaSARlimitof1 6W kg averagedoveravolumeof1gramoftissue forthehead InEurope thelimitis2W kg averagedoveravolumeof10gramsoftissue SARvaluesareheavilydependentonthesizeoftheaveragingvolume Withoutinformationabouttheaveragingvolumeused comparisonsbetweendifferentmeasurementscannotbemade Thus theEuropean10 gramratingsshouldbecomparedamongthemselves andtheAmerican1 gramratingsshouldonlybecomparedamongthemselves 21 SARdataforspecificmobilephones alongwithotherusefulinformation canbefounddirectlyonmanufacturers websites aswellasonthirdpartywebsites Itisworthnotingthatthermalradiationisnotcomparabletoionizingradiationinthatitonlyincreasesthetemperatureinnormalmatter itdoesnotbreakmolecularbondsorreleaseelectronsfromtheiratoms 22 Inaculturewherepeoplecradletheircellphonesnexttotheirheadswiththesameconstancyandaffectionthattoddlersholdtheirsecurityblankets itwasunsettlinglastmonthwhenastudypublishedinTheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationindicatedthatdoingsocouldalterbrainactivity 23 Cradle1 N COUNTAcradleisababy sbedwithhighsides Cradlesoftenhavecurvedbasessothattheyrockfromsidetoside 搖籃2 V TIfyoucradlesomeoneorsomethinginyourarmsorhands youholdthemcarefullyandgently 小心輕柔地 抱著例 Icradledherinmyarms 我把她小心輕柔地抱在懷中 24 Inthatregard theywillbecontinuingthesamequestthatbeganinthecradleofhumancivilization 從這方面來說 它們將會去繼續(xù)從人類文明搖籃中就曾經開始了的同樣的探求 Unfortunatelyforscience thenearestyoungstarsthatcouldbeproducingplanetsaresofarawaythatconventionaltelescopesareunabletodiscernwhatisinthecradle 對于科學來說很不幸地 最近的能夠產生行星的年輕恒星是如此遙遠 遠到傳統的望遠鏡都無法辨別搖籃里面有什么 25 UnsettlingIfyoudescribesomethingasunsettling youmeanthatitmakesyoufeelworriedoruncertain 令人擔憂的 令人不安的例 Philhadseveralunsettlingdreamseverynight 菲爾每晚都做好幾個令他不安的夢 26 Fromleft theWindowsPhone7 theAppleiPhoneandtheMotorolaDroid 27 Thereportsaiditwasunclearwhetherthechangesinthebrain anincreaseinglucosemetabolismafterusingthephoneforlessthananhour hadanynegativehealthorbehavioraleffects Butithasmanypeoplewonderingwhattheycandotoprotectthemselvesshortofusingalandline 28 landline1 電信學 陸上通信線 陸上線路 地面或地下的通訊電纜 2 美國俚語 電話 通話 略作L L Thedeclineinlandlineuse whichhasbeenunderwayforseveralyears haspickedupspeedinrecentmonths 固定電話用戶幾年中一直在下降 而近幾個月速率明顯加快 Unlessyou resureyourcellphoneserviceisgoingtobeperfect considerusingalandlineratherthanyourcellphonetoavoidadroppedcallorstaticontheline 除非確定手機服務通暢否則就考慮用固定電話而不是手機來避免出現通話中斷或雜音 29 Cellphonesarefantasticandhavedonemuchtoincreaseproductivity saidDr NoraVolkow theleadinvestigatorofthestudyanddirectoroftheNationalInstituteofDrugAbuseattheNationalInstitutesofHealth I dnevertellpeopletostopusingthementirely 30 Yet inlightofherfindings sheadvisesuserstokeepcellphonesatadistancebyputtingthemonspeakermodeorusingawiredheadsetwheneverpossible ThenextbestoptionisawirelessBluetoothheadsetorearpiece whichemitradiationatfarlowerlevels Ifaheadsetisn tfeasible holdingyourphonejustslightlyawayfromyourearcanmakeabigdifference theintensityofradiationdiminishessharplywithdistance Everymillimetercounts saidLouisSlesin editorofMicrowaveNews anonlinenewslettercoveringhealthandsafetyissuesrelatedtoexposuretoelectromagneticradiation 31 inlightof onthebasisof upon根據 鑒于 從 觀點Inarecentnationalsurvey 75percentoffamiliessayinlightofthecurrenteconomicdownturn they relookingforwaystoscrimp 精打細算 onchildcare 在最近的一次全國調查中 75 的家庭表示受到了當前經濟危機的沖擊 并正在尋找縮減用于兒童看護的開支 Ingeneral thementorinfluenceswhatheorshecaninlightofpersonalexperience passion andtheconstraintsoftheworkplace 總的來說 指導者根據個人經驗 熱情 和工作場所的約束條件影響他本人能夠影響的范圍 32 countIfsomethingorsomeonecountsforsomethingorcounts theyareimportantorvaluable 1 Surelyitdoesn tmatterwherecharitiesgettheirmoneyfrom whatcountsiswhattheydowithit Ifsomethingcountsoriscountedasaparticularthing itisregardedasbeingthatthing especiallyinparticularcircumstancesorunderparticularrules 看作2 Nooneagreesonwhatcountsasadesert 33 Ifyoucountsomethingwhenyouaremakingacalculation youincludeitinthatcalculation 把 計算在內It sunder7percentonlybecausestatisticsdon tcountthepeoplewhoaren tqualifiedtobeintheworkforce 數字不到7 這只是因為統計沒有把未達勞動力標準的人算在內 countistheactionofcountingaparticularsetofthings orthenumberthatyougetwhenyouhavecountedthem 點數 點出的數目 34 NewsletterAnewsletterisoneormoreprintedsheetsofpapercontaininginformationaboutanorganizationthatissentregularlytoitsmembers 組織等定期印發(fā)給其成員的 內部通訊Theorganizationnowhasaround18 000memberswhoreceiveaquarterlynewsletter 該組織目前約有18000名會員收到內部通訊季刊 35 Socrushingyourcellphoneintoyoureartohearbetterinacrowdedbarisprobablyabadidea Gooutsideifyouhavetotakeormakeacall Andyoumightnotwanttoputyourcellphoneinyourbreastorpantspocketeither becausethatalsoputsitrightupagainstyourbody Carryitinapurseorbriefcaseorgetanonmetallicbeltclipthatorientsitawayfromyourbody 36 crush into把 塞進Decidewhethertocrusheverythinginyourpathorcollectobjectstobuildyourveryownutopia 做好決定是否準備在你前進的路上摧毀一切 亦或搜集道具 建造自己的烏托邦式的世外桃源 37 Somestudieshavesuggestedalinkbetweencellphoneuseandcancer lowerbonedensityandinfertilityinmen Butotherstudiesshownoeffectatall Giventhemixedmessagesandcontinuingresearch RobertKenny aFederalCommunicationsCommissionspokesman saidinane mail Asalways wewillcontinuetostudythisissueandcoordinatewithourfederalpartners 38 Giventakingintoaccountsomefact condition factor etc considering giventhechancemeans ifIhadthechance 如果有 機會等 Writedownthesortofthingyouwouldliketodo giventheopportunity 如果有機會 請寫下你想做的那類事 Givenhowhardthetestwas I mnotsurprisedshefailed 39 Asalways同平時一樣 作為通常情況Asalways ifwe vemissedsomething pleaseletusknowinthecomments 一如既往地 如果我們遺漏了什么 請在評論中告知 Wewill asalways firmlysupportyourjuststruggle 我們將一如既往堅決支持你們的正義斗爭 40 ThephoneusedinDr Volkow sstudywasaSamsungKnack modelSCH U310 aflipphonethatwasinwideusewhenshebeganplanningherexperimentstwoandhalfyearsago Buttoday subiquitoussmartphonesemitevenmoreradiationastheytransmitmore andmorecomplex data 41 UbiquitousIfyoudescribesomethingorsomeoneasubiquitous youmeanthattheyseemtobeeverywhere 無所不在的 FORMAL 例 Sugarisubiquitousinthediet 糖在飲食中到處可見 42 Smartphone智能手機Asmartphoneisamobilephonebuiltonamobilecomputingplatform withmoreadvancedcomputingabilityandconnectivitythanafeaturephone 功能 非智能手機 Thefirstsmartphonesweredevicesthatmainlycombinedthefunctionsofapersonaldigitalassistant PDA andamobilephoneorcameraphone Today smodelsalsoservetocombinethefunctionsofportablemediaplayers low endcompactdigitalcameras pocketvideocameras andGPSnavigationunits Modernsmartphonestypicallyalsoincludehigh resolutiontouchscreens webbrowsersthatcanaccessandproperlydisplaystandardwebpagesratherthanjustmobile optimizedsites andhigh speeddataaccessviaWi Fiandmobilebroadband 43 YoucangetanideaoftherelativeamountsofradiationvariouscellphonemodelsemitbylookingattheirSAR orspecificabsorptionrate Thisnumberindicateshowmuchradiationisabsorbedbythebodywhenusingthehandsetatmaximumpower AcellphonecannotbesoldintheUnitedStatesunlessanF C C approvedlaboratorysaysitsSARisbelow1 6wattsperkilogram InEurope themaximumis2wattsperkilogram 44 specificabsorptionrate吸收速率比值Specificabsorptionrate SAR isameasureoftherateatwhichenergyisabsorbedbythebodywhenexposedtoaradiofrequency RF electromagneticfield although itcanalsorefertoabsorptionofotherformsofenergybytissue includingultrasound Itisdefinedasthepowerabsorbedpermassoftissueandhasunitsofwattsperkilogram W kg SARisusuallyaveragedeitheroverthewholebody oroverasmallsamplevolume typically1gor10goftissue Thevaluecitedisthenthemaximumlevelmeasuredinthebodypartstudiedoverthestatedvolumeormass 45 TheSARnumberisnotdisplayedwhenyoucomparecellphonesatyourlocalwirelessstore andtryingtofinditinthefineprintofyourusermanualisanexerciseinfrustration TheF C C maintainsthatSARvalues donotprovidesufficientinformation toreliablycomparecellphoneradiationemissionsbecausecertainphonesmightrarelyoperateatmaximumpower Still theEnvironmentalWorkingGroup anonprofitorganization hasacomprehensivelistoftheSARvaluesformostcellphonesavailablefrommajorcarriersonitsWebsite Forinstance theAppleiPhone4islistedat1 17wattsperkilogram theMotorolaDroidat1 5andtheLGQuantumat0 35 46 Butmoreimportantthanlookingforalow SARphoneishowyouuseit Manycellphonesemitthemostradiationwhentheyinitiallyestablishcontactwiththecelltower makingtheir digitalhandshake Toreduceexposureit sbesttowaituntilafteryourcallhasbeenconnectedtoputyourcellphonenexttoyourear 47 Duringtheensuingconversation it sadvisabletotiltthephoneawayfromyourearwhenyouaretalkingandonlybringitinclosetoyourearwhenyouarelistening Thatbitofteeter totterworksbecausetheemissionofradiationis significantlylesswhenacellphoneisreceivingsignalsthanwhenitistransmitting saidLinZhong assistantprofessorofelectricalandcomputerengineeringatRiceUniversityinHouston 48 EnsueIfsomethingensues ithappensimmediatelyafteranotherevent usuallyasaresultofit 隨即發(fā)生例 IftheEuropeansdidnotreducesubsidies atradewarwouldensue 如果歐洲不減少補貼 貿易戰(zhàn)將隨即爆發(fā) 49 teeter totter蹺蹺板Theoutdoortoyusuallycalledaseesawhasanumberofregionalnames NewEnglandhavingthegreatestvarietyinthesmallestarea InsoutheastNewEnglanditiscalledatiltoratiltingboard SpeakersinnortheastMassachusettscallitateedleboard intheNarragansettBayareathetermchangestodandleordandleboard TeeterorteeterboardisusedmoregenerallyinthenortheastUnitedStates whileteeter totter probablythemostcommontermafterseesaw isusedacrosstheinlandnorthernstatesandwestwardtotheWestCoast Bothseesaw fromtheverbsaw andteeter totter fromteeter asintoteeterontheedge demonstratethelinguisticprocesscalledreduplication 重疊詞 whereawordorsyllableisdoubled oftenwithadifferentvowel Reduplicationistypicalofwordsthatindicaterepeatedactivity suchasridingupanddownonaseesaw 50 RiceUniversityWilliamMarshRiceUniversity commonlyreferredtoasRiceUniversityorRice isaprivateresearchuniversitylocatedonaheavilywooded295 acre 1 19km2 campusinHouston Texas UnitedStates TheuniversityissituatedneartheHoustonMuseumDistrictandadjacenttotheTexasMedicalCenter Openedin1912afterthemurderofitsnamesakeWilliamMarshRice Riceisnowapreeminentresearchuniversitywithadistinctundergraduatefocus Itsemphasisonundergraduateeducationisdemonstratedbyasmallstudentbodyand5 1student facultyratio amongthelowestinthetopAmericanuniversitiesincludingtheIvyLeague Ricealumniareprominentineverysectorofsocietytoday Theuniversityhasproduced101FulbrightScholars 20MarshallScholars and12RhodesScholars Theuniversityhasaveryhighlevelofresearchactivityforitssize with 115 3millioninsponsoredresearchfundingin2011 Riceisnotedforitsappliedscienceprogramsinthefieldsofartificialheartresearch structuralchemicalanalysis signalprocessing spacescience andnanotechnology ItwasrankedfirstintheworldinmaterialsscienceresearchbytheTimesHigherEducation THE in2010 51 Moreover yourcellphoneemitslesswhenyouarestationarybecausewhenyouaremovingrapidly say inacarortrain itmustrepeatedlyissuelittleburstsofradiationtomakedigitalhandshakeswithdifferenttowersasitmovesinandoutofrange 52 StationarySomethingthatisstationaryisnotmoving 靜止不動的例 Stationarycarsintrafficjamscauseagreatdealofpollution 交通堵塞中停止不前的車輛造成大量污染 53 IssueIfyouissueastatementorawarning youmakeitknownformallyorpublicly 發(fā)表 聲明 發(fā)出 警告 例 Lastnightheissuedastatementdenyingtheallegations 昨天晚上 他發(fā)表了一項聲明否認那些說法 例 Thegovernmentissuedawarningthatthestrikersshouldendtheiractionorfacedismissal 該政府發(fā)出了警告 罷工者們應停止他們的行動 否則將被免職 54 Wantanotherreasontocomplainaboutyourcarrier spoorcoverage Anysituationwhereyourcellphonehasaweaksignalindicatesithastoworkharderandthuswillemitmoreradiation Fewerbarsmeansmoreradiation saidOmGandhi professorofelectricalengineeringattheUniversityofUtahinSaltLakeCity Insidebuildingsandelevators inruralareas theGrandCanyon thesearenotgoodplacestomakeacallifyou retryingtoreduceyourexposuretoradiation 55 theGrandCanyon 56 TheGrandCanyonisasteep sidedcanyoncarvedbytheColoradoRiverintheUnitedStatesinthestateofArizona ItiscontainedwithinandmanagedbyGrandCanyonNationalPark theHualapaiTribalNation andtheHavasupaiTribe PresidentTheodoreRooseveltwasamajorproponentofpreservationoftheGrandCanyonarea andvisiteditonnumerousoccasionstohuntandenjoythescenery ItisconsideredoneoftheSevenNaturalWondersoftheWorld 57 TheGrandCanyonis277miles 446km long upto18miles 29km wideandattainsadepthofoveramile 6 000feet 1 800metres NearlytwobillionyearsoftheEarth sgeologicalhistoryhavebeenexposedastheColoradoRiveranditstributariescuttheirchannelsthroughlayerafterlayerofrockwhiletheColoradoPlateauwasuplifted WhilethespecificgeologicprocessesandtimingthatformedtheGrandCanyonarethesubjectofdebatebygeologists recentevidencesuggeststheColoradoRiverestablisheditscoursethroughthecanyonatleast17millionyearsago Sincethattime theColoradoRivercontinuedtoerodeandformthecanyontoitspresent dayconfiguration 58 59 Ofcourse parentsusingtheiriPhonestopacifycrankykidsmightwanttoreconsiderrattles Children sdevelopingbrainsandtissuesarethoughttobemostvulnerabletocellphoneradiation HealthauthoritiesinBritain France GermanyandRussiahaveallissuedwarningsagainstallowingsmallchildrentousecellphonesforextendedperiods ifatall 60 PacifyTobringpeaceto aplaceorsituation byendingwar fighting violence angeroragitation Toappease someone e g Tensionpacifyanxiety fear willsleeppeacefully 安撫焦慮緊張 恐懼 有助安眠 Trytopacifythechild he sbeencryingforhours 快哄哄孩子 他哭了好幾個鐘頭了 61 crankygiventofretfulfussiness readilyangeredwhenopposedWhetherwe rekeptawakebyourpartner ssnoringorwestayuptoolatewatchingTV wewakeuptired groggy andcranky 不論是因為配偶的打鼾聲還是熬夜看電視讓我們沒有睡覺 在醒來的時候 我們都是感到疲憊 稀里糊涂和易怒 62 extendedperiods延長期 持續(xù)期Theyprefertoretaintraineesforextendedperiodswhereverpossible 他們在任何有可能擴張的領域保持雇傭水平 Hereheexplainshowdifficu