定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯.doc

定語(yǔ)分句的翻譯一 理論探討定語(yǔ)分句是在句中起形容詞作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，通常分為限制性定語(yǔ)分句和非限制性定語(yǔ)分句兩大類。限制性定語(yǔ)分句對(duì)所修飾的先行詞起限制作用，與先行詞關(guān)系較為密切；非限制性定語(yǔ)分句對(duì)先行詞不起限制作用，只對(duì)它加以敘述、描寫(xiě)和解釋，并用逗號(hào)與之隔開(kāi)。二 譯例分析（一）前置譯法 限制性定語(yǔ)分句往往要譯成前置定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，這是因?yàn)樗c所修飾的詞關(guān)系甚密，若分開(kāi)譯出則會(huì)影響主句意思的完整。也有一些非限制性定語(yǔ)分句，或因結(jié)構(gòu)短小，或因與被修飾詞關(guān)系較密切，或因拆譯后會(huì)造成譯文結(jié)構(gòu)松散，在這種情況下也可以譯成前置定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。例1原文：This is the reservoir that we built after the flood last year.譯文：這就是去年洪水過(guò)后我們修建的水庫(kù)。例2原文：Every day many tourists come to visit the house where Chaplin was born.譯文：每天都有許多游客前來(lái)參觀卓別林出生的那幢房子。例3原文：Our two countries are neighbours whose friendship is of long standing.譯文：我們兩國(guó)是有著悠久友誼的鄰邦。例4原文：My brother-in-laws laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.譯文：我姐夫富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉默。（二）后置譯法后置譯法在非限定性定語(yǔ)分句中使用得比較普遍。有些限制性定語(yǔ)分句結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)復(fù)雜，譯成前置定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)往往顯得冗長(zhǎng)，而且也不太符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。在這種情況下也可以譯成后置的并列分句，作進(jìn)一步的連貫敘述。1） 重復(fù)英語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞所代表的含義，必要時(shí)還需加譯一些代詞或連詞。例1原文：I told the interesting story to Bonita, who told it to her husband.譯文：我把這個(gè)有趣的故事告訴了伯妮塔，伯妮塔又告訴了她的丈夫。例2原文：Mechanical energy is changed into electric energy, which in turn is changed into mechanical energy.譯文：機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔?，而電能又反過(guò)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)變成機(jī)械能。例3原文：They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.譯文：他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力，這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛(ài)的，在過(guò)去，許多中國(guó)人曾為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。2）省略英語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞所代表的含義，必要時(shí)還須加譯一些代詞或連詞。例1原文：The tourists, who knew about the floods, took another motorway.譯文：游客都知道發(fā)大水了，就走了另外一條高速公路。例2原文：I looked at several houses, most of which were quite unsuitable.譯文：我看了好幾座房子，大多數(shù)都不太合適。例3原文：The library has a system that you can phone and tell us the numbers and you will get the book you want.譯文：圖書(shū)館有一個(gè)制度，只要打個(gè)電話告訴了書(shū)號(hào)，你就能拿到你要的書(shū)。3) 英語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)人稱代詞或指示代詞。例1原文：We have seen chemical changes, from which physical changes are quite different.譯文：我們見(jiàn)過(guò)許多化學(xué)變化，它們與物理變化截然不同。例2原文：They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us.譯文：他們對(duì)我們的要求置之不理，這使我們大家都很氣惱。例3原文：He is a foreigner, as is evident from his accent.譯文：他是個(gè)外國(guó)人，這從他的口音中可以清楚地聽(tīng)出。（3） 合成譯法所謂合成譯法，是指把原句中的被修飾詞與定語(yǔ)分句合在一起譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的漢語(yǔ)句子的翻譯方法。定語(yǔ)分句有時(shí)還可以簡(jiǎn)化成漢語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)詞組。例1原文：We have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own. 譯文：我們的社會(huì)、政治制度在許多方面與你們的不一樣。例2原文：There are some metals that are lighter than water.譯文：有些金屬比水輕。例3原文：There is a sense in which morality and expedience need not conflict.譯文：從某種意義上說(shuō)，道義和權(quán)宜之計(jì)不一定沖突。例4原文：The factory has produced three kinds of chemicals, the quality of which is good.譯文：這家工廠生產(chǎn)了三種高質(zhì)量的化學(xué)制品。例5原文：Let ABC be a triangle whose sides are of unequal length.譯文：設(shè)ABC是不等邊三角形。（4） 轉(zhuǎn)換譯法英語(yǔ)中有些定語(yǔ)分句在意義上與主句有著邏輯狀語(yǔ)關(guān)系，起著主句的原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、條件等狀語(yǔ)的作用，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)按照邏輯功能，將這些定語(yǔ)分句轉(zhuǎn)譯成相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。例1原文：The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain.譯文：由于計(jì)算機(jī)起著類似人腦的作用，所以常常被稱作電腦。例2原文：She took Chinese medicine which relieved her symptoms.譯文：她吃了中藥，結(jié)果緩解了癥狀。例3原文：We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power.譯文：我們認(rèn)識(shí)到需要建立和發(fā)展一些機(jī)構(gòu)，以便有助于控制濫用權(quán)利。例4原文：There is no bad habit but may be cured by a strong willpower.譯文：只要有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志，就沒(méi)有什么壞習(xí)慣不能改掉。例5原文：The boy insisted on buying another pair of roller skates, which he had no use for.譯文：這個(gè)男孩堅(jiān)持要再買(mǎi)一雙溜冰鞋，盡管他還用不著。三 翻譯比較與賞析例1原文：The Hall was a queer place. and with some shining black portraits on the walls, which my inartistic eye regarded as a composition of hard-bake and sticking-plasters. (From Great Expectations)譯文一：鎮(zhèn)公所實(shí)在是個(gè)古怪的地方，.墻上掛著幾幅烏黑發(fā)亮的畫(huà)像，我這雙毫無(wú)眼光的眼睛看去，還以為是幾盤(pán)杏仁糖，幾條橡皮膏搭成的什么玩意兒呢。（王科一 譯）譯文二：鎮(zhèn)公所是個(gè)古怪的地方，.鎮(zhèn)公所的墻壁上掛了幾幅油黑發(fā)亮的畫(huà)，就我這個(gè)對(duì)藝術(shù)毫無(wú)欣賞力的人來(lái)看，還以為是一個(gè)盛了杏仁糖和橡皮膏的大拼盤(pán)呢。（羅志野 譯）譯文三：我覺(jué)得鎮(zhèn)公所大廳是一個(gè)稀奇古怪的場(chǎng)所，.墻上掛著幾幅烏黑發(fā)亮的畫(huà)像，在我這毫無(wú)藝術(shù)細(xì)胞的眼睛看來(lái)，純粹是硬面包和橡皮膏的組合。（陳俊群 譯）例2原文：A fire had been lately kindled in the damp out-fashioned grate. and the reluctant smoke which hung in the room seem colder than the clearer airlike our own mash mist. (From Great Expectations)譯文一：潮濕的舊式壁爐里剛剛生了火. 彌漫在屋子里遲遲不散的煙，看來(lái)真比清新的空氣還冷很像我們沼地里的霧。（王科一 譯）譯文二：潮濕的舊式火爐中剛剛生了一爐火. 火爐散發(fā)出令人討厭的煙氣，彌漫在整個(gè)在房間中，似乎比外面的涼氣更要寒冷，冷得和我們沼澤地里的霧氣差不多。（羅志野 譯）譯文三：潮濕的舊式壁爐里剛剛生起了一爐火. 遲遲難以散去的煙彌漫在屋子里似乎比清新的空氣還寒冷，恰似我們村旁沼澤上的霧。（陳俊群 譯）例3原文：Emma had hardly expected them: for Mr. Weston, who had called in for half a minute, in order to hear that his son was very handsome, knew nothing of their plans; and it was an agreeable surprise to her, therefore, to perceive them walking up to the house together, arm in arm. （From Emma）譯文一：愛(ài)瑪幾乎不曾料到他們會(huì)來(lái)，因?yàn)橐?tīng)人家夸他兒子漂亮而剛剛進(jìn)來(lái)半分鐘的魏斯吞先生，對(duì)他們的計(jì)劃毫無(wú)所知，所以，看到他們手挽手地一塊走來(lái)，他便驚喜交集。（劉重德 譯）譯文二：愛(ài)瑪沒(méi)有想到他們會(huì)來(lái)，因?yàn)轫f斯頓先生為了聽(tīng)?zhēng)拙淇渌麅鹤娱L(zhǎng)得漂亮的恭維話剛來(lái)過(guò)，不知道他們的打算。愛(ài)瑪看到他們兩人手挽手走了過(guò)來(lái)，吃了一驚，卻有求之不得。（張經(jīng)浩 譯）譯文三：愛(ài)瑪幾乎沒(méi)料到他們會(huì)來(lái)，因?yàn)橥诡D先生想聽(tīng)聽(tīng)別人夸獎(jiǎng)他兒子非常漂亮，剛才來(lái)過(guò)一會(huì)兒，他并不知道他們的打算。所以她看到他們臂挽臂朝這所房子走來(lái)，又驚又喜。（朱維廣 譯）例4原文：Sleep is most graceful in an infant; soundest, in one who has been tired in the open air; completest, to the seaman after a hard voyage; most welcome, to the mind haunted with one idea; most touching to look at, in the parent that has wept; lightest, in the playful child; proudest, in the bride adored. (From A Few Thoughts on Sleep)譯文一：嬰兒的睡眠，最為優(yōu)美；疲勞的人在戶外睡眠，最為酣暢；水手在艱苦航程之后的睡眠，最為圓滿；為某種意念所苦的人，對(duì)睡眠最為歡迎；哭泣之后的母親的睡眠，最動(dòng)人心弦；一個(gè)頑皮小孩的睡眠，最為輕松；一個(gè)深受愛(ài)慕的新娘的睡眠，最為驕傲。（劉炳善 譯）譯文二：睡眠，于嬰兒，最為優(yōu)美；于戶外疲勞之人，最為酣暢；于遠(yuǎn)行回家之水手，最為完滿；于思慮問(wèn)題之人，最受歡迎；于哭泣過(guò)后之父母，最令人同情；于頑皮之小孩，最為輕松；于人見(jiàn)人愛(ài)之新娘，最為驕傲。（李明 譯）四 翻譯練習(xí)1 The old lady died on the day when her son arrived.2 Lets discuss only those questions as concern everyone of us.3 The American businessman, who had long been interested in Chinese products, was invited to visit a development zone in East China.4 There have been many great men who have emerged from slums.5 She wore a quaint old-fashioned dress that was rare nowadays.6 Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.7 The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to that assassination.8 My brother may have acute appendicitis, in which case he will have to be operated on.9 Alice would have to be careful not to offend the foreman, who would give her the sack at any time.10 Air will completely fill any container in which it may be placed.11 There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.12 The jobless people become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.13 Friction, which is often considered as a trouble, is sometimes a help in the operation of machines.14 In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons; to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places. In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: