初三英語(yǔ)重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理：句子成分.doc

初三英語(yǔ)重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理：句子成分 初三英語(yǔ)重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)整理：句子成分【問(wèn)】什么是句子成分?英語(yǔ)句子包含哪些成分?【答】組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。【問(wèn)】各成分在句中的作用如何?分別由哪些詞及短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)?【答】1.主語(yǔ)：是句子要說(shuō)明的人或事物，是句子的主體，一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式或動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng)。如：The car is running fast.(名詞)We are students.(代詞)One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(數(shù)詞)Its bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)Eating too much is bad for your health.(動(dòng)名詞)【注意】若不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)(不定式短語(yǔ))放在句后。2.謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也是句子的主體部分，一般由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。動(dòng)詞分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，連系動(dòng)詞與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與省略to的不定式構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)，助動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞原形共同構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)部分。如：He works in a factory.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)I felt cold.(系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ))How can I get to the station?(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)Do you speak English?(助動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)They are working in a field.(助動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)【注意】謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)在人稱與數(shù)方面要相互照應(yīng)。3.賓語(yǔ)：是及物動(dòng)詞所涉及的對(duì)象，一般由名詞、代詞、不定式及動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng)。如：He is doing his homework.(名詞)They did nothing this morning.(代詞)She wants to go home.(不定式)We enjoy playing football.(動(dòng)名詞)【注意】有的動(dòng)詞可接雙賓語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)指人，直接賓語(yǔ)指物。這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：He bought me a book.Pass me the ball，will you?(間賓+直賓)直接賓語(yǔ)一般放在間接賓語(yǔ)之后，但若把直接賓語(yǔ)放在前面，則要在間接賓語(yǔ)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~如to或 for等。如：Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直賓+間賓)Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直賓+間賓)有的動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，而不能用動(dòng)名詞。這類動(dòng)詞有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：I hope to see you again.有的動(dòng)詞一般只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，而不用不定式。這類動(dòng)詞有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：Do you mind my opening the window?有的動(dòng)詞后接不定式與動(dòng)名詞含義不同。a)forget to do表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，forget doing表示“已完成的動(dòng)作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒(méi)來(lái))I forgot returning the book to him.(書(shū)已還給他了)b)stop to do(不定式為狀語(yǔ))表示“停下原來(lái)的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下來(lái)與他談話。)The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老師進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)學(xué)生們停止談話。)4.定語(yǔ)：用于修飾名詞或代詞，一般由形容詞、名詞、數(shù)詞、不定式等充當(dāng)。如：What a beautiful kite it is!(形容詞)She is a chemistry teacher.(名詞)There are two students in the classroom.(數(shù)詞)We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)The man in blue is my brother.(介詞短語(yǔ))【注意】定語(yǔ)一般位于被修飾詞之前，但若修飾不定代詞或不定式等短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，則放在后面。5.狀語(yǔ)：用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或從句充當(dāng)。單個(gè)副詞作狀語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞之前，短語(yǔ)或從句放在句首或句末。如：Thank you very much.(副詞)I get up at five in the morning.(介詞短語(yǔ))He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短語(yǔ))We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(從句)【注意】enough作狀語(yǔ)只能放在被修飾詞之后。如：He is old enough to go to school.6.表語(yǔ)：用于說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征或感受，一般由名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞等充當(dāng)。常用的連系動(dòng)詞有：be，look，get，sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái))，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(嘗起來(lái))等。如：They are workers.(名詞)Two and three is five.(數(shù)詞)The story is very interesting.(形容詞)M y job(工作)is teaching English.(動(dòng)名詞)She is at home.(介詞短語(yǔ))I feel terrible.(形容詞)The dish tastes delicious.(形容詞)7.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“賓補(bǔ)”一般由不定式短語(yǔ)、分詞、名詞、形容詞等充當(dāng)。如：We elected him monitor.(名詞)I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容詞)The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短語(yǔ))He is going to have his hair cut.(過(guò)去分詞)They saw a bird flying in the sky.(現(xiàn)在分詞) 詞類相互間的關(guān)系。 形容詞、數(shù)詞通常修飾名詞(有時(shí)名詞也可以修飾另外一個(gè)名詞)，形容詞還可修飾代詞。例如：1)The three tall and strong men are all basket-(定語(yǔ)) (主) (謂) (定語(yǔ))ball players.(“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu))(表語(yǔ))數(shù)詞three和形容詞tall , strong修飾名詞men; 名詞basketball修飾名詞player