測(cè)繪工程專業(yè)英語全文翻譯.doc

Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是測(cè)繪學(xué)）Geomatics Defined（測(cè)繪學(xué)定義）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics測(cè)繪或地球空間信息學(xué)，這個(gè)名詞是怎么來的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and MATICS for mathematical or GEO- forGeoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地測(cè)量學(xué)地理信息學(xué)GEOMATICS 測(cè)繪學(xué) 或者 geo 代表地球，matics 代表數(shù)學(xué)，或者 geo 代表地球科學(xué)，matics 代表信息學(xué)）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（據(jù)說測(cè)繪學(xué)這個(gè)詞對(duì)不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introducedworldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renamingwhat was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science-and/or GIS-oriented courses.（這個(gè)術(shù)語【term 術(shù)語】作為一個(gè)學(xué)科【academic discipline 學(xué)科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在過去的幾年里被全世界的許多高等教育研究機(jī)構(gòu)所熟知，通常是以前的“大地測(cè)量學(xué)”或“測(cè)量學(xué)”在引入了許多計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和 GIS 方向【或“基于 GIS”】的課程后重新命名的。）Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increasedimportance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatiallyrelated types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment.（隨著新技術(shù)的發(fā)展和不斷增長的對(duì)空間關(guān)系的信息類型的需求，尤其是在測(cè)量和監(jiān)測(cè)我們的環(huán)境方面【環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)】，現(xiàn)在，傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量學(xué)定義連同【along with】日益【steadily 穩(wěn)定的】增長的測(cè)量的重要性一起包含在這個(gè)術(shù)語里了?！径禾?hào)后面的句子修飾 demand】）Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling naturalresources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities.（日益增長的危機(jī)來自人口擴(kuò)張，地價(jià)上漲，資源緊縮【緊張】，還有由于人類活動(dòng)引起的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量的持續(xù)的壓力【由人類活動(dòng)帶來的土地、水、空氣質(zhì)量的惡化】As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences andcomputer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences.（這樣，測(cè)繪學(xué)在地球科學(xué)，各種工程學(xué)【engineering sciences 工程學(xué)】，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，空間規(guī)劃，土地開發(fā)和環(huán)境科學(xué)相互之間架起了廣泛的橋梁。）Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the InternationalStandards Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.（現(xiàn)在 geomatics 這個(gè)詞已經(jīng)被包括 ISO【國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織】在內(nèi)的數(shù)個(gè)國際機(jī)構(gòu)【international bodies】所采用，因此它就這樣被普遍接受【be here to stay 習(xí)慣用語“被普遍接受”】The term “surveyor” is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the aboveactivities. （surveyor 這個(gè)詞按慣例用來總指（這換成“總稱”較好）【collectively 全體的】那些從事上述活動(dòng)的人。）More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyorfor example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specializedexpertise.（更具體的【explicit 清楚的、直接的】工作如土地測(cè)量員、工程測(cè)量員和水道測(cè)量員，一般【commonly一般地】被業(yè)內(nèi)人士【practitioners 從業(yè)者】用來更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)。【直譯為：更清楚的工作描述就如如土地測(cè)量員、工程測(cè)量員和水道測(cè)量員，一般被從業(yè)者用來更準(zhǔn)確的描述他們的專門技術(shù)?！浚㏕he term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of theserelated activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technologicaldevelopments in these fields.（geomatics 這個(gè)術(shù)語是個(gè)新詞，表達(dá)【convey 傳達(dá)】了實(shí)體集合和它們相關(guān)聯(lián)【related】的活動(dòng)的自然科學(xué)，并使這些領(lǐng)域的未來技術(shù)發(fā)展的結(jié)合【incorporation 結(jié)合】成為可能?！緁lexibility 彈性、機(jī)動(dòng)性】）Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools ona worldwide basis. （這個(gè)術(shù)語的采用同時(shí)也在全世界范圍里為行業(yè)【industry】里和學(xué)校建立了【allow 允許了】一個(gè)一致的【coherent】專業(yè)市場(chǎng)）As a result, both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the worlds leading universities are being changed to “Degree in Geomatics”. （結(jié)果，世界上許多一流大學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)量專業(yè)【部門】的無論是課程還是授予資【授予學(xué)位名稱】格都改為“測(cè)繪學(xué)位”【Degree in Geomatics】的了）This does not suggest the demise of the term “surveyor” and graduates will still practice as landsurveyors or photogammertrists, etc. as appropriate to their specialization.（這并不意味著“surveyor”這個(gè)詞的消亡，測(cè)繪畢業(yè)生還將從事適合他們專業(yè)的【as appropriate to their specialization】土地測(cè)量員、攝影測(cè)量員及其他【ect.】的工作）In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and softwaresolutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data.（在過去的十年中，在應(yīng)用硬件和軟件的方法【solution 解決方法】來測(cè)量和處理地球空間數(shù)據(jù)工作時(shí) 有著戲劇性的發(fā)展和增長）in the use of 在使用時(shí)This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunitiesfor suitably qualified graduates. （創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應(yīng)用【application】領(lǐng)域，并為合適的、合格【qualified 有資格的】的畢業(yè)生提供相關(guān)的【associated】工作。）As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as describedabove, into new areas of opportunity.（結(jié)果是，“surveyor”的角色大大超越傳統(tǒng)實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域如前面所述的領(lǐng)域，進(jìn)入到新的【opportunity 機(jī)會(huì)、時(shí)機(jī)】的領(lǐng)域。）In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred theboundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas.（另外，最近的數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊了以前被認(rèn)為有聯(lián)系卻分離的領(lǐng)域的【實(shí)踐的活動(dòng)的 practiceand activity】界限）Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whoseeducation and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.（可以預(yù)見【forecast】，這種發(fā)展繼續(xù)并將為涉獵廣泛、學(xué)識(shí)一流的【broadly based and of a high academic standard】畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)造新的事業(yè)。）To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in educationand training are required.（為了使畢業(yè)生能充分利用【take full advantage of】這些發(fā)展，教育和訓(xùn)練的重大改革【significant changes】成為必需的）Academic and professional institutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomaticsboth as a course and as an award title. （學(xué)院的和專業(yè)的機(jī)構(gòu)也作出反應(yīng)，部分地，采用術(shù)語“geomatics”作為一門課程和一項(xiàng)授予資格【授予學(xué)位名稱】。）A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:（測(cè)繪學(xué)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)在使用的反映了當(dāng)前的思想和對(duì)未來的預(yù)期的定義是：）The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presentinggeographically referenced information(geo-spatial data ).（獲取、處理、存儲(chǔ)，分析和上呈【presenting呈現(xiàn)】地理參考信息（地理空間信息）的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。）This broad term applies both to science and technology, and mapping, geodesy, satellite positioning,photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems(GIS), land management ,computersystems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.（這個(gè)廣泛的術(shù)語應(yīng)用于科學(xué)和技術(shù)，以及制圖、大地測(cè)量學(xué)、衛(wèi)星定位、攝影測(cè)量學(xué)、遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、土地管理、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)、環(huán)境可視化和計(jì)算機(jī)制圖等領(lǐng)域）Several terms such as “geomatics” ,“geomatic engineering,” and “geoinformatics” are now incommon use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information.（現(xiàn)在一些術(shù)語如“測(cè)繪學(xué)”，“測(cè)繪工程”和“地學(xué)信息學(xué)”共同應(yīng)用于某些活動(dòng)中專屬于【pertain to】通?！緂enerally】涉及【concern with】地理信息的活動(dòng)。）These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic informationis collected, managed, and applied. （這些術(shù)語起初被采用用來表示地理信息的采集、管理和應(yīng)用的總體的方法。）Along with land surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and cartography, GIS is an importantcomponent of geomatics. （連同土地測(cè)量學(xué)，攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和制圖學(xué)一起，GIS 也是測(cè)繪學(xué)中重要的一個(gè)組成部分。）Branches of Geomatics（測(cè)繪學(xué)分支）Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellitepositioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery.（數(shù)據(jù)獲取技術(shù)包括普通野外測(cè)量，GPS 測(cè)量，衛(wèi)星定位和遙感圖像獲取，通過航空攝影和衛(wèi)星成像）It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and datacollected by related agencies.（它還包括數(shù)據(jù)庫資料的獲取通過掃描就有地圖和設(shè)計(jì)圖，還有有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)收集的數(shù)據(jù)。）Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design,digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic informationsystems (GIS). （通過計(jì)算機(jī)程序，數(shù)據(jù)管理和處理 應(yīng)用于工程設(shè)計(jì)，數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量【digital photogrammetry】，圖像分析，相關(guān)資料庫的管理和 GIS。）Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computerprograms; the presentations are displayed on computer screens(where interactive editing can occur)and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.（數(shù)據(jù)成圖【數(shù)字成圖】是通過制圖和其他直觀的計(jì)算機(jī)程序【illustrative 直觀的、說明性的】進(jìn)行的；其表達(dá)顯示在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上（交互式編輯處理），也可以通過數(shù)字繪圖儀輸出到紙上?！緃andle 操作、處理】）Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computermemory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理實(shí)體的位置和屬性被數(shù)字化并被存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器，就可以有效的【available 有效的、可用的】為廣泛的各種的使用者所用）Through the use of modern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in thefollowing disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marineengineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development,geology, geographical sciences,infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computerscience.（通過現(xiàn)代【估計(jì) moderm 應(yīng)該是 modern】信息技術(shù)，測(cè)繪學(xué)將以下學(xué)科的專業(yè)人員整合到一起：測(cè)量學(xué)、制圖學(xué)、遙感、國土注冊(cè)、土木【civil 民用的】工程和海洋工程，林業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)，決策與發(fā)展，地質(zhì)學(xué)，地理科學(xué)，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施【infrastructure】管理，導(dǎo)航，環(huán)境與自然資源監(jiān)測(cè)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。）Other Definitions of Geomatics（測(cè)繪學(xué)的其他定義）As defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal “Geomatica”:Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means usedto acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific, administrative, legal and technicaloperations【業(yè)務(wù)】 involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.（加拿大測(cè)量學(xué)會(huì)【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他們的季刊“地球空間信息學(xué)”中這樣定義：測(cè)繪學(xué)是利用系統(tǒng)的方法，為生產(chǎn)和處理【management】科學(xué)的，行政的，法律的【legal】和技術(shù)的業(yè)務(wù)【operations】所需的空間信息，將所有獲取和管理空間信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域。）【as part of 作為的一部分，這里不翻譯出來】The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be “the art, science andtechnologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.” Geomatics includesa wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of site-specific spatial data inengineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies inenvironmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping,and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .（測(cè)繪學(xué)定義在發(fā)展?，F(xiàn)行的一個(gè)定義是“涉及工藝、科學(xué)和技術(shù)的地理信息的處理”。測(cè)繪學(xué)或地球空間信息學(xué)包括一個(gè)廣泛的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)從工程學(xué)和發(fā)展了的測(cè)量學(xué)領(lǐng)域中特殊點(diǎn)的空間數(shù)據(jù)的獲取和分析 到 GIS 和遙感技術(shù)在環(huán)境管理中的應(yīng)用。它包括地籍測(cè)量、水道測(cè)量和海圖測(cè)量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。）Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis,management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termedspatial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-bornesensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art informationtechnology using computer software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which dependon spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology andgeophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental toall the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .（測(cè)繪學(xué)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語，用以表示測(cè)量、分析、管理，存儲(chǔ)和顯示基于地球信息，經(jīng)常被稱為空間數(shù)據(jù)【often termed spatial data】數(shù)據(jù)的描述和位置的集成方法。這些數(shù)據(jù)來自各種數(shù)據(jù)源，包括地球軌道衛(wèi)星，空載和艦載傳感器及地面儀器。利用計(jì)算機(jī)軟件和硬件，借助現(xiàn)代【state-of-the-art】信息技術(shù)。它的應(yīng)用覆蓋所有依賴空間數(shù)據(jù)的學(xué)科，包括環(huán)境研究，規(guī)劃，工程學(xué)，導(dǎo)航，地質(zhì)和地球物理學(xué)，海洋學(xué)，土地開發(fā)，土地經(jīng)營和旅游學(xué)。它因而成為所有使用空間數(shù)據(jù)地球科學(xué)學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)。）from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales（摘自新南威爾士大學(xué)測(cè)繪【或地球空間信息學(xué)】工程學(xué)院）Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval anddisplay of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. Theprincipal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographicinformation systems, environmental visualization, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing andsurveying.（測(cè)繪學(xué)是測(cè)量、表示，分析，處理，重獲和顯示關(guān)于地球物理特征和環(huán)境的空間數(shù)據(jù)的科學(xué)。其包括的主要學(xué)科有制圖學(xué)，土地管理，GIS，環(huán)境可視化，大地測(cè)量學(xué)，攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和測(cè)量學(xué)。）from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne（摘自墨爾本大學(xué)測(cè)繪學(xué)系【或者地球空間信息學(xué)系】Geomatics comprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting and managinggeographically-referenced information. Geographical information plays an important role in activitiessuch as environmental monitoring, management of land and marine resources, and real estate transactions.（測(cè)繪學(xué)包括自然科學(xué)，工程學(xué)和工藝或【技術(shù)】學(xué)；對(duì)地理信息的收集與管理。地理信息在環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)，陸地和海洋資源管理，以及房地產(chǎn)交易【real estate 房地產(chǎn)，transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB（摘自加拿大紐布朗斯 維克大學(xué) 測(cè)量與大地測(cè)量學(xué)系）The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management,retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earths physical features and thebuilt environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as :Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems,Global Positioning Systems.（測(cè)繪學(xué)測(cè)量，表示，分析，管理，重獲和顯示空間信息，用來描述地球物理特征和環(huán)境。測(cè)繪學(xué)包括的學(xué)科有：測(cè)量學(xué)，大地測(cè)量學(xué)，遙感和攝影測(cè)量學(xué)，制圖學(xué)，GIS，GPS ）from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. ofTasmania（摘自塔斯馬尼亞大學(xué)，測(cè)量與空間信息科學(xué)系）Unit 33Distance Measurement（距離測(cè)量）One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. （ 測(cè) 量 工 作 的 一 項(xiàng) 基 礎(chǔ)【fundamental 基本原則，同時(shí)有基礎(chǔ)的意思】是距離測(cè)量）Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. （距離不一定指的是直線的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距離）In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line fromone point or feature to another. （這里【In this subject 翻譯成這里】，我們所涉及的是歐幾里德空間，我們可以認(rèn)為一條從一點(diǎn)到另一點(diǎn)或一個(gè)特征到另一個(gè)特征的線是直線。）Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. （兩點(diǎn)之間的距離可以是平距、斜距、或者是垂距。）Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on thedesired quality of the result. （根據(jù)測(cè)量結(jié)果的精度【quality 質(zhì)量】要求不同，平距或斜距有多種測(cè)量方法）If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines atthe points. （如果這些點(diǎn)在不同高程上，那么平距指的是過點(diǎn)的垂線【plumb lines】之間的水平長度。）Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies: （這里給出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的相關(guān)【relevant 相關(guān)的】技術(shù)的摘要【summary 摘要】和它們各自的【respective 各自的】精度）Pacing and Odometer（步測(cè)和自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀）Pacing is a very useful form of measurement though it is not precise, especially when surveyors arelooking for survey marks in the field.（雖然不精確，但步測(cè)是一個(gè)非常有用的測(cè)量方法【form ofmeasurement】，尤其是測(cè)量者在野外尋找測(cè)量標(biāo)志時(shí)。）Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/1001/500 when performed on horizontal land, whilethe accuracy of pacing cant be relied upon when pacing up or down steep hills.（當(dāng)在水平場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行時(shí)，步測(cè)可以達(dá)到 1/100 到 1/500 的相對(duì)精度，而當(dāng)?shù)孛嫫鸱^大時(shí)，這樣的精度就不能保證了。）The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number ofrevolutions of a wheel.（自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的裝置，可以附屬于【be attached to 附屬于】車輛之上并直接記錄【register 記錄 v.】輪子的旋轉(zhuǎn)周數(shù)。）With the circumference of the wheel known, the relation between revolutions and distance is fixed. （由于知道了輪子的周長【circumference of the wheel 輪周】，轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)【revolution 這里有轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)的意思】和距離之間的關(guān)系就確定下來【fix 確定】。）Ordinary Taping and PreciseTaping（普通尺距測(cè)量和精密尺距測(cè)量）Taping is a very common technique for measuring horizontal distance between two points.（尺距測(cè)量是測(cè)量兩點(diǎn)之間平距的非常普遍的方法。）Ordinary taping refers to the very common tapes that we can buy them in stores, such as the plastic tapesor poly tapes. （普通尺距測(cè)量使用【refers to 引用】的是我們可以在商店里買到的非常普遍的的尺子，例如塑膠尺或滌綸尺。）Such tapes have low precision in distance measurements with about 1/30001/5000.（這種尺的精度低，測(cè)距精度只有 1/3000 到 1/5000）The precise taping refers to the steel tapes and which are much more expensive than the plastic tape andhave higher precision of 1/100001/30000.（精密尺距測(cè)量使用的是比塑膠尺貴的多的鋼尺，并具有更高的精度1/10000 到 1/30000）Invar tapes are composed 35% nickel and 65% steel.（因瓦尺是由 35的鎳和 65的鋼組成）This alloy has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, making the tapes useful in precise distancemeasurement. （這種合金具有非常低的熱膨脹【thermal expansion】系數(shù)【coefficient】，使得這種尺利于精密距離測(cè)量）Many tapes are now graduated with foot units on one side and metric units on the reverse side. （現(xiàn)在許多尺上都在正面標(biāo)刻【graduate 標(biāo)刻、刻】了英尺計(jì)量單位，而在反面標(biāo)刻了米制計(jì)量單位）Metric units are in meters, centimeter and minimeter with the total length of 20 m, 30 m, 50 m and 100 m.（米制計(jì)量單位是米，厘米和毫米，尺的總長為 20m、30m、50m 或 100m）If we want to measure the horizontal distance between the two points A and B, we can do like this:（如果我們想測(cè)量 A 點(diǎn)和 B 點(diǎn)之間的平距，我們可以這樣來做：）With zero of the tape to the higher point B and tape going along the point A, we can measure thehorizontal distance by using the plumb bob with pump line entering to the point A.（將尺的 0 刻度對(duì)準(zhǔn)較高點(diǎn) B 點(diǎn)，尺沿向 A 點(diǎn)，我們可以利用在 A 點(diǎn)的鉛垂【plumb bob】垂線【pump line 應(yīng)為 plumbline 垂線】測(cè)出平距）To judge the exact horizontal line, we should move the tape up and down along the pump line and we willfind the changes of reading in the tape.（為了確定準(zhǔn)確的水平線，我們應(yīng)沿垂線方向上下移動(dòng)尺子，我們?cè)诔呱蠈⒌玫讲煌牡淖x數(shù)【changes of reading 讀數(shù)的變化】）The shortest reading of the tape is the horizontal distance.（尺子最小的讀數(shù)就是平距）If the distance is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into several segmentsand get the total distance by plus each segment together.（如果距離比尺長要長，那么【then】我們可以將其分成幾段【segment】，把每段長加起來獲得總長。）Since different tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it is very important to judge where the zeroof the tape begins.（由于不同的尺有不同的 0 刻度，判斷尺的 0 刻度在哪兒十分重要。）Tacheometry and Stadia （視距測(cè)量和視距儀）Tacheometry is an optical solution to the measurement of distance.（視距測(cè)量是一個(gè)光學(xué)【optical】測(cè)距方法）The word is derived from the Greek Tacns, meaning “swift”, and metrot, meaning “a measure”.（這個(gè)詞源自于【is derived from 源自于】希臘語的 Tacns，意思是“迅速的”，和 metrot【同樣是希臘語】，意思是“方法”。）Tacheometry involves the measurement of a related distance parameter【參數(shù)】 either by means of afixed-angle intercept.（視距測(cè)量包括一個(gè)相關(guān)距離參數(shù)的測(cè)量和依靠定角截距的測(cè)量【by means of依靠】【either 表示并列】）Theodolite tacheometry is an example of stadia system. （經(jīng)緯儀視距測(cè)量就是視距儀器的一個(gè)例子）The theodolite is directed at the level staff where the staff is held vertically and the line of sight of thetelescope is horizontal.（將經(jīng)緯儀【is directed at 被動(dòng)語態(tài)，翻譯為將；direct at 對(duì)準(zhǔn)】對(duì)準(zhǔn)水準(zhǔn)尺【level staff】，水準(zhǔn)尺豎直，望遠(yuǎn)鏡的視線【可以翻譯為視準(zhǔn)軸】水平。）By reading the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view and then the