American Government美國政府介紹ppt課件

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica Government CONTENTS 1 USConstitution Constitution basicinstrumentlaw drawnupin1787 cameintoeffectin1789 Twocharacters separationofpowers checkandbalances specifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates 2 FederalSystem Government 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 1TheFederalGovernment TheFederalGovernment thecentralgovernment Threeequalandseparatebranches TheExecutivebranchTheLegislativebranchTheJudicialbranchTheyarecheckedandbalancedbyoneanother Balanceofpower 2 1TheFederalGovernment 2 2Theexecutivebranch 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 1Departments WhiteHouse Theexecutivebranchconsistsof14departmentsandmanyindependentagencies Cabinetisformedbydepartmentheads secretaries sourceofadviceandassistancetothepresidentPresidentischiefoftheexecutive 2 2 1Departments WhiteHouse OfficialpresidentialresidenceThepresidentworksandliveshereandtheofficesofmostofhisstaffsarealsolocatedthere suchasWhiteHouseStaff NationalSecurityCouncilandtheCentralIntelligenceAgency CIA etc TheWhiteHouseatChristmasnight 2 2 2FunctionsofThePresident AsChiefExecutive heisgiventheauthorityorduty tocommandthearmedforcesandgrantpardons tomakeappointmentstocertainoffices toconcludetreaties tosendandreceivediplomaticandconsularofficials toinformCongressonthe stateoftheUnion torecommendlegislation approveorvetobillspassedbyCongress andensuretheexecutionoflaws 2 2 2FunctionsofThePresident Thepresident slimits majorappointmentswithapprovaloftheSenate vetooverriddenbyCongresswithtwo thirdsconsentoftheSenators allappropriationslegislatedbyCongress canbeimpeachedbyCongressifabusingpowerorcommittingcrimes nopowertodismissCongress hispolicycanbevetoedandabolishedbyTheSupremeCourt 2 2 3QualificationsofThePresident Natural bornAmericancitizenofandover35years old BeingresidentwithintheUSforatleast14years Serveoneortwosuccessivetermsoffouryears FranklinD Roosevelt theonlypresidentwhoservedmorethantwosuccessiveterms AfterWorldWarII Congressadoptedanamendmentlimitingapresidenttotwosuccessivetermsonly 2 3TheLegislativeBranch 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 1Congress Law makingandthesupremelegislativebody Twohouses theSenatetheHouseofRepresentativesTheCapitolisnolongeropenedtothepublicaftertheterroreventonSept 11th 2001 Capitol 2 3 2TheSenate 100votingmembers twofromeachstate Theymaybereelectedforanunlimitednumberofsix yearterms chosenbyadirectelection Qualificationsforbeingasenator over30yearsold aUScitizenforatleast9years residentinthestatefromwhichheiselected 2 3 3TheHouseofRepresentatives 435votingmembersQualificationsforbeingarepresentative atleast25yearsold aUScitizenfornolessthan7years serveforatermoftwoyears 2 3 4TheFunctionofCongress FunctionofCongress passinglawsfortheUnion EitherhousemayintroducelegislationonanysubjectexcepttherevenuebillswhichmustoriginateintheHouseofRepresentatives 2 4TheJudicialBranch Thejudicialbranchconsistsofaseriesofcourts theSupremeCourtthecourtsofappeals 12thedistrictcourts 94TheSupremeCourt highestcourt OneChiefJusticeandeightAssociateJustices decisionsaremadebythemajority appointedbythePresidentwiththeSenate sapproval onlyremovedfromofficebyCongressthroughdifficultimpeachment JurySystem Inmostcriminaljusticesystemsandsomecivilcases panelsareinitiallyselectedatrandomfromtheadultpopulationofthedistrict Apersonwhoisservingon isamemberof ajuryisknownasajuror Thenumberofjurorsisusuallytwelve thoughsmallercasesmayrequireonlysix Somealternatejurorsarenominatedtofollowthetrialwhenjurorsdonotcompletethetrialforhealthorotherreasons buttheydonottakepartindecidingtheverdict Theroleofthejuryisthe finderoffact whiletheJudgehasthesoleresponsibilityofinterpretingtheappropriatelawandinstructingthejuryaccordingly Occasionally ajurymayfindthedefendant notguilty eventhoughheviolatedthelawifthejurythinksthatthelawisinvalidorunjust JurySystem 3 PoliticalParties 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 1Symbolsoftheparties Donkey ElephantIn1847 AmericanartistThomasNestdrewapoliticalpicturewithadonkeyrepresentingtheDemocraticPartyandanelephantrepresentingtheRepublicanParty TheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty Fromthenon theybecamethesymbolofthetwoparties 3 2TheDemocraticParty TheDemocraticParty liberal Government playinganimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizingfullemployment Favorcivilrightslaws astrongsocialsecuritysystemandlessrestrictiveabortionlaws etc MoredisposedtosearchoutamethodoflivingwithRussiaandChinaandtolookforreductioninarmsspending 3 3TheRepublicanParty TheRepublicanParty conservative Favoraneconomicsystem givingenterprisesagreaterfreedomanddemandthegovernmenttocontrolinflation Stresstheneedforlawandorder Opposecompletegovernmentalsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortion Favorastrongmilitarypostureandassertivestandsininternationalrelations ForeignLanguageTeachin