交際文化休克文化定勢.ppt

Objectives,knowdefinitionsofcommunicationidentifythecharacteristicsofcommunicationidentifytencomponentsofcommunicationmasterthegeneralknowledgeabouttheconnectionofcultureandcommunicationlearnabouttheinterculturalcommunicationstudieslearninterculturalcommunicationcompetencestounderstandthedefinitionofculturalshock,itssymptoms,causesandfivestagestounderstandthedefinitionsofculturalstereotype,itscauses,effects,typesandsolutionstounderstandthefourlevelsofinterculturalawareness,1.1CommunicationDefined,Communicationmeanssending,giving,orexchanginginformation,ideas,andetc.Wesend,give,andexchangeinformationeverysingledaywhetherweareawareofitornot.Sometimeswecommunicatenon-verbally,whereasothertimeswecommunicateverbally.(theWebstersDictionary),1.1CommunicationDefined,Anyactbywhichonepersongivestoorreceivesfromanotherpersoninformationaboutthatpersonsneeds,desires,perceptions,knowledge,oraffectivestates.Communicationmaybeintentionalorunintentional,mayinvolveconventionalorunconventionalsignals,maytakelinguisticornonlinguisticforms,andmayoccurthroughspokenorothermodes.,1.1CommunicationDefined,交際是符號活動，它是一個(gè)動態(tài)多變的編譯碼過程，當(dāng)交際者把意義賦予言語或非言語符號是，就產(chǎn)生了交際。交際受制于文化、心理等多種因素。交際不一定以主觀意識為轉(zhuǎn)移，可能是無意識的和無意向的活動。（賈玉新，1997：13）,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.1Communicationissymbolic.Symbolsarethemainmeansforhumancommunication.Verbalandnonverbalsymbols.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.2Communicationisdynamic.Communicationisanongoingactivity.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.3Communicationisirreversible“Oncethearrowhasbeenshotitcannotberecalled”.(anAsianproverb)Thewordsarespoken,andtheycannotbeunspoken.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.4Communicationissystemic.Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.4Communicationissystemic.SettingDress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.Therulesforeachcontextareculturallybased.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.4Communicationissystemic.TimeTimeinfluencescommunicationandtheuseofitisculture-bound.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.4Communicationissystemic.NumberofpeopleThenumberofpeoplewithwhomaffectstheflowofcommunication.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.5Communicationisself-reflectiveJustasweusesymbolstoreflectonwhatgoesonoutsideofus,wealsousethemtoreflectonourselves.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.6Communicationistransactional.Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.,1.2CharacteristicsofCommunication,1.2.7Communicationinvolvesmakinginferences.Becausethereisnodirectmind-to-mindcontactbetweenpeople,youcannotaccessthethoughtsandfeelingsofotherhumanbeingsbutcanonlyinferwhattheyareexperiencing.,1.3ComponentsofCommunication,Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.,Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.,Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.,Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.,Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.,Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.,Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.,Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.,Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.,2.1CultureandCommunication,Communicationisanelementofculture,ithasoftenbeensaidthatcommunicationandcultureareinseparable.,2.2AReviewofInterculturalCommunicationStudy,2.2.1SomeTermsInterpersonalCommunicationIntraculturalCommunicationCross-culturalCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationInterregionalCommunicationInternationalCommunicationInterethnicCommunicationInterracialCommunication,2.2AReviewofInterculturalCommunicationStudy,2.2.2InternationalCommunicationasaFieldofStudyBackgroundofItsEmergenceProcessofItsDevelopmentModelofInterculturalCommunication(Pleaserefertothedetailsonpage8-11ofthecoursebook),2.3InterculturalCommunicativeCompetence,Amodularframeworkofcommunicativecompetenceforsecondandforeignlanguageacquisition:grammaticalcompetencesociolinguisticcompetencediscoursecompetencestrategiccompetence(BasedonCanaleSwain,1984),GrammaticalcompetenceThemasteryofvocabulary,wordformation,sentenceformation,pronunciation,spelling,linguisticsemantics,etc.SociolinguisticcompetenceThemasteryofhowtoproduceandunderstandutterancesappropriatelyindifferentsocialsituationsdependingonvariouscontextualfactors.,Sociolinguisticcompetence,AppropriatenessWhosaywhattowhom,andwhere,Openthewindow!Openthewindow,please!Wouldyoupleaseopenthewindow?Iwonderifyoumindmeopeningthewindow?,DiscoursecompetenceThemasteryofhowtocombinegrammaticalformsandmeaningstoachieveaunifiedspokenorwrittentextindifferentgenres.StrategiccompetenceThemasteryofverbalandnon-verbalstrategiesthatmaybeemployedtocopewithcommunicationproblemsandbreakdownsduetolimitingconditionsinactualsituationsortoinsufficientcompetenceinoneormoreoftheotherareasofcommunicativecompetence.,Case1,AChinesemother,Mrs.Zhang,wasseeinghersonandherAmericandaughter-in-law,Susan,offattheairport.TheywouldflybacktoNewYork.NowSusanwastalkingwithhermother-in-law.SinceMrs.ZhangdoesntknowanyEnglishandSusancanspeaklittleChinese,Susanshusbandhadtoactastheinterpreterforthem.,Susan:Mrs.Zhang,cometoNewYorkifyouwant.Husband:媽媽，您可一定要來紐約看看。Mother:不去了，給你們添麻煩。Husband:Oh,itdependsonthephysicalcondition.Susan:Yes,ohthanksforyourdeliciousfood,Ilikethemverymuch.Husband:謝謝媽媽給我們做了那么多的好吃的Mother:自家人謝什么。蘇珊，你以后可不要再減肥了，身體健康才最重要哪！Husband:Itsmypleasure.Susan,Ihopeyoubecomeevenmorebeautiful.Susan:Thankyou!Thesametoyou.Husband:謝謝媽媽，我祝你身體健康。Mother:啊，謝謝，謝謝！,3CulturalShock,3CulturalShock,3.1DefinitionTroublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.,3CulturalShock,3.2SymptomsofCultureShocka.Physicalsymptomsb.Psychologicalsymptoms,3CulturalShock,3.3CausesofCultureShockunfamiliaritywiththenewcountryinabilitytospeakthelanguagefluentlyorunderstandnewidiomsnotknowinghowtobehaveinanunfamiliarculturetheindividualsstateofmentalhealth,typeofpersonality,previousexperiences,socio-economicconditions,familyand/orsocialsupportsystems,andlevelofeducation,3CulturalShock,3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocka.Thefirststage:exoticismfeeleuphoricandbepleasedbyallofthenewthingsencountered.thehoneymoonstage,3CulturalShock,3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockb.Thesecondstage:frustrationfeelingsofdiscontent,impatience,anger,sadnessandincompetence,3CulturalShock,3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockc.Thethirdstage:adjustmentcharacterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewcultureanewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumormaybeexperiencedafeelingofdirection,3CulturalShock,3.4FiveStagesofCultureShockd.Thefourthstage:acceptancerealizingthatthenewculturehasgoodandbadthingstoofferdoubleintegrationortripleintegrationamoresolidfeelingofbelonging,3CulturalShock,3.4FiveStagesofCultureShocke.Thefifthstage:reversecultureshockthere-entryshockoccuringwhenareturntothecountryoforiginismade,3CulturalShock,3.4FiveStagesofCultureShock,4CulturalStereotype,4.1DefinitionStereotypewascoinedbyLippmanninhisbookPublicOpinionin1922.,4CulturalStereotype,4.1DefinitionWhenpeoplehavelittleinformationaboutagroupofpeopletheyarelikelytothinkoftheminaverygeneralway.Iftheotherpeoplewithwhomtheyinteractalsolackinformationaboutthatgroup,theyarelikelytoshareanoverlysimplifiedviewofthatgroup.Theresultofthisprocessofovergeneralizingbasedonlimitedorinaccurateinformationiscalledstereotyping.(LinellDavis,34),4CulturalStereotype,4.1DefinitionCulturalstereotypereferstotheoversimplifiedpicturesweformaboutotherculturesinthebiasofourownculture-boundworldview.(WangLifei,204),4CulturalStereotype,4.1Definition1)自定型2)他定型,4CulturalStereotype,4.1Definition定勢：思維角度偏見：情感角度歧視：行為視角,4CulturalStereotype,4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypeFirst,peoplelearnstereotypesfromtheirparents,relativesandfriends.,4CulturalStereotype,4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypeSecond,stereotypesdevelopthroughlimitedpersonalcontact.,4CulturalStereotype,4.2CausesofCulturalStereotypeThird,manystereotypesareprovidedbythemassmedia(Samovaletal.,2000:246).,4CulturalStereotype,4.3EffectsofCulturalStereotype1)negative2)positive,4CulturalStereotype,4.5HowtoCopewithCulturalStereotypeAsHuWenzhong(1999:180)pointsout,itisha