考研英語(yǔ)一閱讀理解真題加解析1994 Passage 5

精選文庫(kù)1994 Passage 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by untaught minds to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: How come nobody thought of that before?The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.67. What does the author probably mean by untaught mind in the first paragraph?A A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.B A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.C A person who has had no education.D An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?A The variety of ideas they have.B The intelligence they possess.C The way they deal with problems.D The way they present their findings.69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because _.A Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativityB the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing thingsC the reader is familiar with Rudolph Fleschs point of viewD the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented70. The phrase march to a different drummer (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are _.A diligent in pursuing their goalsB reluctant to follow common ways of doing thingsC devoted to the progress of scienceD concerned about the advance of society科學(xué)技術(shù)上的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造被“不知內(nèi)情者”看做靈感的眩目閃現(xiàn)或戲劇性事件的結(jié)果。亞歷山大弗萊明爵士可不是像傳說(shuō)中的那樣，看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的發(fā)明。他是對(duì)抗菌物質(zhì)進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)達(dá)9年的實(shí)驗(yàn)才有了這項(xiàng)發(fā)明的。發(fā)明及創(chuàng)新幾乎都是艱苦的試驗(yàn)和失敗的產(chǎn)物。創(chuàng)新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球員也會(huì)痛失進(jìn)球機(jī)會(huì)，其射門(mén)被擋出的機(jī)會(huì)大大多于進(jìn)球的機(jī)會(huì)。問(wèn)題在于得分最多者正是那些射門(mén)次數(shù)最多的球員，而任何領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)都是如此。創(chuàng)新者與普通人的主要區(qū)別在于處理問(wèn)題的方法不同。每一個(gè)人都有想法，但創(chuàng)新者會(huì)自覺(jué)地鉆研他的想法，并不懈努力直到證明想法切實(shí)可行或不可行。普通人視為憑空想像的抽象概念在職業(yè)創(chuàng)新者眼里卻具有堅(jiān)實(shí)的可能性?！皠?chuàng)造性思維也許只不過(guò)意味著能夠意識(shí)到按老辦法辦事沒(méi)什么特別可取之處?！闭Z(yǔ)言權(quán)威人士魯?shù)婪蚋トR契寫(xiě)到。這解釋了我們看到像塑料垃圾袋和帶輪箱包之類(lèi)令生活更便利但看似簡(jiǎn)單的發(fā)明時(shí)的反應(yīng)：“怎么過(guò)去就沒(méi)有人想到這辦法呢？”創(chuàng)造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主張。創(chuàng)新者不會(huì)接受辦事只有一種方法的論調(diào)。面對(duì)從A到B的挑戰(zhàn)，普通人會(huì)自動(dòng)踏上一條最為人熟悉、顯然最簡(jiǎn)單的路徑。創(chuàng)新者則會(huì)探尋另外不同的道路，而這樣的道路將（guangxian注：may宜譯為“可能”）會(huì)最終被證實(shí)更簡(jiǎn)單、也一定更有趣、更富挑戰(zhàn)性，即使它們通向絕境。極富創(chuàng)造性的人的確是伴著不同鼓手打出的鼓點(diǎn)前進(jìn)的。試題解析：67. A 根據(jù)原文第1段，“untaught minds”本文應(yīng)該指那些不了解發(fā)明與革新的艱辛的人。B、D則明顯不對(duì)。C“untaught”一詞有“未受過(guò)教育的”這個(gè)意思，但從本文第1段來(lái)看，這里并非指未受過(guò)教育的人，不了解發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的艱辛的人未必沒(méi)有受過(guò)教育。68. C 這是文章主要要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。文章第2段第2句指出：有創(chuàng)造力的人與他人的最大區(qū)別在于他們對(duì)待事物的方法不同，此句中“one”指“difference”。文章最后一段以結(jié)論的形式再次說(shuō)明了這一主旨。A意為：有創(chuàng)造力的人所擁有的各種各樣的思想。如上文解釋C項(xiàng)時(shí)所指出的，本文重點(diǎn)要說(shuō)明的是：在對(duì)待事物的方法上，有創(chuàng)造力的人與常人不同，這與他們所持有的思想的多少?zèng)]有關(guān)系。B如上所分析，二者的主要區(qū)別不在于智力上的不同。D意為：善于發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的人表述自己的發(fā)現(xiàn)的方式與人不同。這也是不對(duì)的。69. B 作者引用Flesch的話當(dāng)然是為了支持自己的觀點(diǎn)：有創(chuàng)造力的人經(jīng)常探索做事的新方法。文章第3段Flesch指出：創(chuàng)造性思維往往只起源于一種認(rèn)識(shí)：做事情的傳統(tǒng)的方法未必是最好的。A、C所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容也許是正確的，但并不是文章引用Flesch的目的。DFlesch的話所表達(dá)的思想與作者的看法是相吻合的，并沒(méi)有添加新的思想。像舉例一樣，引用其他人的觀點(diǎn)（正面引述也好反面引述也好）都是為了說(shuō)明文章的主旨或主題，否則，引述便顯得沒(méi)必要了，引用其他人的發(fā)現(xiàn)或數(shù)據(jù)也是如此。從這一點(diǎn)也可以看出把握文章的主旨、主題與思路對(duì)正確選擇答案的重要性。70. B 文章中“march to different drummer”是一個(gè)比喻。“drummer”意為“鼓手”，“to”意為“伴著”，整個(gè)詞組的意思為：伴著一個(gè)不同的鼓手所敲出的節(jié)奏行進(jìn)，即：不隨波逐流，與其他人走的道路或所持的思路不同。這是對(duì)文章主旨的一個(gè)形象總結(jié)。A強(qiáng)調(diào)的是毅力，而不是方法方面。C、D強(qiáng)調(diào)的是責(zé)任心，而不是方法方面。難句解析：Discoveries in science and technology are thought by untaught minds to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.本句的主干是Discoveries are thought by. to do sth. or as sth.。在句中by untaught minds后面有兩個(gè)并列的用or連接起來(lái)的結(jié)構(gòu)作為被認(rèn)為的對(duì)象。要理解本句，就首先要知道untaught minds的是指那些“對(duì)科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的艱辛過(guò)程不了解的人”；而blinding flashes指“眩目的一瞬”，其實(shí)意思相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“靈光一閃”。Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.本句的主干是Sir Alexander Fleming did not. look at and get the idea.。中間兩個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的部分是一個(gè)插入成分，并不影響閱讀。要理解本句，就要對(duì)科學(xué)史有一定的了解，弗萊明爵士發(fā)明了青霉素penicillin；而there and then表示“當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)亍保脕?lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)人們傳說(shuō)的活靈活現(xiàn)。Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.本句的主干是由分號(hào)隔開(kāi)的兩個(gè)分句，后半句比較復(fù)雜，主語(yǔ)是the best players有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)miss和have their shot blocked，后面有一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)。復(fù)習(xí)分號(hào)的用法，就知道后半句是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明前半句的。The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.本句由兩個(gè)并列句構(gòu)成，前面的一個(gè)的表語(yǔ)比較復(fù)雜，里面還有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，分別修飾表語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。破折號(hào)后面的結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單。理解so it goes的意思是理解本句的重點(diǎn)，它表示“同樣的道理，同理，也一樣”。注意在本句和上一句中作者都把發(fā)明創(chuàng)造比喻為踢足球，而把發(fā)明家比喻為足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there is no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always be