2010屆高考英語定語從句

定語從句,Theattributiveclause,（一）定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語,1.定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。,2.先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。,3.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。,關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等關(guān)系副詞有:when,where,why,關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用：A.引導(dǎo)定語從句；B.代替先行詞；C.在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。,Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.,（二）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,1.who指人，在定語從句中作主語。,TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.,Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.,YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.,Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.,2.whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷?。,MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.,LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.,Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.,Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.,注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來代替，也可省略。,Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.,3.which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時?？墒÷?。,Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.,Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.,Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.,Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.,Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.,Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.,4that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。,Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.,Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?,Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.,Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.,YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.,5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。,Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.,Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.,Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.,注意：指物時，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：,Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.,Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.,Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?,Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?,（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。,Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.,Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.,TomorrowIllbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowIllbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.,Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.,ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.,Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.,Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.,ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.,注意：1.含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。,Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.,ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.,Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.,Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.,.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom，不可用who,that；關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose。,Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.,Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.,TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.,TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.,.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。,Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.,Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.,Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.,Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.,（四）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,1.when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。,IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.,Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.,October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.,Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.,2.where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。,ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.,Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.,ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.,Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?,3.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。,Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.,Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.,Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.,注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。,Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.,（五）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句,A.限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號“，”與主句隔開。用逗號“，”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。,B.非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語“的”通常譯成主句的并列句。,關(guān)系詞的使用上A作賓語時可省略B不可省略A可用thatB不用thatA可用who代替whomB不可用who代替whom,Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.,Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.,TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.,Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.,InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.,限制性定語從句舉例：,非限制性定語從句舉例：,Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.,China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.,LastsummerIvisitedthePeoplesGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.,注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：,1.Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.,她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵她上大學(xué).（意含：她還有其他哥哥。）,Herbrother,whoisnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.,她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵她上大學(xué)。（意含：她只有一個哥哥。）,2.Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.,所有里面帶插圖的書都寫得很好。（意含：不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。）,Allthebooks,whichhavepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.,所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。（意含：沒有不帶插圖的書。）,（一）限制性定語從句中只能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況,1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等代詞時，或當(dāng)先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾時。,HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?,Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.,Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.,ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.,Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.,Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.,注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，,Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.,Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.,2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時。,ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.,3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。,ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.,4當(dāng)先行詞被thevery,theonly修飾時。,ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.,Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.,注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時，通常用關(guān)系代詞who。,WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.,5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who,which等疑問代詞時。,Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?,WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?,6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。,Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool,Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.,（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句,as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是,1.as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子。,Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.,Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.,2.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含義。,Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.,Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.,John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.,ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve.,注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：,Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.,Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.,3.當(dāng)先行詞受such,thesame修飾時，關(guān)系詞常用as。,Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.,Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.,ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.,注意：當(dāng)先行詞受thesame修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。,SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.,Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.,(三)以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由inwhich或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷浴?Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.,Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.,（四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇,用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?,A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.,Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.,Compare:,B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.,Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.,C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.,Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.,（五）but有時也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。,Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.,（but=whodont）,（六）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別,1定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。,TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.,Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear.,2定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)常可省略。,同位語從句主要由連詞that引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。,Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.,Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.,Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.,Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.,Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus.,Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.,3同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動詞be發(fā)展成一個完整的句子,而定語從句則不能。,A.Theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.,Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.,B.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.,Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.,C.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.,Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.,1.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,ofcourse,_madetheothersunhappy.A.whichB.whoC.thisD.what,2.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown_hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.where,3.Thegentleman_youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.whoB.aboutwhomC.whomD.withwhom,4.Pleasetakeanyseat_isfree.A.whichB.whereC.inwhichD.that,5.Theoldmanhastwosons,_isasoldier.A.oneofwhomB.bothofthemC.allofwhomD.noneofthem,6.Thisistheship_wecrossedthePacific(太平洋).A.bywhichB.bythatC.whereD.inwhich,7.NewYorkisfamousforitssky-scrapers(摩天大樓)_hasmorethan100storeys.A.thehigherofthemB.thehighestofwhichC.thehighestofthemD.someofwhich,8.Myhomevillageisnolongerthesame_itusedtobe.A.whichB.asC.whereD.when,9.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30p.m.,_manypeoplehavegonehome.A.whosetimeB.thatC.atwhichD.bywhichtime,10.Theboy_compositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup.A.whoB.whoseC.thatD.which,11.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it,12.Mr.Wangisaboss,_factoryLiPingworked.A.inwhoseB.wh