語言學(xué)第五章ppt課件

.,Whatissemantics?ApproachestomeaningSenseandreferenceWord/lexicalmeaningKindsofmeaningMajorsenserelationsSentencemeaningSemanticanalysisComponentialanalysisPredicationanalysis,.,英文semantics來自希臘語semantikos，意思是siginificant(有意義)。是研究語言意義的科學(xué)。詞的意義和句子意義.20世紀(jì)60年代以前，語言學(xué)家只注重研究詞的意義，忽略了句子意義。研究語言單位的意義，尤其是詞語和句子的意義。,Whatissemantics?,.,Semantics-thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.Whatismeaning?-Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning.,.,Philosophersaremainlyinterestedintherelationbetweenlinguisticexpressions,suchasthewordsofalanguage,andpersons,things,andeventsintheworldtowhichthesewordsrefer.Withinthedomainoflinguistics,semanticsismainlyconcernedwiththeanalysisofmeaningofwords,phrases,orsentencesandsometimeswiththemeaningofutterancesindiscourseorthemeaningofawholetext.,.,Leechsclassificationofmeanings,.,.,Connotationsarerelativelyunstable.Theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtosociety,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.e.g.capitalismTheconnotativemeaningcanbethesame/differentindifferentlanguagesorcultures.e.g.fox,machineBUT:dragon,dog,elephant(WhiteElephant)ASK:WhatdoeswhiteelephantmeaninEnglish?,.,denotationandconnotationDenotationisthepartofmeaningofawordorphrasethatrelatesittophenomenaintherealworldorinafictionalorpossibleworld將詞或片語同現(xiàn)實(shí)世界或虛構(gòu)或可能世界里的現(xiàn)象聯(lián)系起來的那部分意義Connotationreferstotheadditionalmeaningsthatawordorphrasehasbeyonditscentralmeaning(denotation).Thesemeaningsshowpeoplesemotionsandattitudes.詞與片語的基本意義之外的意義。表示人們對(duì)詞或片語所指稱的人或事物所懷有的情感或態(tài)度,.,2)Social/stylisticmeaning社會(huì)/文體意義apieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuse.傳達(dá)的關(guān)于語言使用的社會(huì)環(huán)境的意義Manywordshavesocialorstylisticfeaturesthatmakethemappropriateforcertaincontextssteed(poetic)residence(formal)horse(general)abode(poetic)nag(slang)home(general)gee-gee(babylanguage)domicile(veryformal,official),.,3)Affectivemeaning情感意義Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeakersfeelingsorattitudestowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.關(guān)于說話人或作者感情，態(tài)度方面的意義famous/notorious,black/nigger,slender/skinny,determined/pigheaded,statesman/politician,confidence/complacency.Itisobviousthatthefirstwordineachpairisappreciatorywhilethesecondisderogatory.purrwordsorsnarlwords,.,4)Reflectedmeaning反射意義whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression.通過聯(lián)系同一表達(dá)式的其他意思所傳達(dá)的意義themeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordissostrongthatitformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Example:wordshavingataboomeaning,suchasgay,.,5)Collocativemeaning搭配意義Itreferstotheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofitsmutualexpectancywithsomeotherwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.通過聯(lián)想詞語的常用搭配而傳達(dá)的意義。prettyandhandsomeprettygirl,woman,flower,etc.handsomeboy,man,car,vessel,etc.cowsmaywander,butmaynotstroll;onetrembleswithfear,butquiverwithexcitement.,.,Thematicmeaning主題意義whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.通過由順序和重音組織信息的方式所傳達(dá)的意義e.g.:(1)Heisfamiliartome.(2)Imfamiliarwithhim.a.Amaniswaitinginthehall.b.Theresamanwaitinginthehall.a.WhatIneedisaticket.b.AticketiswhatIneed.,.,Majorsenserelation意義關(guān)系,Synonymy同義關(guān)系Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.e.g.buyandpurchaseworldanduniversebrotherlyandfraternalNote:absoluteorcompletesynonymsarerare,forallthesynonymsdependoncontexttheyappear.(styleformalstart,begin,commence;Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning,在情感或評(píng)價(jià)意義方面存在差異的同義詞e.g.collaborator-accomplice,Collocationalsynonyms搭配同義詞e.g.accuseof,chargewith,rebukefor;Semanticallydifferentsynonyms(inrangeandintensityinmeaning),e.g.want,wish,desire,存在語義差異的同義詞,.,Antonymy反義關(guān)系Gradableantonyms等級(jí)反義詞-thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old-young,tall-short,（程度之差）a.gradabilityprettygood-lookingplainugly衣服小合身衣服大b.Foreachpair,thetermforahigherdegreeservesasacoverterm(unmarked)howold/tallishe?*howyoung/shortishe?那條河有多長寬深？*那條河有多短窄淺？,.,Complementaryantonyms互補(bǔ)反義詞-thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.boy-girl,single-married,NotABandNotBAe.g.maleifXisfalse,Yisfalse.,.,XisinconsistentwithY對(duì)立句關(guān)系X:Heissingle.Y:Hehasawife.X:ThisismyfirstvisittoBeijing.Y:IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.IfXistrue,Yisfalse;ifXisfalse,Yistrue.,.,XentailsY語義蘊(yùn)含X:Johntalkedtoamother.Y:Johnmarriedawoman.X:MarryhasbeentoBeijing.Y:MarryhasbeentoChina.Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.IfXistrue,Yisnecessarilytrue;ifYisfalse,Xisfalse.,.,蘊(yùn)含是以語句間的真值關(guān)系(truthrelations)為裁定條件。假如A句為真，那么B句必為真，我們就可以說A句蘊(yùn)含B句。而假如B句為假，那么A句也肯定為假。A.Theanarchistassassinatedtheemperor.B.Theemperordied.,.,XpresupposesY語義先設(shè)X:Hisbikeneedsrepairing.Y:Hehasabike.Paulhasgivenupsmoking.Pauloncesmoked.IfXistrue,Ymustbetrue;IfXisfalse,Yisstilltrue.,.,不可否定性是界定先設(shè)與其他隱形語義差異的主要依據(jù)。Johnmanagedtoseehissharebeforethemarketcrashed.Johntriedtoseehissharebeforethemarketcrashed.Johndidntmanagedtosellhissharebeforethemarketcrashed.,.,Xisacontradiction矛盾關(guān)系*Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.*Theorphansparentsareprettywell-off.WhenAiscontradiction,itisinvariablyfalse.,.,Xissemanticallyanomalous語義破格*Themanispregnant.*Thetablehasbadintentions.*Sincerityshakeshandswiththeblackapple.WhenAissemanticallyanomalous,itisabsurdinthesensethatitpresupposesacontradiction.,.,Semanticanalysis,AnalysisofmeaningComponentialanalysisPredicationanalysis,.,Componentialanalysis成分分析法-awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.所有實(shí)詞的意義都可以分解成一些“語義成分”，稱作語義特征，語義標(biāo)示（SemanticMarkers）、或義素（Sememes）Forexample,+/-MALE:bull/cow,ram/ewe,stallion/mare+/-ADULT:duck/duckling,pig/piglet,dog/puppy,.,Man:+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALEBoy:+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALEWoman:+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALEGirl:+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALEman:womanboy:girlman:boywoman:girl兩詞僅有一個(gè)義素之差，如果規(guī)定兩個(gè)詞語的義素之中除一個(gè)義素不同外其他義素均相同，該兩詞語即構(gòu)成反義詞，那么上述的對(duì)子便構(gòu)成了四組反義詞。思考：其他詞語意義關(guān)系,.,DisadvantagesofComponentialanalysisPolysemouswords(wordshavingmorethanonemeaning)willhavedifferentsetsofsemanticcomponents,suchasmaninManismortal.Somecomponentsareseenasbinarytaxonomies.E.g.Thedistinctionofboyandmanisdifferentfromthatofgirlandwoman.Therearesomewordswhosesemanticcomponentsaredifficulttoascertain.E.g.Human,Adult,Male,arecalledmetalanguage(alanguageusedfortalkingaboutanotherlanguage.,.,Predicationanalysis述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析(BritishG.Leech).1)Themeaningofasentenceisnottobeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitscomponentwords,e.g“Thedogbitestheman”issemanticallydifferentfrom“Themanbitesthedog”thoughtheircomponentsareexactlythesame.2)Therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning,e.g.*Greencloudsaresleepingfuriously.*Sincerityshookhandswiththeblackapple.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.,.,Proposition命題-theabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.指一個(gè)句子所表達(dá)的基本意義Apropositionconsistsofargument(s)andpredicati