工程管理中英文翻譯1

科技文獻翻譯題 目： 在中國工程管理和風險控制的最新進展學 院： 土木建筑學院 專業(yè)名稱： 工程管理 班級學號： 12122222 學生姓名： 劉騰中 指導教師： 李鵬煒 二O一六 年 四月 在中國工程管理和風險控制的最新進展Desheng Dash Wu 加拿大，多倫多，多倫多大學RiskLab 冰島，雷克雅未克，雷克雅未克大學工程技術(shù)學院 劉華武 中國，合肥，中國科學技術(shù)大學管理學院摘要：工程造價管理的基本內(nèi)容:合理和有效控制工程造價。描述現(xiàn)階段的工程造價管理的情況,加強了各階段的工程造價管理工作的重要性,并提出了若干關(guān)鍵性舉措。 關(guān)鍵詞： 建設(shè)成本；風險控制；建設(shè)工程造價管理的地位；市場經(jīng)濟條件下在的決策階段、設(shè)計階段、實施階段管理投資； 中國加入世貿(mào)組織的世界大家庭, 是中國建筑業(yè)如何有效地控制工程造價的建設(shè)和管理的一個重要組成部分。 然而,目前建設(shè)項目年度預算為-概算預算,超預算的三超現(xiàn)象仍然普遍存在,最終導致了項目投資嚴重失控。工程造價管理的基本內(nèi)容,就是合理確定和有效控制工程造價。工程項目的費用,貫穿整個項目過程中,按階段可分為：投資決策階段,設(shè)計和實施階段。 所謂工程造價的有效控制, 就是在優(yōu)化建設(shè)方案,設(shè)計方案的基礎(chǔ)上,在建設(shè)過程的所有階段,使用某些方法和措施,以降低工程成本,實現(xiàn)一個合理控制的范圍 和成本的核定限額。1.工程造價管理工作的現(xiàn)狀工程造價管理制度形成于50年代, 80年代成熟起來,表現(xiàn)為國家直接參與經(jīng)濟管理活動。規(guī)定在設(shè)計階段,以不同的概算或預算的編制以及政府有關(guān)部門制訂財政預算案、內(nèi)容、方法和審批, 這份預算案將提供固定費用、設(shè)備和材料,采用固定價格的形式預算編制、審批、管理權(quán)限等等。 隨著歷史進程經(jīng)過恢復、改革和發(fā)展,形成了比較完備的概預算定額管理制度。 但是,隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,制度的許多問題也暴露出來。一般來說,預算是基于直接參與管理國家的經(jīng)濟活動作為先決條件,企業(yè)并不是實際的經(jīng)濟實體,由于計劃經(jīng)濟體制的特征,在當時的條件下,生產(chǎn)力必將成為短缺經(jīng)濟。 嚴重的商品短缺的情況下,有一定程度的投資將有產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)出。在這種環(huán)境下,項目的規(guī)劃和技術(shù)論證就不可能有經(jīng)濟分析。由國家控制項目成本的構(gòu)成要素-設(shè)備和材料價格。在這種相對穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟環(huán)境,利用財政預算的制度,核定工程造價, 幫助政府進行投資計劃方面發(fā)揮了重大作用。 隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的確立,要求我們預測項目的投資并控制。近年來,國際投資項目的發(fā)展要求,事前預控,事中控制。而中國傳統(tǒng)的做法,是客觀的角度對事業(yè)決策,重執(zhí)行,輕經(jīng)濟。 首先,由于技術(shù)人員的工程技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟觀念和意識淡薄, 成本控制,成本管理,使質(zhì)量難以提高。工程造價控制是很難達到的長遠目標。第二,各個階段的項目管理鑒于上述情況,我國在八十年代提出了全過程的成本管理與控制的概念,建設(shè)部門將進行可行性研究和項目的預算和決算等,以擴大兩方請求的相應規(guī)定,我們把成本管理的觀念和方法提到了一個新高度。我們現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)是要現(xiàn)代成本管理符合中國國情的市場經(jīng)濟的系統(tǒng)目標,借鑒先進發(fā)達國家的經(jīng)驗, 建立健全市場經(jīng)濟規(guī)律的工程造價管理體系,努力提高工程造價的水平。投資決策階段的工程造價管理,建設(shè)項目投資決策階段是提出項目建議書, 進行可行性研究,確定投資估算,最終編制設(shè)計任務(wù)。在這個階段,項目的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟決策, 對建設(shè)項目工程造價的工程完成后的經(jīng)濟效益有著決定性的影響,建造成本是一個重要的階段控制。我國現(xiàn)階段的工程造價進行的項目管理的目的是控制造價,注重施工過程的成本控制, 忽略項目開始投資決策階段的成本控制。投資決策階段的投資項目,預算是一個重要的決策依據(jù)。它直接影響到國民經(jīng)濟及財務(wù)分析結(jié)果的可靠性和準確性。因為這個階段是工程的前期工作,信息不完全, 相同或相近工程積累的資料比較少,估計不夠全面,不科學。使工程造價管理成本在現(xiàn)階段很難有所作為。在決策階段的工程造價控制。項目規(guī)劃階段的成本,許多業(yè)主有錯誤的理解,認為成本最低,最好?？刂瞥杀?不是單方面問題,而應該是一個多因素的影響,應結(jié)合實際,全面考慮。建設(shè)項目的投資決策階段,項目的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟決策,對工程造價后期工程的經(jīng)濟效益,有決定性作用。決策階段是項目成本控制的一個重要的階段,合理確定和控制方向的工程造價準確定位和建立優(yōu)化的指導作用。在決策階段最重要的是做好可行性研究。這項工作做得好,投資回報率,能夠形成一個良好的比例。否則,投資多,收效不大,導致投資失控和投資浪費。目前,一些項目的策劃,從主觀愿望的可行性研究方面,缺乏科學論證。可行性研究報告不真實,虛假或工程職能未經(jīng)付諸實際,可行性研究在研究項目批出后,顯現(xiàn)不少隱患, 結(jié)果導致沒有足夠的后續(xù)資金支持項目,并延長時限,使該項目沒有達到計劃的使用效益,甚至成為竣工無望的工程。因此,如要在投資決策中有效地控制工程造價,必須做好以下幾方面的工作：1）實施建設(shè)項目法人責任制,工程應從規(guī)劃到執(zhí)行的整個過程和資金償還的使用上責任落實到人。除了要確立法律制度和工程監(jiān)理配套機制,還應由相關(guān)主管部門組織工商及監(jiān)管部門成立監(jiān)察小組,負責監(jiān)督資金的使用。2）以實事求是的態(tài)度進行市場分析,以避免盲目性,對項目決策,減少和降低投資風險。充分考慮建設(shè)項目在未來的市場競爭力,保證設(shè)計任務(wù)科學性和可靠性。3）資金必須有正式的承諾文件,各方必須做到到位資金必須有文件,以確?？梢耘鷾柿㈨椇?按原定執(zhí)行。對各項貸款的條件應仔細分析,以減少利息負擔和還款壓力。4）加強工程地質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)、土地、水、電力、交通、環(huán)保工程等外部條件的工作深度,使投資估算有充分的理由。同時廣泛調(diào)查研究,比較同類項目,認真進行功能分析,多方案比較和選擇。經(jīng)過充分的技術(shù)論證和經(jīng)濟評價,最后選擇技術(shù)先進,實用可靠。經(jīng)濟合理的項目,計算出一個更準確的估計投資額,使工程造價從一開始就定位在一個較為合理的水平。2、設(shè)計階段的工程造價控制長期以來,我國建筑發(fā)展迅速,因此,控制工程造價具有重要意義, 但工程造價的主要方法是控制設(shè)計。目前大部分的業(yè)主在設(shè)計階段很少想到工程的成本控制,他們認為成本的設(shè)計不會有太大的影響,這是不對的,相反的,設(shè)計階段的是工程造價控制最重要的一步。因為它決定了工程設(shè)計、施工方法、材料和設(shè)備的種類,優(yōu)化設(shè)計階段的程序或變化, 工程造價將會產(chǎn)生重大影響,設(shè)計階段的工程造價控制項目總成本的70% 。以下探討是如何設(shè)計階段控制工程造價。2.1 作為業(yè)主,必須重視設(shè)計設(shè)計選定的質(zhì)量水平直接影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的設(shè)計水平, 而設(shè)計產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的水平,直接影響定價的總量。不同的設(shè)計單位對同一項目的設(shè)計是不同的。同一項目的不同設(shè)計研究院工程之間某些方面的工程造價就存在分歧之間,我們假設(shè)設(shè)計由兩個不同的設(shè)計院設(shè)計, 施工圖完成后,要求咨詢單位做成本預算。當然不同設(shè)計院的項目的總成本是絕對不一樣的, 大部分兩者的差異超過10% ,甚至超過30% , 而不一定是成本高的設(shè)計就好,良好的設(shè)計往往是成本低,我們都知道,每個人有不同的設(shè)計風格,不同層次的設(shè)計作品自然有所不同, 因此選擇設(shè)計單位,是管理的第一步。通過招標選擇設(shè)計單位,是一個很好的方法,可在招標文件中詳細說明這方面的要求,如成本控制目標等等。否則,在以后的設(shè)計過程中設(shè)計單位會提出增加成本的設(shè)計要求；通過招標項目的設(shè)計進入市場,是選擇設(shè)計單位的最好的方法。2.2 提倡設(shè)計招投標和設(shè)計單位設(shè)計優(yōu)化模式評估由專家組成, 按照適用,經(jīng)濟,美學和先進技術(shù), 結(jié)構(gòu)合理,滿足建筑節(jié)能和環(huán)保的要求,綜合評價規(guī)劃設(shè)計的優(yōu)點, 擇優(yōu)確定中選方案。 成功的投資計劃估算將接近一般建設(shè)工程范圍內(nèi)的投資。 這意味著將幫助設(shè)計方案的選擇和競爭機會,以確保獲選設(shè)計滿足先進的技術(shù),獨特的新穎性,適應性,以及控制工程造價。設(shè)計單位要努力提高自身素質(zhì),在設(shè)計巧妙構(gòu)思的同時, 在降低工程成本上動腦筋,以提高設(shè)計質(zhì)量, 力爭把設(shè)計階段的工程造價控制在批準的投資上限。 2.3 加強設(shè)計階段加強監(jiān)督,以確定一個合理的設(shè)計。 成熟的技術(shù),在減少施工階段主要設(shè)計變化和工程變更中, 有效控制工程造價上將扮演一個角色。工程的設(shè)計階段,如果工程監(jiān)理介入,幫助排除不利因素,一般可排除80%的錯誤。 整個建設(shè)過程中的成本控制,在開始施工時可節(jié)約投資20%。設(shè)計階段的監(jiān)督,包括：根據(jù)設(shè)計院提供的設(shè)計圖紙和說明,協(xié)助業(yè)主處理不同的設(shè)計方案經(jīng)濟,資本支出發(fā)展的初步規(guī)劃,以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利用；與業(yè)主不同的設(shè)計方案, 需要計算材料和設(shè)備進行成本分析和研究, 控制設(shè)計人員的費用,以協(xié)助他們在投資限額范圍內(nèi)設(shè)計,以節(jié)省投資。尋求一次性投資少,經(jīng)濟好的設(shè)計方案,取得最合理的經(jīng)濟指標。2.4積極推動所謂的限額上限設(shè)計 在保證功能要求的前提下,批準的設(shè)計任務(wù)書和投資估算。初步設(shè)計和概算控制, 為初步批準的設(shè)計和施工圖設(shè)計控制預算總額。而每一個專業(yè)都有一個設(shè)計門檻的一個目標。在設(shè)計過程中,設(shè)計師要多方案優(yōu)化設(shè)計, 確保設(shè)計在技術(shù)上是先進,合理,創(chuàng)新,時尚,而不是打破限制投資的目標, 從而杜絕了工程設(shè)計,只提高安全系數(shù)和設(shè)計標準, 或只考慮技術(shù)可行性的計劃,而非經(jīng)濟理性的現(xiàn)象, 以確保工程的費用有效控制。 價值分析又稱價值工程,是一種現(xiàn)代科學管理技術(shù), 是對產(chǎn)品的功能技術(shù)經(jīng)濟分析,以節(jié)約資源,降低成本的目的有效的方法。它彌補了傳統(tǒng)的成本管理單純強調(diào)降低成本,和質(zhì)量管理只強調(diào)改善質(zhì)量缺陷,有利于解決長期存在的時間長,浪費大,質(zhì)量差,成本高的問題。價值工程法一般分為三個步驟：評估對象的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟評分；計算對象的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟指標; 計算設(shè)計的實體,從比較中平均選擇最佳的設(shè)計。 3、建設(shè)項目實施階段的單位工程造價管理該項目達到質(zhì)量標準的前提下控制工程成本是合理的。在投資決策階段, 設(shè)計及實施階段的項目,把項目審批出現(xiàn)在管制范圍內(nèi),力爭在各項建設(shè)工程合理使用人力, 物力和財力資源,以取得良好的投資效益和社會效益。 項目成本控制和管理是一個動態(tài)的過程。動態(tài)的市場經(jīng)濟,使投資在確定與控制變得更為復雜,這將要求施工單位對工程造價管理的項目貫穿整個過程中,它必須有一個全面的焦點。實施階段的工程造價管理是實施全過程項目管理。項目實施階段的工程造價管理可分為三個部分：投標管理、施工管理和結(jié)算管理。Introduction to special issue on“Recent advances of engineeringManagement andriskManagement in China”Desheng Dash WuRiskLab,University of Toronto,Toronto,Canada,School of Science and Engineering,Reykjavik University,Reykjavik,IcelandandSchool of Management,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei,Peoples Republic of ChinaAbstract: Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：Cost of the construction project, Cost management status investment decision, Phase of the design, phase of the implementation, phase of the cost management in a market economyEven under the WTO and Chinas accession to the world community,Chinas construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects estimate budget,Super budget accounts for the super three is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process,stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage,the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits. Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s,1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget,content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on. With the historical process,after recovery,reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development,the systems many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking,the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity,will inevitably become a shortage in the economy. In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions,as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices,wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment,the budget estimate for the system approved project cost,help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role. As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years,international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China,the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy,light the economy and technology,First,the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals. Second,the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances,My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept,building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height. Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with Chinas national conditions of the market economy system goal,learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries,and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system,efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage,the projects technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence,The construction cost is an important stage control. Chinas current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price,and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects,the information cannot be fully,comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something. The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost,many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors,a combination of practical,comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage,the projects technical and economic decision-making,Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits,with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage,rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role. In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise,invest more,less effective,resulting in loss of control and waste of investment. At present,some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue,false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems,lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective,even become hopeless completion of the beard works. Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs,we must do the following aspects: Implementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds. A realistic approach to market analysis,to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness,design task more scientific and reliability. Capital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place,and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure. To strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds. Taking extensive investigation and research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level. The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, Chinas building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this will affect owners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primary means of control design, Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: As the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design, Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost, and good design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method, the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on. Otherwise, in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market, compared to select the best design units. Promoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles and advanced technology, reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements, comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design, selection of the best determination of the successful program. Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology, unique novelty, adaptability, as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea, contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality, strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling. Strengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduction in the construction phase maj