土木工程專業(yè)英語論文翻譯

山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)土木工程專業(yè)英語論文翻譯英譯漢LCASSESSMENTOFNATURALRADIOACTIVITYLEVELSANDRADIATIONHAZARDSDUETOCEMENTINDUSTRYABSTRACTTHECEMENTINDUSTRYISCONSIDEREDASONEOFTHEBASICINDUSTRIESTHATPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHENATIONALECONOMYOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONSOF226RA,232THAND40KINASSIUTCEMENTANDOTHERLOCALCEMENTTYPESFROMDIFFERENTEGYPTIANFACTORIESHASBEENMEASUREDBYUSINGRAYSPECTROMETRYFROMTHEMEASUREDRAYSPECTRA,SPECIFICACTIVITIESWEREDETERMINEDTHEMEASUREDACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONSFORTHESENATURALRADIONUCLIDESWERECOMPAREDWITHTHEREPORTEDDATAFOROTHERCOUNTRIESTHEAVERAGEVALUESOBTAINEDFOR226RA,232THAND40KACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONINDIFFERENTTYPESOFCEMENTARELOWERTHANTHECORRESPONDINGGLOBALVALUESREPORTEDINUNSCEARPUBLICATIONSTHEMANUFACTURINGOPERATIONREDUCESTHERADIATIONHAZARDPARAMETERSCEMENTDOESNOTPOSEASIGNIFICANTRADIOLOGICALHAZARDWHENUSEDFORCONSTRUCTIONOFBUILDINGSKEYWORDSNATURALRADIOACTIVITYCEMENTRAWMATERIALSRADIATIONHAZARDS1INTRODUCTIONTHENEEDFORCEMENTISSOGREATTHATITCONSIDEREDABASICINDUSTRYWORKERSEXPOSEDTOCEMENTORITSRAWMATERIALSFORALONGTIMEESPECIALLYINMINESANDATMANUFACTURINGSITESASWELLASPEOPLE,THATSPENDABOUT80OFTHEIRTIMEINSIDEOFFICESANDHOMESMOLLAHETAL,1986PAREDESETAL,1987RESULTINEXPOSURETOCEMENTORITSRAWMATERIALSBEINGNECESSARYREALITYSOWESHOULDKNOWTHERADIOACTIVITYFORCEMENTANDITSRAWMATERIALTHEREAREMANYTYPESOFCEMENTSACCORDINGTOTHECHEMICALCOMPOSITIONANDHYDRAULICPROPERTIESFOREACHONEPORTLANDCEMENTISTHEMOSTPREVALENTONETHECONTENTSOF226RA,232THAND40KINRAWANDPROCESSEDMATERIALSCANVARYCONSIDERABLYDEPENDINGONTHEIRGEOLOGICALSOURCEANDGEOCHEMICALCHARACTERISTICSTHUS,THEKNOWLEDGEOFRADIOACTIVITYINTHESEMATERIALSISIMPORTANTTOESTIMATETHERADIOLOGICALHAZARDSONHUMANHEALTHTHERADIOLOGICALIMPACTFROMTHENATURALRADIOACTIVITYISDUETORADIATIONEXPOSUREOFTHEBODYBYGAMMARAYSANDIRRADIATIONOFLUNGTISSUESFROMINHALATIONOFRADONANDITSPROGENYPAPASTEFANOUETAL,1988FROMTHENATURALRISKPOINTOFVIEW,ITISNECESSARYTOKNOWTHEDOSELIMITSOFPUBLICEXPOSUREANDTOMEASURETHENATURALENVIRONMENTALRADIATIONLEVELPROVIDEDBYGROUND,AIR,WATER,FOODS,BUILDINGINTERIORS,ETC,TOESTIMATEHUMANEXPOSURETONATURALRADIATIONSOURCESUNSCEAR,1988LOWLEVELGAMMARAYSPECTROMETRYISSUITABLEFORBOTHQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEDETERMINATIONSOFGAMMARAYEMITTINGNUCLIDESINTHEENVIRONMENTIAEA,1989THECONCENTRATIONOFRADIOELEMENTSINBUILDINGMATERIALSANDITSCOMPONENTSAREIMPORTANTINASSESSINGPOPULATIONEXPOSURES,ASMOSTINDIVIDUALSSPEND80OFTHEIRTIMEINDOORSTHEAVERAGEINDOORABSORBEDDOSERATEINAIRFROMTERRESTRIALSOURCESOFRADIOACTIVITYISESTIMATEDTOBE70NGYH1INDOORSELEVATEDEXTERNALDOSERATESMAYARISEFROMHIGHACTIVITIESOFRADIONUCLIDESINBUILDINGMATERIALSZIKOVSKYANDKENNEDY,1992GREATATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTODETERMININGRADIONUCLIDECONCENTRATIONSINBUILDINGMATERIALSINMANYCOUNTRIESAMRANIANDTAHTAT,2001RIZZOETAL,2001KUMARETAL,2003TZORTZISETAL,2003BUTINFORMATIONABOUTTHERADIOACTIVITYOFTHESEMATERIALSINEGYPTISLIMITEDKNOWLEDGEOFTHEOCCURRANCEANDCONCENTRATIONOFNATURALRADIOACTIVITYINSUCHIMPORTANTMATERIALSISESSENTIALFORCHECKINGITSQUALITYINGENERALANDKNOWINGITSEFFECTONTHEENVIRONMENTSURROUNDINGTHECEMENTPRODUCINGFACTORIESINPARTICULARBECAUSEOFTHEGLOBALDEMANDFORCEMENTASABUILDINGMATERIAL,THEPRESENTSTUDYAIMSTO1ASSESSNATURALRADIOACTIVITY226RA,232THAND40KINRAWANDFINALPRODUCTSUSEDINTHEASSIUTCEMENTFACTORYANDOTHERLOCALFACTORIESINEGYPT2CALCULATETHERADIOLOGICALPARAMETERSRADIUMEQUIVALENTACTIVITYRAEQ,LEVELINDEXIR,EXTERNALHAZARDINDEXHEXANDABSORBEDDOSERATEWHICHISRELATEDTOTHEEXTERNALDOSERATETHERESULTSOFCONCENTRATIONLEVELSANDRADIATIONEQUIVALENTACTIVITIESARECOMPAREDWITHSIMILARSTUDIESCARRIEDOUTINOTHERCOUNTRIES2EXPERIMENTALTECHNIQUE21SAMPLINGANDSAMPLEPREPARATIONFIFTYSEVENSAMPLESOFRAWMATERIALSANDFINALPRODUCTSUSEDINTHEASSIUTCEMENTFACTORIESWERECOLLECTEDFORINVESTIGATIONTWENTYFIVESAMPLESOFRAWMATERIALSWERETAKENFROMLIMESTONE,CLAY,SLAG,IRONOXIDE,GYPSUMWHICHAREALLTHERAWMATERIALUSEDINCEMENTINDUSTRY,20SAMPLESOFFINALPRODUCTSWERETAKENFROMASSIUTCEMENTPORTLAND,ELMOHANDS,WHITE,ANDSULPHATERESISTANTCEMENTSRCFORCOMPARISONWITHPRODUCTSFROMOTHERFACTORIES,8SAMPLESWERETAKENFROMTHEORDINARYPORTLANDCEMENTFROMHELWAN,QENA,ELKAWMYA,TORRAAND4SAMPLESWERETAKENOFWHITECEMENTSINAIANDHELWANEACHSAMPLE,ABOUT1KGINWEIGHTWASWASHEDINDISTILLEDWATERANDDRIEDINANOVENATABOUT110CTOENSURETHATMOISTUREISCOMPLETELYREMOVED,THESAMPLESWERECRUSHED,HOMOGENIZED,ANDSIEVEDTHROUGHA200MESH,WHICHISTHEOPTIMUMSIZETOBEENRICHEDINHEAVYMINERALSWEIGHTEDSAMPLESWEREPLACEDINAPOLYETHYLENEBEAKER,OF350CM3VOLUMETHEBEAKERSWERECOMPLETELYSEALEDFOR4WEEKSTOREACHSECULAREQUILIBRIUMWHERETHERATEOFDECAYOFTHERADONDAUGHTERSBECOMESEQUALTOTHATOFTHEPARENTTHISSTEPISNECESSARYTOENSURETHATRADONGASISCONFINEDWITHINTHEVOLUMEANDTHEDAUGHTERSWILLALSOREMAININTHESAMPLE22INSTRUMENTATIONANDCALIBRATIONACTIVITYMEASUREMENTSWEREPERFORMEDBYGAMMARAYSPECTROMETRY,EMPLOYINGA33SCINTILLATIONDETECTORTHEHERMETICALLYSEALEDASSEMBLYWITHANAITLCRYSTALISCOUPLEDTOAPCMCACANBERRAACCUSPESRESOLUTION75SPECIFIEDATTHE662KEVPEAKOF137CSTOREDUCEGAMMARAYBACKGROUNDACYLINDRICALLEADSHIELD100MMTHICKWITHAFIXEDBOTTOMANDMOVABLECOVERSHIELDEDTHEDETECTORTHELEADSHIELDCONTAINEDANINNERCONCENTRICCYLINDEROFCOPPER03MMTHICKTOABSORBLEADXRAYSINORDERTODETERMINETHEBACKGROUNDDISTRIBUTIONINTHEENVIRONMENTAROUNDTHEDETECTOR,ANEMPTYSEALEDBEAKERWASCOUNTEDINTHESAMEMANNERANDINTHESAMEGEOMETRYASTHESAMPLESTHEMEASUREMENTTIMEOFACTIVITYORBACKGROUNDWAS43200STHEBACKGROUNDSPECTRAWEREUSEDTOCORRECTTHENETPEAKAREAOFGAMMARAYSOFMEASUREDISOTOPESADEDICATEDSOFTWAREPROGRAMGENIE2000FROMCANBERRAANALYZEDEACHMEASUREDRAYSPECTRUM3CONCLUSIONTHENATURALRADIONUCLIDES226RA,232THAND40KWEREMEASUREDFORRAWMATERIALSANDFINALPRODUCTSUSEDINTHEASSIUTCEMENTFACTORYINUPPEREGYPTANDCOMPAREDWITHTHERESULTSINOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONOF40KISLOWERTHANALLCORRESPONDINGVALUESINOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONOF226RAAND232THFORALLMEASUREDSAMPLESOFPORTLANDCEMENTARECOMPARABLEWITHTHECORRESPONDINGVALUESOFOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEOBTAINEDRESULTSSHOWTHATTHEAVERAGESOFRADIATIONHAZARDPARAMETERSFORASSIUTCEMENTFACTORYARELOWERTHANTHEACCEPTABLELEVEL370BQKG1FORRADIUMEQUIVALENTRAEQ,1FORLEVELINDEXIR,THEEXTERNALHAZARDINDEXHEX1AND59NGYH1FORABSORBEDDOSERATETHEMANUFACTURINGOPERATIONREDUCESTHERADIATIONHAZARDPARAMETERSSOCEMENTPRODUCTSDONOTPOSEASIGNIFICANTRADIOLOGICALHAZARDWHENUSEDFORBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONTHERADIOACTIVITYINRAWMATERIALSANDFINALPRODUCTSOFCEMENTVARIESFROMONECOUNTRYTOANOTHERANDALSOWITHINTHESAMETYPEOFMATERIALFROMDIFFERENTLOCATIONSTHERESULTSMAYBEIMPORTANTFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFSELECTINGSUITABLEMATERIALSFORUSEINCEMENTMANUFACTUREITISIMPORTANTTOPOINTOUTTHATTHESEVALUESARENOTTHEREPRESENTATIVEVALUESFORTHECOUNTRIESMENTIONEDBUTFORTHEREGIONSFROMWHERETHESAMPLESWERECOLLECTED水泥工業(yè)天然放射性水平，輻射危害的評(píng)估摘要水泥行業(yè)在發(fā)展中國家的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中起著重要作用，是基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。埃及當(dāng)?shù)厮喙S生產(chǎn)的不同類型的艾斯尤特水泥中的鐳226，釷和40K的活度濃度等已采用射線光譜法測定。量測的射線譜，可以對(duì)具體活動(dòng)進(jìn)行測定。將這些天然放射性核素活度濃度分析結(jié)果與其他國家的報(bào)告的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了比較。獲得不同類型的水泥鐳226，釷和40K的活度濃度的平均值低于相關(guān)科委刊物報(bào)道的全局值。這種生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營的方式降低了輻射危害的參數(shù)。當(dāng)建筑物的建設(shè)時(shí)水泥不構(gòu)成重大輻射危害時(shí)。關(guān)鍵詞天然放射性水泥原料輻射危害1、簡介水泥的需求是非常大，它被認(rèn)為是基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)。作業(yè)工人暴露于水泥或其原料很長一段時(shí)間，特別是在礦山和生產(chǎn)基地。另外，人們有80的時(shí)間消耗在在辦公室和家中，這也會(huì)接觸到水泥及其原料。所以我們有必要知道水泥及其原料放射性。按化學(xué)成分和性能可以將水泥分成多種類型。波特蘭水泥是最普遍的一種。根據(jù)來源和地質(zhì)地球化學(xué)特征的不同水泥原材料和加工材料的鐳226，釷和40K的含量有很大的差別。因此，估計(jì)這些材料散發(fā)的放射線對(duì)人體健康的危害就顯得非常重要。天然放射性輻射的影響是由于受到伽瑪射線照射和肺組織從吸入氡及其子體等。從自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的角度來看，有必要了解公眾接觸的劑量限值并測量來自水平地面，空氣，水，食物，建筑物內(nèi)部等的天然環(huán)境輻射，并估計(jì)天然輻射照射來源（科委，1988）。低層次伽瑪射線在發(fā)光的環(huán)境下的核素含量和質(zhì)量是合適的（國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)，1989年）。在評(píng)估人們暴露在無線電建筑材料含量及其組成部分是重要的，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人花費(fèi)80的時(shí)間在室內(nèi)。平均室內(nèi)空氣中吸收劑量的放射性物質(zhì)估計(jì)為70NGYH1。室內(nèi)外照射率升高可能產(chǎn)生對(duì)建材放射性核素較高的活動(dòng)（ZIKOVSKY和肯尼迪，1992）。確定建立放射性核素的濃度在許多國家受到人們的廣泛重視（AMRANI和TAHTAT，2001。里索等，2001。KUMAR等，2003。TZORTZIS等，2003）。但在埃及對(duì)這些放射性材料的信息的采集是有限的。在如此重要的天然放射性物質(zhì)濃度的一般質(zhì)量檢查和了解其周圍的水泥生產(chǎn)廠家檢查是必不可少的，特別是環(huán)境的影響。由于對(duì)水泥作為建筑材料的全球需求，本研究的目的是（1）評(píng)估在艾斯尤特水泥廠和埃及其他地方的工廠使用的原料和最終產(chǎn)品的天然放射性（鐳226，釷和40K）。（2）計(jì)算與外部劑量率有關(guān)的的輻射參數(shù)（鐳當(dāng)量活動(dòng)RAEQ，水平指數(shù)IR，外部危害指數(shù)HEX與吸收劑量率）。與其他國家進(jìn)行類似的水平和輻射等效活動(dòng)的研究的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。2、實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)21取樣和樣品制備調(diào)查收集了57個(gè)原材料和艾斯尤特水泥工廠使用的最終產(chǎn)品樣本。二十五個(gè)原料樣品取自石灰石，粘土，礦渣，氧化鐵，石膏這都是水泥工業(yè)使用的原料，20個(gè)最終產(chǎn)品的樣品來自艾斯尤特水泥（波特蘭，薩爾瓦多，MOHANDS，白采取和抗硫酸鹽水泥（SRC）的）。為了與其