風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)英語試題

1、1 1 why pagodas dont fall down in a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have japans tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. those that have disa

2、ppeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. the disastrous hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of kobe. yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the toji temple in nearby ky

3、oto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood. japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. it was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinfo

4、rced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. with its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey kasumigaseki building in central tokyo - japans first skyscraper - was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it

5、was built in 1968. yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries l

6、ater. clearly, japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight natures forces. but what sort of tricks? the multi-storey pagoda came to japan from china in the sixth century. as in china, they were first introduced with buddhism

7、and were attached to important temples. the chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. when the pagoda reached japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typic

8、ally five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. because of the typhoons that batter japan in the summer, japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of building

9、s further beyond the walls. this prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. pagodas in china and korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in japan. 為什么寶塔不會倒塌在這片被臺風(fēng)席卷、地震撼動的土地上，日本最高、看起來最脆弱的老建筑500 多座木制寶塔 是如何屹立了幾個世紀(jì)的?記錄顯示，在過去的1400 年里，只有兩處坍塌。那些失蹤的人由于閃電或內(nèi)戰(zhàn)而被大火燒毀。1995 年災(zāi)難性的阪神大地震造成6400

10、人死亡，高架路倒塌，辦公大樓夷為平地，神戶港口地區(qū)被毀。然而，盡管它夷平了附近的一些建筑，但卻毫發(fā)未損。多年來，日本學(xué)者一直對這些細(xì)長的建筑為何如此穩(wěn)定感到困惑。直到30 年前，建筑行業(yè)才有足夠的信心，用鋼鐵和鋼筋混凝土建造超過12 層的辦公大樓。位于東京市中心的36層樓高的霞關(guān)大廈(kasumigaseki)是日本第一座摩天大樓，1968 年建成時，人們認(rèn)為它是現(xiàn)代工程學(xué)的杰作。然而，在826 年，建筑大師kobodaishi 只用木栓和楔子來保持木結(jié)構(gòu)的直立，毫不猶豫地將他宏偉的東寺寶塔高聳入云，高達(dá)55 米 幾乎是 1100 年后建成的霞關(guān)摩天大樓的一半高。顯然，當(dāng)時的日本木匠知道一些讓

11、建筑搖擺和穩(wěn)定的技巧，而不是對抗自然的力量。但是什么樣的技巧呢? 2 這座多層寶塔于六世紀(jì)從中國傳入日本。與中國一樣， 它們最初是隨著佛教傳入的，并附屬于重要的寺廟。中國人用磚或石頭建造寶塔，里面有樓梯，后來幾個世紀(jì)主要用作瞭望塔。寶塔到達(dá)日本的時候,然而 ,其架構(gòu)是自由地適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)貤l件,他們建造了那么高,通常5 而不是9 層 ,主要是木材和樓梯是摒棄因為日本寶塔沒有任何實際使用但變得更像一個藝術(shù)對象。由于夏季襲擊日本的臺風(fēng)，日本建筑商學(xué)會了將建筑物的屋檐延伸到墻外更遠(yuǎn)的地方。這樣可以防止雨水從墻上涌下來。中國和韓國的寶塔沒有像日本寶塔那樣的懸挑。the roof of a japanese t

12、emple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the buildings overall width. for the same reason, the builders of japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many

13、 chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles. but this does not totally explain the great resilience of japanese pagodas. is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira - simply flexes and sways during a ty

14、phoon or earthquake? for centuries, many thought so. but the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load at all. in fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda - hanging loosel

15、y down through the middle of the building. the weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns. and what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? the best way to understand the shinbashiras role is to watch a video made by shuzo ishida, a structural eng

16、ineer at kyoto institute of technology. mr. ishida, known to his students as professor pagoda because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a shake- table in his laboratory. in short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum.

17、the ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of japans first skyscraper. what those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a

18、 pagodas loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance - with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. the shinbashira, running up through a hol

19、e in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column. another strange feature of the japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floo

20、r plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. in other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from

21、 the top to the bottom. more surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. they are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. interestingly, such a design would not be permitted

22、under current japanese building regulations. 日本寺廟建筑的屋頂可以使建筑的側(cè)面超出建筑總寬度的50%或更多。出于同樣的原因，日本寶塔的建造者似乎進(jìn)一步增加了他們的重量，他們沒有選擇用許多中國寶塔的瓷磚來覆蓋這些延伸的屋檐，而是用更重的陶瓷瓷磚。3 但這并不能完全解釋日本寶塔的韌性。答案是，就像一棵高大的松樹，日本寶塔其巨大的樹干狀中央支柱被稱為心柱只是在臺風(fēng)或地震中彎曲和搖擺?幾個世紀(jì)以來，許多人都這么認(rèn)為。但答案并不那么簡單，因為令人吃驚的是，新ira 實際上根本沒有負(fù)載。事實上，在一些寶塔的設(shè)計中，它甚至不停留在地面上，而是懸掛在寶塔的頂部 松

23、散地懸掛在建筑的中間。建筑的重量完全由12 根外柱和4 根內(nèi)柱支撐。心柱的作用是什么?要了解新船的作用，最好的方法是看一段由京都理工大學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)工程師石田修三制作的視頻。由于對寶塔的熱愛，石田先生被學(xué)生們稱為“ 寶塔教授 ” 。他已經(jīng)建立了一系列模型，并在實驗室的“ 振動臺 ” 上進(jìn)行了測試。簡而言之，新ira 就像一個巨大的靜止的鐘擺。這些古代工匠顯然沒有借助非常先進(jìn)的數(shù)學(xué)，似乎掌握了1000 多年后應(yīng)用于日本第一座摩天大樓建設(shè)中的原理。早期的工匠們通過反復(fù)試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，在壓力下，寶塔松散的樓層可以獨立地前后滑動。從側(cè)面看，這座寶塔就像在跳蛇舞 每一層樓都朝著上下相鄰樓層相反的方向移動?！?心柱”從

24、建筑中心的一個洞里鉆出來，限制了每層樓的移動距離，因為在移動了一定距離后，它們會撞進(jìn)去，把能量沿著柱子傳遞出去。日本寶塔的另一個奇特之處是，由于建筑呈錐形，每一層的平面都比下面的小，所以沒有一根垂直的柱子能承載建筑的重量，并與上面相應(yīng)的柱子相連。換句話說， 一座五層樓高的寶塔甚至連一根柱子都沒有，而這一根柱子要穿過整座建筑，把結(jié)構(gòu)的荷載從頂部帶到底部。更令人驚訝的是，日本寶塔的每一層與其他地方的寶塔不同，實際上并沒有相互連接。它們就像一堆帽子一樣簡單地摞在一起。有趣的是， 按照日本現(xiàn)行建筑法規(guī)，這種設(shè)計是不允許的。and the extra-wide eaves? think of them

25、as a tightrope walkers balancing pole. the bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. the same holds true for a pagoda. with the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles, says mr ishida, the building responds to eve

26、n the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking. here again, japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering. do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in reading passage 1?in boxe

27、s 1-4 on your answer sheet, write ：true if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer false if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer not given if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1.only two japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years. 2.the hanshin ear

28、thquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the toji temple. 3.the other buildings near the toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years. 4.the builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions. 4 5.easy interior access to topa. both chinese and japanese p

29、agodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 6.tiles on eavesa. both chinese and japanese pagodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 7.use as observation post a. both chinese and japanese pagodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 8.size of eaves up to half the

30、 width of the building a. both chinese and japanese pagodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 9.original religious purpose a. both chinese and japanese pagodas b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 10.floors fitting loosely over each other a. both chinese and japanese pagod

31、as b. only chinese pagodas c. only japanese pagodas 11.in a japanese pagoda, the shinbashira a. bears the full weight of the building. b. bends under pressure like a tree. c. connects the floors with the foundations. d. stops the floors moving too far. 12.shuzo ishida performs experiments in order t

32、o 5 a. improve skyscraper design. b. be able to build new pagodas. c. learn about the dynamics of pagodas. d. understand ancient mathematics. 13.the storeys of a japanese pagoda are a. linked only by wood. b. fastened only to the central pillar. c. fitted loosely on top of each other. d. joined by s

33、pecial weights. 那加寬的屋檐呢?把它們想象成走鋼絲者的平衡桿。鋼管兩端的質(zhì)量越大，走鋼絲的人就越容易保持平衡。寶塔也是如此。石田先生說: “ 屋檐像平衡桿一樣向四面伸展，即使是地震中最強(qiáng)烈的震動，建筑也能做出優(yōu)雅的晃動，而不是突然的晃動?！?在這里，一千年前的日本建筑大師們再次預(yù)見到了現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)工程的概念。下面的陳述與作者在閱讀第一段時的觀點一致嗎?在答題紙箱子1 - 4,寫:如果聲明同意作者的主張?zhí)摷偃绻愂雠c作者的主張沒有如果是不可能說出作者的思考1.1400 年來，日本只有兩座寶塔倒塌。2.1995 年的阪神大地震摧毀了東寺的寶塔。3.東寺寶塔附近的其他建筑是在過去30 年

34、建成的。4.寶塔的建造者知道如何吸收惡劣天氣條件產(chǎn)生的部分能量。5.方便的內(nèi)部訪問頂部a.中國和日本的寶塔都有。b.只有中國的寶塔。c.只有日本的寶塔6.瓷磚在屋檐a.中國和日本的寶塔都有。b.只有中國的寶塔。c.只有日本的寶塔7.用作觀察哨a.中國和日本的寶塔都有。b.只有中國的寶塔。c.只有日本的寶塔8.屋檐的大小可達(dá)建筑物寬度的一半a.中國和日本的寶塔都有。b.只有中國的寶塔。c.只有日本的寶塔9.原始宗教目的b.只有中國的寶塔只有日本寶塔10.地板彼此之間松松垮垮地搭在一起6 a.中國和日本的寶塔都有。b.只有中國的寶塔。c.只有日本的寶塔11.在日本的寶塔里，叫做心柱a.承擔(dān)整個建筑

35、的重量。像樹一樣在壓力下彎曲。連接地板和地基。停止地板移動太遠(yuǎn)。12.石田修三做實驗是為了改進(jìn)摩天大樓的設(shè)計。能夠建造新的寶塔。了解寶塔的動態(tài)。理解古代數(shù)學(xué)。13.日本寶塔的樓層是答:只有木頭連接。只固定在中間的柱子上。c.彼此松散地搭在一起。d.加入特殊重量。2 leaf-cutting ants and fungusa ）the ants and their agriculture have been extensively studied over the years, but the recent research has uncovered intriguing new findin

36、gs about the fungus they cultivate, how they domesticated it and how they cultivate it and preserve it from pathogens. for example, the fungus farms, which the ants were thought to keep free of pathogens, turn out to be vulnerable to a devastating mold, found nowhere else but in ants nests. to keep

37、the mold in check,the ants long ago made a discovery that would do credit to any pharmaceutical laboratory. b ）leaf-cutting ants and their fungus farms are a marvel of nature and perhaps the best known example of symbiosis, the mutual dependence of two species. the ants achievement is remarkable the

38、 biologist ed ward o. wilson has called it “ one of the major breakthroughs in animal evolution” because it allows them to eat, courtesy of their mushroom s digestive powers, the otherwise poisoned harvest of tropical forests whose leaves are laden with terpenoids,alkaloids and other chemicals desig

39、ned to sicken browsers. c ）fungus growing seems to have originated only once in evolution, because all gardening ants belong to a single tribe, the descendants of the first fungus farmer. there are more than 200 known species of the attine ant tribe, divided into 12 groups, or genera. the leaf-cutte

40、rs use fresh vegetation; the other groups, known as the lower attines because their nests are smaller and their techniques more primitive, feed their gardens with detritus like dead leaves, insects and feces. in 1994 a team of four biologists, ulrich g. mueller and ted r. schultz from cornell univer

41、sity and ignacio h. chapela and stephen a. rehner from the united states department of agriculture, analyzed the dna of ant funguses. the common assumption that the funguses are all derived from a single strain, they found, was only half true. 2 切葉蟻和真菌)螞蟻和農(nóng)業(yè)都已經(jīng)被廣泛地研究過了多年來,但最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了有趣的新發(fā)現(xiàn)的真菌培養(yǎng),如何馴化以及

42、他們?nèi)绾螐牟≡w培養(yǎng)它,保護(hù)它。例如，真菌農(nóng)場被認(rèn)為是螞蟻不受病原體感染的地方， 結(jié)果卻很容易感染一種毀滅性的霉菌，這種霉菌只存在于螞蟻的巢穴中。為了控制霉菌， 螞蟻們很久以前就有了一項新發(fā)現(xiàn)，這對任何一家制藥實驗室來說都是一項榮譽(yù)。7 b)切葉蟻及其真菌農(nóng)場是大自然的奇跡,也許最著名的共生的例子,兩個物種的相互依賴。螞蟻的成就是非凡的,生物學(xué)家愛德華 o 威爾遜稱之為“ 動物進(jìn)化的一個重大突破”, 因為它允許他們吃的蘑菇的消化能力,否則毒收獲的熱帶森林的樹葉是拉登萜類、生物堿和其他化學(xué)品旨在患病瀏覽器。c)真菌生長似乎是只有一次的進(jìn)化,因為所有園藝螞蟻屬于一個部落的后裔第一真菌農(nóng)民。有超過

43、200 種已知的attine 蟻族，分為12 組，或?qū)佟Ｇ腥~工人使用新鮮的植物;另一種被稱為低齒蟻， 因為它們的巢穴更小，技術(shù)也更原始，用落葉、昆蟲和糞便等碎屑來喂養(yǎng)它們的花園。 1994 年，康奈爾大學(xué)的烏爾里希 g 穆勒 (ulrich g. mueller) 和特德 r 舒爾茨 (ted r. schultz)、美國農(nóng)業(yè)部的伊格納西奧 h 查貝拉 (ignacio h. chapela)和斯蒂芬 a 雷納 (stephen a . rehner)組成了一個由四名生物學(xué)家組成的團(tuán)隊，分析了螞蟻真菌的dna 。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，通常認(rèn)為真菌都來自單一菌株的假設(shè)只有一半是正確的。 d ）the lea

44、f-cutters fungus was indeed descended from a single strain, propagated clonally, or just by budding, for at least 23 million years. but the lower attine ants used different varieties of the fungus, and in one case a quite separate species, the four biologists discovered.cameron r. currie, a ph.d. st

45、udent in the university of toronto, it seemed to mr. currie,resembled the monocultures of various human crops, that are very productive for a while and then succumb to some disastrous pathogen, such as the irish potato blight. monocultures,which lack the genetic diversity to respond to changing envi

46、ronmental threats, are sitting ducks for parasites. mr. currie felt there had to be a parasite in the ant-fungus system. but a century of ant research offered no support for the idea. textbooks describe how leaf-cutter ants scrupulously weed their gardens of all foreign organisms. “ people kept tell

47、ing me, you know the ants keep their gardens free of parasites, don t you?” mr. currie said of his efforts to find a hidden interloper. e ）but after three years of sifting through attine ant gardens, mr. currie discovered they are far from free of infections. in last month s issue of the proceedings

48、 of the national academy of sciences, he and two colleagues, dr. mueller and david mairoch, isolated several alien organisms, particularly a family of parasitic molds called escovopsis. escovopsis turns out to be a highly virulent pathogen that can devastate a fungus garden in a couple of days. it b

49、looms like a white cloud, with the garden dimly visible underneath. in a day or two the whole garden is enveloped.“ other ants won t go near it and the ants associated with the garden just starve to death, dr. rehner said. “ they just seem to give up, except for those that have rescued their larvae.

50、” f ）evidently the ants usually manage to keep escovopsis and other parasites under control. but with any lapse in control, or if the ants are removed, escovopsis will quickly burst forth.although new leaf-cutter gardens start off free of escovopsis, within two years some 60 percent become infected.

51、 the discovery of escovopsis s role brings a new level of understanding to the evolution of the attine ants. “ in the last decade, evolutionary biologists have been increasingly aware of the role of parasit es as driving forces in evolution,” dr. schultz said.there is now a possible reason to explai

52、n why the lower attine species keep changing the variety of fungus in their mushroom gardens, and occasionally domesticating new ones to stay one step ahead of the relentless escovopsis. g ）interestingly, mr. currie found that the leaf-cutters had in general fewer alien molds in their gardens than t

53、he lower attines, yet they had more escovopsis infections. it seems that the price they pay for cultivating a pure variety of fungus is a higher risk from escovopsis. but the leaf-cutters may have little alternative: they cultivate a special variety of fungus which, unlike those grown by the lower a

54、ttines, produces nutritious swollen tips for the ants to eat. 8 h ）discovery of a third partner in the ant-fungus symbiosis raises the question of how the attine ants, especially the leaf-cutters, keep this dangerous interloper under control. amazingly enough, mr. currie has again provided the answe

55、r. “ people have known for a hundred years that ants have a whitish growth on the cuticle,” said dr. mueller, referring to the insects body surface. “ people would say this is like a cuticular wax. but cameron was the first one in a hundred years to put these things under a microscope. he saw it was

56、 not inert wax. it is alive.” mr. currie discovered a specialised patch on the ants cuticle that harbours a particular kind of bacterium, one well known to the pharmaceutical industry, because it is the source of half the antibiotics used in medicine. from each of 22 species of attine ant studied, m

57、r.cameron and colleagues isolated a species of streptomyces bacterium, they reported in nature in april. the streptomyces does not have much effect on ordinary laboratory funguses. but it is a potent poisoner of escovopsis, inhibiting its growth and suppressing spore formation.because both the leaf-

58、cutters and the lower attines use streptomyces, the bacterium may have been part of their symbiosis for almost as long as the escovopsis mold. if so, some alexander fleming of an ant discovered antibiotics millions of years before people did. even now, the ants are accomplishing two feats beyond the

59、 powers of human technology. the leaf-cutters are growing a monocultural crop year after year without disaster, and they are using an antibiotic apparently so wisely and prudently that, unlike people, they are not provoking antibiotic resistance in the target pathogen. d) leaf-cutters 的真菌確實是從一個應(yīng)變,無性

60、生殖 ,傳播或通過出芽,至少 2300 萬年了。但這四名生物學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，低等螞蟻使用了不同種類的真菌，其中有一種是完全獨立的物種。在柯里看來，多倫多大學(xué)(university of toronto) 的博士生卡梅倫r 柯里 (cameron r. currie) 就像各種人類作物的單一栽培方式，這些作物在一段時間內(nèi)產(chǎn)量很高，然后會屈服于一些災(zāi)難性的病原體，比如愛爾蘭馬鈴薯枯萎病(irish potato blight) 。單一栽培缺乏應(yīng)對不斷變化的環(huán)境威脅的遺傳多樣性，是寄生蟲的活靶子?？吕锵壬X得螞蟻-真菌系統(tǒng)里一定有寄生蟲。但是一個世紀(jì)以來對螞蟻的研究并沒有支持這個觀點。教科書上描述了切葉蟻