新廣州版八年級上冊英語Unit5-Educational-exchanges-語法專項--現(xiàn)在完成時

1、現(xiàn)在完成時1 unit 5: educational exchanges 語法專項 -現(xiàn)在完成時如果你想說 “ 我已經(jīng)看過某部電影，所以不想看了” 、“ 某人曾經(jīng)做過什么事情 ” 等等，該如果表達(dá)呢？首先請看下面的句子：（1）i have seen the film. i dont want to see it again.這部電影我已經(jīng)看過，不想再看了。（2）have you answered all the questions? 所有的問題你都回答了嗎？（3）have you ever looked at a travel brochure? 你看過旅游宣傳冊嗎？（4）she has ne

2、ver visited the usa. 她從沒有過去美國。觀察：以上句子的謂語動詞的一個共同特點是_, 用于表示在以前的某個時間曾經(jīng)做過的、發(fā)生的事情，這種行為對目前有某種影響。我們把這種時態(tài)稱為“ 現(xiàn)在完成時 ” 。一、 現(xiàn)在完成時的概念。表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果she has been ill for three days. （她病了三天了。）表示從過去某一時間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。weve known each other since we were children. （我們從小就認(rèn)識。）i have been a member of the party f

3、or 10 years. 常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語有：just 剛剛yet 仍然，還now 現(xiàn)在lately 最后ever 曾經(jīng)today 今天never 從未before 從前recently 最近already 已經(jīng)this week 本周since 自從for a long tine 很長時間了since then 自那以來so far 到目前為止in the past/last few years 在過去 /最近的幾年二、構(gòu)成： ” 助動詞 have, has + 過去分詞 ”現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式（以work 為例） ：人稱肯定否定疑問回答第一人i have s

4、een the ufo. we have i haven t seen the ufo. we havent have you seen the ufo? yes, i have./ no, i havent.現(xiàn)在完成時2 稱travelled around the world. travelled around the world. have you travelled around the world? yes, we have./ no, we havent.第二人稱you have been to england. you havent beento england. have you

5、 been to england? yes, i/we have. no, i /we havent.第三人稱he/she has been to beijing. they have given concerts all over the world. he/ she hasnt been to beijing. they havent given concerts all over the world. has he/ she been to beijing? have they given concerts all over the world? yes, he/she has. no,

6、 he/she hasnt.yes, they have. no, they havent.注：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與過去是相同，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞見附表。隨堂練習(xí).把下面變否定句、一般疑問句并作肯定和否定回答。1. i have done my homework. 否定句： _ 一般疑問句： _ 回答： _ 2. the plane has arrived. 否定句： _ 一般疑問句： _ 回答： _ 三、動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成規(guī)則（1） 規(guī)則變化 大部分動詞在詞尾直接加-ed clean cleaned help helped 以不發(fā)音的 e結(jié)尾的，直接加 -d like liked l

7、ive lived 以輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾的單詞，變 y 為 i 再加 ed try tried study studied 重讀閉音節(jié)詞尾只有一個輔音字母的，需要雙寫最后這個輔音字母再加-ed. plan planned stop stopped （2） 不規(guī)則變化see seen find found 需根據(jù)不規(guī)則變化表進(jìn)行專門記憶現(xiàn)在完成時3 隨堂練習(xí)寫出下列單詞的過去分詞形式work _ finish _ arrive_ change_ see_ have_ marry_ visit_ miss_ prefer_ do_ hear_ live_ clean_ study_ meet_

8、be _ climb_ plan_ take_ stop_ keep_ buy_ spend_ learn_ forget_ bring_ 四、 現(xiàn)在完成時用法歸納1. 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作現(xiàn)已完成，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。(此種用法謂語動詞用結(jié)束性動詞) 如： the plane has arrived. 常用的時間狀語和副詞：already ,yet , ever , never already 已經(jīng)； yet 尚未，仍未，還；強(qiáng)調(diào)前不久完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，謂語動詞使用非延續(xù)性動詞。already 用于肯定句中， yet 用于否定句和疑問句的句末。例如： i have al

9、ready finished my homework. 我已經(jīng)完成我的家庭作業(yè)了。he hasn t come yet.他還沒有回來。has she finished cooking yet? 他做完飯了嗎？練：i have already done my homework. ( 變?yōu)榉穸ň?) _ ever (曾經(jīng))，句中； never (從不) ，表示否定，強(qiáng)調(diào)到目前為止的生活經(jīng)歷。謂語動詞用延續(xù)性動詞。例如： have you ever climb that mountain? 你曾經(jīng)爬過那座山嗎？現(xiàn)在完成時4 have you ever been to shanghai? 你曾經(jīng)去過上

10、海嗎？i have never late for school. 我從來沒有遲到過。already ever與 never應(yīng)位于助動詞 have/has 之后，主要動詞之前。拓展： before (以前)，句尾，獨立用i haven t met him before. 我以前從來沒有見過他。just (剛剛)，用于肯定句中，常用在助動詞和過去分詞之間。如：i have just heard the news. 我剛剛聽到消息。跟蹤訓(xùn)練（）1. have you _ heard of disneyland? a. always b. ever c. never d. sometimes （）2.

11、 i have _ finished my homework. so i can have a rest now. a. ever b. already c. never d. yet （）3. she is a good student, she has _ been late for school. a. ever b. already c. never d. yet （）4. i am very hungry , i haven t had my breakfast_. a. ever b. already c. never d. yet 2. 完成時可用于表示某時間段里完成的動作，常與

12、today, these days, recently等時間狀語連用。 如：have you seen her these days? 譯： _ have you been to the library today? 譯：_ have you read the book recently? 譯：_ 3.現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能延續(xù)到將來的動作和狀態(tài)。常與表示過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間狀語連用。如：a. for + 一段時間： for two hours 現(xiàn)在完成時5 b. since + 時間點： since 1999, since last year c. sinc

13、e + 一段時間 + ago: since two days ago d. since + 從句（用過去時）e. up to now, till now, until now, so far f.in the past two years, in the last few days g. recently, lately 如： miss zhao has taught math for five years. his mother has worked in the shop since 1990. the greens have lived in london since three yea

14、rs ago. 注：其中在 a,b,c,d 這四種結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞必須為延續(xù)性動詞。如： i have had this book for one and a half years. ( 這本書我已買了一年半了！) 跟蹤訓(xùn)練用 since 或者 for 填空1. i have studied english _ 5 years. 2. i have studied english _ 5 years ago. 3. i have studied english _ 2008. 4. she has taught math _ 3 years. 5. she has taught math _

15、3 years ago. 6. she has taught math _ 2010. 4. 短暫性動詞怎樣和表示一段時間的狀語連用。英語中的短暫性動詞， 也叫做終止性動詞、 瞬間動詞或非延續(xù)性動詞， 只表示一不能用 buy 現(xiàn)在完成時6 時的動作，在肯定句式中不能與表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。常見的短暫性動詞有：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。eg. i have bought this book for three

16、 months. () 非延續(xù)性動詞與一段時間連用時可采用下列三種方法：（1）將非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動詞。leave- have (has) been away from close- be closed join- have (has) been (in) begin/start- be on buy- have (has) had go- be there die- have (has) dead finish- be over come (arrive)- have (has) been here borrow- have (has) kept begin to work- have

17、 (has) worked open- have (has) been open get up- have (has) been up put on have (has) on come back- have (has) been back gone (left)- been away joined been got to know known （2）時間狀語的變化：把表時間的狀語“for ”變?yōu)椤?數(shù)詞+ 時間名詞 +ago” 的短語形式。（即：將時間狀語改為過去時間，并用一般過去時代替現(xiàn)在完成時）如： 他參軍五年了。（判斷正誤）he has joined the army for five

18、 years. ( ) he has been in the army for five years. ( ) he joined the army five years ago. ( ) 他離開濟(jì)南三年了。he has left jinan for three years. ( ) he has been away from jinan for three years.現(xiàn)在完成時7 he left jinan three years ago.(3) 句子模式的變化。用句型“it is + 一段時間 + since從句” （從句中的謂語動詞用非延續(xù)性動詞的一般過去式表示）如：the old m

19、an died two years ago. = the old man has been dead for two years. = it is two years since the old man died. 跟蹤訓(xùn)練句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1. i have borrowed a new book from the school library. i _ _ a new book from the school library for two days. 2. she has gone there. she _ _ there _ yesterday. 3. the film has begun.

20、the film _ _ _ _ five minutes. 4. the boy has come back. the boy _ _ _ for an hour. 5. the man in a hat has left. the man in a hat _ _ _ _ half an hour ago. 6. he has already died. he _ _ _ for twenty years. 7. the young man has joined the league. the young man _ _ _ member _ two years. the young ma

21、n _ _ _ _ league _ two years 現(xiàn)在完成時8 ago. 5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三種結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別（1）have been to 去過某地 (現(xiàn)已離開 )，可以與 ever, never, once, twice 等連用。（2）has gone to 去某地了，說話時某人已離開此地，在去某地的路上或已在某地，總之現(xiàn)在還未回來。此句型一般用于第三人稱。（3） have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若該地為小地方則用at。翻譯：你以前去過北京嗎？ _ 吉姆已經(jīng)去了倫敦。 _ 格林一家在中國已經(jīng)兩年了。_

22、 單項選擇( )1. i have _ beijing three times. a. been to b. gone to c. been in d. been at ( )2.-where is mike? -he has _ london . a. been to b. gone to c. been in d. been at ( )3. tony has never _ china. he looks forward to coming to china a. been to b. gone to c. been in d. been at ( )4.lucy has _ china

23、 for 5 years. a. been to b. gone to c. been in d. been at ( )5.the teacher has _ the village to teach the poor students for 10 years. 現(xiàn)在完成時9 a. been to b. gone to c. been in d. been at 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：(1) 側(cè)重點不同：現(xiàn)在完成時是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時態(tài)，屬現(xiàn)在時態(tài)范疇，它側(cè)重于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。 而一般過去時是一種過去時態(tài)， 側(cè)重于表示過去的動作，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。如：yesterday i

24、 went to the zoo. ( 僅說明昨天去了動物園，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)) li lei has read the book. ( 說明李磊了解那本書的內(nèi)容) （2）連用的時間狀語不同：一般過去時常與ago, yesterday, last , in 2000, just now等連用。 而現(xiàn)在完成時與 already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past, before, ever, never, since, for等時間狀語連用。注 現(xiàn)在完成時不可與yesterday, last week, two days ago 等過去時間狀語連用

25、。綜合訓(xùn)練一、單項選擇。（）1. miss gao isn t here. she _ to the bus station to meet mr. brown. a. go b. has gone c. has been d. would go （）2. how clean the bedroom is! - yes, i am sure that someone _it. a. cleans b. cleaned c. has cleaned d. had cleaned （）3. drison break is the best american tv player that i _ t

26、hese years. a. watch b. will watch c. have watched d.was watching （）4. i m not hungry because i _ lunch already. a. have b. had c. am having d. have had （）5. how long have mr and mrs smith_? - for more than twenty years. a. married b. had married c. got married d. been married 現(xiàn)在完成時10 （）6. in the pa

27、st few years there _ great changes in my hometown. a. have been b. were c. had been d. are （）7. _ you _ the film harry potter ? not yet. i ll see it this sunday. a. did, see b. are; seeing c. have, seen d. do, see （）8. the smiths moved to china ten years ago and _ here since then. a. has lived b. wa

28、s living c. live d. have lived （）9. will you watch the world cup match this year? - no, but i _ several world cup matches since i was a small child. a. had seen b. see c. was seeing d. have seen （）10. i won t return the book to the library because i _ reading it. a. wasn t finish b. don t finish c. wont finish d. haven t finished （）11. how many times _ you _ the great wall? - only once. i _ there three years ago. a. did, go to, have gone b. had, gone to, went c. have, been to, went d. have, been to,