初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之一動(dòng)詞

1、動(dòng)詞一,類別意義例子例句1.行為/實(shí)義動(dòng)詞含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。1及物動(dòng)詞:后面一定接賓語(yǔ)open, visit, hear He visited Gaozhou yesterday. 2不及物動(dòng)詞后面可以不接賓語(yǔ)l augh, cry, live He lives in Beijing . 2連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem The meat smells bad . He is a studen

2、t .3.助動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)或其他語(yǔ)法形式d o, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would He doesnt speak English .We are playing football . He had gone to Beijing .4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。can, may, must, should, need, d

3、are, shall, will, have to She can speak English . May I speak to Ann, please、We must go now .注:動(dòng)詞(除情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,只有原形和過(guò)去式有原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、動(dòng)詞-ing、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞五種形式。二關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:can (could ,may (might, must ,shall (should, will (would, dare (dared , need,used to等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的原形。1.ca

4、n/could:表示能力,could主要指過(guò)去時(shí)間?？梢?be able to。例如:I can draw. = I am able to draw.可能,表示一種推測(cè)。例如:It cant be Tom, hes in Beijing now.那不可能是Tom,他現(xiàn)在在北京。3表示允許。Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新鋼筆嗎?He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room.他問(wèn)他可不可以把書(shū)帶出閱覽室。2. 表示請(qǐng)求、詢問(wèn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:1may (might

5、1表請(qǐng)求,允許,might可以指過(guò)去時(shí)間,也可指現(xiàn)在時(shí)間,語(yǔ)氣更委婉。: 例如:May I help you?我能幫助你嗎?He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告訴我可以在房間里抽煙。表示推測(cè),例如:The blue shirt may be Mikes.那件藍(lán)色的襯衫可能是Mike的。She may not know about it. 她可能不知道這件事。2would: 例如:Would you like a cup of tea?來(lái)杯咖啡怎么樣?3could: 例如:Could you please give a pencil?能給我一

6、只鉛筆嗎?4shall:后接第一、三人稱,will:后接第二人稱。3. 表示要求的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1should 應(yīng)該。例如:We should keep the water clean. 我們應(yīng)該保持水的潔凈。2need需要。這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是need有兩種詞性:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,后面直接加動(dòng)詞原形,例如:You neednt do your homework now.你不需要現(xiàn)在寫(xiě)作業(yè)。但當(dāng)need作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)時(shí),need to do。例1:I dont need to find my key now.我要找到我的鑰匙3.must 1表示義務(wù)。意為“必須”(主觀意志2表示推測(cè),意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、

7、一定”等例1:I must do my homework. Its eight oclock.例2:Whos singing next door?It must be Mike._ 還要注意的是由于must有兩種含義,所以must的否定形式也有所不同,下面是它的三種否定形式:例1:You mustnt talk in class._例2:Must I do my homework now, mum? No, you neednt/dont have to._例3:That must be_ Mr. Smith.No, it cant be_ him. He is in New York now

8、.4.had bette r=d better表示“最好”例如:Youd better eat less sweets, or you will be fatter.你最好少吃些糖,否則會(huì)更胖的。5.have to 不得不做某事_ .與must不同_專練:(1. The baby is too young. You _ give her big pieces of food. A. may B. must C. may not D. must not (2. Whos that boy reading in the garden? It _ be David. I saw him in the

9、 classroom just now. A. must B. cant C. may D. shouldnt (3. Thomas, please be quiet. The others _ hear very well.A. cant B. mustnt C. shouldnt D. neednt (4. Have you seen my glasses? I _ find them. So rry, I havent seenthem. A. cant B. shouldnt C. wont D. mustnt (5. _ you speak Japanese? No, I cant.

10、 A. Can B. Must C. May D. Should (9. Will you answer the telephone? It _ be your mother. Sorry. I _. Im busy. A. can; mustnt B. will; cant C. may; cant D. need; will (10. Im sure this book _ Li Leis, because there is his name on it. A. cant be B. may be C. might be D. must be (11. Is Mr. Brown drivi

11、ng here? Im not sure. H e _ come by train. A. may B. shall C. need D. must (12. Listen! Is Professor Bloom giving a speech in class? No, it _ be him. He has gone to France. A. may not B. mustnt C. neednt D. cant (13. Four hundred dollars for a pair of shoes, you _ be joking! A. may B. can C. need D.

12、 must ( 14Must I practice the violin now ,mom?-No, you _. You can go out for a walk. A. mustnt B. shouldntC. cantD. need nt三.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)A. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的使用及時(shí)間標(biāo)志一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。(every, on Sundays, always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never自然規(guī)律也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如: The sun rises in the east and se

13、ts in the west.太陽(yáng)東升西落。The earth moves around the sun.地球圍著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。B. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句式:I/we/you/they用動(dòng)詞原形,疑否借助do: he/she/it動(dòng)詞變?nèi)龁?疑否借助does,且三單要還原。肯定式一般疑問(wèn)式否定式I(you,we,theywork. Do you(we,theywork? I(You,We,Theydo not work.He (she, it works. Does he (she, it work? He (she, it doesnt work.C.動(dòng)詞的第三人稱詞尾變化:當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)

14、動(dòng)詞需加-s或-es:1一般在詞尾加-s,2以字母s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾的詞加-es,3以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞,先變y為i, 再加-es,鞏固練習(xí):寫(xiě)出下列動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)第三人稱形式。1. cook6. enjoy _鞏固練習(xí):1、Lucy likes going skating with her friends. (改寫(xiě)成否定句_2、Aunt Lis son has ten toy bears. (對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)_3、His watch costs 300 yuan. (變成一般疑問(wèn)句并否定回答_4、I like being a nurse for the old. (變成一般疑問(wèn)句_5、張

15、叔叔每天乘坐地鐵上班。_6、我們每周日常花三小時(shí)在圖書(shū)館看書(shū)。_7、我爺爺常常晚飯后出去散步。_二一般過(guò)去時(shí)A.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的使用及時(shí)間標(biāo)志1表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。yesterday, last week, an hour ago,just now, the other day, in 19822表示在過(guò)去,經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與often,always等表示頻度的副詞連用。例如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。3一般過(guò)去式也可與today,this

16、week,this month,this year等表現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間壯語(yǔ)連用,但這些時(shí)間壯語(yǔ)須指過(guò)去的時(shí)間,決不包含“現(xiàn)在”“此時(shí)此刻”的意思。例如:Did you see him today?今天你看見(jiàn)他了嗎?B.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句式肯定式一般疑問(wèn)式否定式I/We/You/They/He /She/It worked. Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it work? I did not work.否定式I/We/You/They/He /She/It did not work.C.動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的規(guī)則變化:1一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ed,2結(jié)尾是e的動(dòng)詞在末尾加-d.3末尾只有一個(gè)輔音

17、字母的重讀閉音節(jié),先雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ed 4結(jié)尾是“輔音字母+y”的動(dòng)詞,先變“y”為“I”再加-ed鞏固練習(xí):寫(xiě)出下列動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式形式。1. put _2. drink _3. cry _4. pull _5. ride _ 6.begin _7. sit _8. run _9. take _ 10.sweep _鞏固練習(xí):1、Yesterday I went swimming.(改寫(xiě)成否定句。_2、He was born in Shanghai.(對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)_3我昨天買了一輛新自行車。_4、我前天讀了一本書(shū)。_三現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)一、構(gòu)成:am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞二、動(dòng)詞V-

18、ing的構(gòu)成形式:1一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ing2以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先去掉e,再加-ing3以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,如果末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,應(yīng)先雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ing.4以ie為重讀音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先去掉e,把i改為y,再加-ing.5以er結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,如是重讀音節(jié)結(jié)尾,先雙寫(xiě)r,再加-ing;如不是重讀音節(jié)結(jié)尾,就直接加-ing 例如prefer -preferring water_watering三時(shí)間標(biāo)志:now,right now ,at the moment,” Look!Listen!注:1雖然有now,但可能表示其它時(shí)態(tài),需要同學(xué)們綜合考慮。2另外,在there

19、 be句型中我們也要用進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如:There is a boy swimming in the river.3表示位置移動(dòng)的詞( go, come, leave等,他們的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式是(be going, be coming, be leaving 表示即將發(fā)生或計(jì)劃要做的事.如: Miss Li is leaving for London tomorrow.李小姐明天去倫敦。鞏固練習(xí):寫(xiě)出下列動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。1、win _ 2、relax_ 3、jump _4、make _ 5、have_ 6、talk _ 7、tie_ 8、cheer _9、enjoy_ 10、cry_11、come

20、_ 12、fit_1、Bruce often writes letters in English. (用now改寫(xiě)句子_2、2. are surfing. (對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)_3、瞧,那些孩子們玩的真高興!_4、這些天工人們一直在盡力修補(bǔ)那些壞了的帳篷。_ .四過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)一、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成:was/were+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法:1、表示在過(guò)去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,通常與表過(guò)去的時(shí)間壯語(yǔ)連用。(at this moment/time yesterday,at that time, from seven to nine yesterday morning例如:At

21、this moment yesterday, I _(pack for camp. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候,我正在收拾東西去露營(yíng)。2、表移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞,如come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等詞的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),可以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告訴我她將去海南度假。3、在含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when/while/as的復(fù)合句中,表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生之后,另一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如:It _( rain when they left th

22、e station. 他們離開(kāi)車站時(shí),正下著雨。鞏固練習(xí):1、Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes2、As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep.A. read;was fallingB. was reading;fellC. was reading;was fallingD. read;fell五一般將來(lái)時(shí)A. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的使用和時(shí)間標(biāo)志:表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的事實(shí),常與tomorrow, soon, later, next , in+

23、一段時(shí)間(一段時(shí)間后,等連用。B. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的句式1be going to do表示1、表示主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行某一行動(dòng)的打算意圖。2、表示說(shuō)話人確信如此或有某種跡象表明某事即將發(fā)生。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏云,快要下雨了。2will /shall+ do表示將來(lái),在口語(yǔ)中,will在名詞或代詞后常縮為ll,will not常簡(jiǎn)縮為wont。在疑問(wèn)句中,主語(yǔ)為第一人稱時(shí)(I和we時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall。例如:Shell go to play basketball. 她要去打籃球。Shall we go t

24、o the zoo? 我們要去動(dòng)物園嗎?鞏固練習(xí):1. Mrs. Brown is going to buy a digital camera. (對(duì)劃線部分提_ 2.My boss is going to fly to London on business the day after tomorrow. (用often改寫(xiě)句子_3.Sam will visit Brazil next week. (變成一般疑問(wèn)句并否定回答_4. 他們今晚要去看足球賽。_5.金一家人什么時(shí)候去長(zhǎng)城啊?_六過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成:1、would/should+動(dòng)詞原形2、was/were going t

25、o+動(dòng)詞原形二、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法:1、表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。例如:He said that he _(will finish his work before 9 oclock.他說(shuō)他會(huì)在九點(diǎn)之前完成工作。2、表示過(guò)去的某種習(xí)慣,只用would。例如:Whenever he has been in trouble,we _(willgive him a hand.每當(dāng)他遇到困難時(shí),我們總會(huì)伸出援助之手。鞏固練習(xí):1、He said that he _ (comeback tonight.2、I thought it _ (rainsoon

26、.時(shí)態(tài)專練練習(xí):1. I _(finish my homework while you _(sleep this afternoon.2. She said she.Choose the best answers:( 1. If it_ tomorrow, we_ on a trip to Hangzhou.A. rainswont goB. rains.goC. will raingoD. will rainwont go( 2. We _the important meeting on a cold morning last week.A. was had B. was held C. h

27、eld D. hav ( 3.It_ dark. Lets go home now.A. getting B. is getting C. get D. is sounding ( 4. Jenny_ over the text at 8:00 yesterday evening.A. read B. reads C. was reading D. is reading ( 5. He told me that he _to see me next week.A. is coming B. will come C. came D. would come ( 6. While Uncle Li _ the clock for us, we were playing cards.A. repaired B. repairsC. was repairingD. is repairing ( 7. There_ a football match this afternoon.A. hasB. will haveC. isD. is going to be