英語句子成分及結構專題VIP

1、一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)英語的句子成分主要有六種：即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語”、“同位語”和“獨立成分”的說法。但表語和系動詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時，劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。獨立成分與句子的其他成分沒有語法上的聯(lián)系，能用作獨立成分的有：感嘆詞、呼語和插入語。1.主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來充當?？梢宰髦髡Z的詞性或語法結構有：名詞 代詞 數(shù)詞 名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）不定式 動名詞 主語

2、從句等表示。例如：Tom is a clever boy.（專有名詞人名作主語）畫出句子的主語，并說明其構成方式：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.Smoking does harm to the health.The rich shou

3、ld help the poor.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.It is necessary to master a foreign language.That he isnt at home is not true.正確運用主語的各種形式2.謂語：謂語由動詞充當，說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：（1）簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。例如：He practises running every morning.（動詞practise作謂語）We usual

4、ly listen to the music on weekends.（動詞短語listen to作謂語）（2）復合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。例如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 由系動詞加表語構成。系動詞不能單獨作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。例如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.畫出句子的謂語，并說明其構成方式：My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all t

5、he time.I would stay at home all day.正確運用主語的各種形式3.表語：表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, keep, stay, remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, become, get, grow, go, turn, prove等）之后?？梢宰鞅碚Z的詞性或語法結構有：名詞 代詞 數(shù)詞 分詞不定式 動名詞 介詞短語副詞表語從句等表示。例如：She is very beautiful.（形容詞作表語）畫出句子的表語，并說明其構成方式：Our t

6、eacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one.His job is to teach English.His hobby is playing football. The machine must be under repair. The truth is that he has never been abroad.正確運用主語的各種形式4.賓語：賓語由名詞性的詞充當，表示動作的

7、對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語，分別構成動賓結構和介賓結構。可以作表語的詞性或語法結構有：名詞 代詞 數(shù)詞 名詞化的分詞 不定式 動名詞 賓語從句等表示。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名詞作動賓）畫出句子的表語，并說明其構成方式：They planted many trees yesterday. - How many dictionaries do you have? -I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday

8、. I wanted to buy a car. He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.正確運用主語的各種形式5. 補語：（1）賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補足語，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語補足語和賓語構成邏輯上的主謂關系，換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當于賓補的主語。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等）+賓語+賓補。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。

9、可以作表語的詞性或語法結構有：名詞 形容詞 可作表語的副詞 不定式 分詞 介詞短語 從句等表示。例如：Disney called it Mickey Mouse.（專有名詞作賓補）畫出句子的表語，并說明其構成方式：His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in

10、 good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.正確運用主語的各種形式（2）主語補足語：對主語的補充。含有賓語補足語的句子在變成被動語態(tài)，賓語作主語時，原來的賓補就成了主語補足語。例如：He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6.定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或

11、句子，漢語中常用“的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前?？梢宰鞅碚Z的詞性或語法結構有：形容詞 名詞 代詞 數(shù)詞 副詞不定式 動名詞 分詞 介詞短語 從句。例如：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞作定語）在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點與漢語習慣不同，也是許多同學不能讀懂長句的主要原因。例如：形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。例如：The next man is a scientist.（下一個）The man next to me is a scientist.（我

12、旁邊的那個人）副詞用作定語一般要后置。例如： People there are very friendly. (那兒的人們)He didnt like the man downstairs. （樓下的那個人）介詞短語作定語時要后置。例如：The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹下的那個男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個男孩）現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不定式作定語常后置。I have something to say. (直譯：我有要說的話)The boy crying over there is my

13、 classmate.（在那邊哭的那個男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）口頭翻譯下列句子，用下畫線標出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明其構成方式The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger than this one.She carried a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no more than

14、one dollar.Its a city far from the coast.He has money enough to buy a car.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.He picked up a wallet

15、lying on the ground on the way back home.There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.Life here is really comfortable.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The

16、 teaching plan for next term has been worked out.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.正確運用主語的各種形式7.狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子, 說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。例如：He writes carefully. He walks slowly. （認真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動詞用副詞，作狀語）This material is e

17、nvironmentally friendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）He runs very slowly.（修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞，作狀語）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修飾整個句子用副詞，作狀語）*一個句中有幾個并列狀語時，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式地點時間。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outsid

18、e the park at that moment.*頻度副詞often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置：位于情態(tài)動詞、系動詞、助動詞之后, 實義動詞之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.*語按意義分類：在句子成分中，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補語都比較好辨認，如果這幾個成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語了。因此，狀語的種類很多，可以表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、程度、條件、方

19、式和讓步等。指出下列畫線部分屬于什么狀語。How about meeting again at six? Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must work hard

20、er. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. The boy needs a pen very much. The boy really needs a pen. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. She works very hard though she is old. I am taller than he is. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. On Sundays, there i

21、s no student in the classroom. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 正確運用主語的各種形式8.同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。例如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批“學生”）Its good to us students. (students是us的同位語，都是指同一批“學生”）選擇正確答案，并口頭說出句中那個是同位語。The young man, _, works in

22、 the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs正確運用主語的各種形式9. 獨立成分：二、簡單句的五種基本結構1.英語句子的基本結構可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大

23、、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結構的基礎。2.英語五種基本句型結構如下：主語 + 謂語3.用符號表示為： （主謂） （主謂賓） （主謂間賓直賓） （主謂賓賓補） （主系表）主語（subject）謂語（predicate）賓語（object）定語（attribute）狀語 (adverbial)補語（complement）表語（predicative）基本句型一： （主謂）這類句子的謂語動詞都是不及物動詞，都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語。*嘗試劃分下列句子的成分：It is raining now. Weve worked for 5 hours.The meeting l

24、asted half an hour. Time flies. 基本句型二： （主謂賓）此結構是由“主語+及物動詞（詞組）+賓語”構成。*用下劃線劃分下列句子的成分。People all over the world speak English. Jim cannot dress himself. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. He did not know what to say. He just wanted to stay at home.He practices speaking English every day.基本句型

25、三： （主謂間賓 直賓）有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give“給”，pass“遞”，bring“帶”，show“顯示”。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。例如：He gave me a cup of tea. ( )強調間接賓語順序為：動詞+直接賓語+介詞（tofor）+間接賓語。例如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞時，只能用：動詞 + 代詞直接賓語 + 介詞 + 間接賓語。例如：Bring it to me, please. (不能說 Br

26、ing me it, please.)常跟雙賓語的及物動詞有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。一般用to多些，用for的記住常用的三個就行：get

27、, buy, make。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book.= She bought a book for John.*分析下列句子成分，口頭說出間接賓語和直接賓語。She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing.

28、 I showed him my pictures.I gave my car a wash.I told him that the bus was late.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型四： （主謂賓賓補）此句型的句子特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語做出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系，它們一起構成復合賓語。例如：The war made him a soldier.（“他成為一個士兵”，構成邏輯上的主謂關系）*分析下

29、列句子并劃分成分，在后面的括號內標明是什么充當句子的賓語補足語。They appointed him manager. They painted the door green. He pushed the door open. They found the house deserted. What makes him think so? We saw him out. He asked me to come back soon. I saw them getting on the bus. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here.Ill

30、have my bike repaired. We elected him monitor. Dont keep the lights burning. 基本句型五： （主系表）系動詞主要是be，但還有一些動詞有些時候也可作系動詞，有人稱之為半系動詞。如何辨別系動詞？有些動詞既可作連系動詞，又可以作實義動詞。如何來辨別呢？有一個最簡便的方法，即用連系動詞be替換句子中的這些動詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動詞。例如：She looks beautiful. (looks變?yōu)閕s之后，她是美麗的，句意沒有大的變化，looks是系動詞。) Look at the pict

31、ure.(look不能換為be, look為實義動詞。)*辨別下列斜體動詞是系動詞還是實義動詞。The door stays open at night.He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.The book still lies open on the desk.What he said proved true.He cant prove his theory.常見的系動詞（1）狀態(tài)系動詞 用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。（2）持續(xù)系動詞 用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他開會時保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鮮。The house stood empty for years.房子空了數(shù)年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒著。（3）表“像”系動詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem,