大學英語語法知識

1、第一章 基本句型1句子成分1）主語：表示句子所說為何人或何物，可由名詞（詞組）、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式（短語）、動詞-ing 形式（短語）和名詞從句等充當。A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The farmer plowed his field. He enjoys camping in the mountains.To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.Living in that island country for three months was

2、an unforgettable experience for me. Two will be enough.Whether well go depends on the weather. That they failed in their attempt is entirely understandable.2) 謂語：說明主語做什么或是什么，由動詞充當，須與主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。動詞的性質(zhì)決定其是否必須跟主語補語、賓語、賓語補語以及狀語等后續(xù)成分。Peoples standards of living are going up steadily. I may be wrong. He w

3、atched horrified by the terrible accident.I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.She left the room angry and frustrated.She looked sad and discouraged.We have long been hoping to visit your country. We have to do something for them.It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two countries

4、be expanded.For many years he remained single. He is called Little Tiger.3) 表語：說明主語是什么或怎么樣，可由名詞（詞組）、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞、動名詞、不定式（短語）、副詞、介詞短語、詞組、從句等充當。He still remained a hero in peoples minds. What nationality is he?Thats something we have always to keep in mind. Seventy-four! You dont look it.She was the f

5、irst to learn about it. His hair has gone white.Her first job had been selling computers. Time is pressing. Lets hurry up. The thing for her to have done was to have run away from her home, but she never did.All I could do was send him a telegram. We must be off now.The proof of the pudding is in th

6、e eating. She felt at ease and confident in the future.They are twice the size of chickens. That would be a great weight off my mind.4) 賓語：表示動作行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞或其他東西、動名詞（短語），不定式（短語）、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等充當。Show your passports, please! They didnt promise him anything definite.- How many do you need? - We ne

7、ed two. They carried the seriously wounded.I enjoyed working with you. Hope to see you again.You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. Ill get it stamped.See that everything is ready by half past ten. Did you write down what she said? 介詞賓語：介詞不能在句中獨立充當一個成分，而需和一個名詞或與之相當?shù)臇|西構(gòu)成介詞短語，來在句中充當一個成分。和介詞構(gòu)

8、成短語的那個部分稱為介詞賓語。能充當介詞賓語的主要有名詞、代詞、動名詞（短語）、由連接代（副）詞引起的從句或不定式短語。Its going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast. How much luggage can I take with me? She is fond of skating.Im thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time.He gave a lesson on how to improve soil.5) 賓語補語：用來補充說明賓語，可

9、由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語、動詞-ing形式以及動詞-ed形式等充當。6) 定語：用來修飾名詞或代詞，由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格、分詞（短語）、不定式（短語）、介詞短語、副詞、從句等充當。Our government tries in every way to satisfy our need. He gave a vivid description of the battle. Our two hundred thousand auto workers are out on strike. We belong to the third world.They are

10、 to send a government trade delegation to China. His words moved everyone present.Whats your governments policy towards these countries? Do you know the number of foreign guests coming to the party?Their aim is to find ways to satisfy the peasants demand “to change low-yielding land to high-yielding

11、 land.”Those under 18 must not carry weight above 10.25 kilograms.They should have told us if there was anything up. This is the only reference book there is on the subject.7) 狀語：用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞，表示謂語的時間、地點、方式、目的、程度，通常由副詞(短語)、介詞短語、不定式（短語）、分詞（短語）、形容詞、詞組、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等充當。有時，還可用名詞充當。Theoretically youre right, b

12、ut things may not work like that in fact. They did everything they could to save the workers life. She did this out of kindness.Please fill in the card giving all the information required. They all rushed over, eager to help. Compared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate.She jumped ten feet.

13、 When I was ill she nursed me day and night.We have been sitting here hours waiting for you.That being the case, well have to reconsider the whole thing. We did it only because we had to.2基本句型1）主系表此句型中動詞為聯(lián)系動詞：A. be動詞B. 表示“變得，成為”的動詞：become, come, get, go, grow, run, turn, fall, etc.C. 表示“保持某一狀態(tài)”的動詞：c

14、ontinue, hold, keep, remain, stay, stand, etc.D. 表示“看起來，好象”的動詞：appear, look, seem, etc.E. 表示“感官”的動詞：feel, smell, sound, taste, etc.I am a student. She is pretty. Toms wish has come true.The river grows wider. The weather turned cold. The milk remained fresh for a week.The weather continued warm. Joh

15、n stood loyal to his friend. The house appears large.Your sister seemed unwell. Your sentence sounds right. The apple tastes sour.2) 主謂該句型中動詞為不及物動詞，不帶賓語。 The girl smiles. The birds are flying in the sky.3) 主謂賓該句型中動詞為及物動詞，帶賓語。 They speak English. The boy plays football very well.4) 主謂間賓(人)直賓(物) (雙賓語)

16、 該句型中動詞為及物動詞，帶賓語。Ann gave her daughter a beautiful doll. The mother will buy the girl a dress. 間接賓語后移時，必須在它的前面加to, for等介詞。強調(diào)間接賓語是動作的接受者用to（給）; 強調(diào)間接賓語是動作的受益者用for（為）。 直接賓語為代詞時，必須緊跟在動詞后面。 She posted it for Jack. Mary gave it to me.5) 主謂賓賓補 （復(fù)合賓語） 該句型中動詞為及物動詞，帶賓語。 常用的這類動詞有：believe, hold, call, consider,

17、 find, hear, make, name, elect, select, appoint, vote, etc.The presents made the children happy. The teacher asked us to write a composition yesterday.6) There謂主 There is a book on the table. In the valley there lies a river. There is a book and two pens on the table. 該句型中動詞為兩類A. be動詞的相應(yīng)形式 There had

18、 been a leak in the chemical container before it exploded. There must be peaceful answers to the worlds problems. There is a garage across the street.There was half a tankful of petrol in the car yesterday. There have always been wars in the world. There will be no problem about it.B. 不及物動詞，如：exist,

19、 lie, live, remain, stand, etc. There stands a house on the top of the hill. 此句型中，若主語不止一個，根據(jù)“就近一致”原則處理主謂一致關(guān)系。There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are two books and a pen on the desk. 此句型中，主語為非限定性主語，即主語前不可用the, this, that, these, those, all, every等詞修飾。 此句型中不能使用表示“有”、“擁有”含義的have。There are t

20、hirty students in the classroom.不能說：There have thirty students in the classroom.注：主謂一致：謂語動詞在人稱、數(shù)上必須與主語保持一致。第二章 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)第一節(jié) 時 態(tài)1英語一共有十六個時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)在進行時現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成進行時一般過去時過去進行時過去完成時過去完成進行時一般將來時將來進行時將來完成時將來完成進行時一般過去將來時過去將來進行時過去將來完成時過去將來完成進行時2謂語動詞的形式 (以do為例)1）一般時態(tài)：do 一般現(xiàn)在時用動詞原形，但第三人稱單數(shù)后要加詞尾 s;A在詞尾加 s的規(guī)則情 況加

21、法例 詞一般情況加-sreads, writes, says以-ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o結(jié)尾的詞加-esteaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes以“輔音字母+y” 結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加 estrytries, carrycarries Bbe和have有特殊的三人稱形式： beis, havehas. 一般過去時用動詞的過去式； 一般將來時用shall 或will加動詞原形； 一般過去將來時用should 或would加動詞原形。2) 進行時態(tài)： be doing 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成情 況加 法例 詞一般情況加 ing gogoing, studys

22、tudying 以字母e 結(jié)尾的詞去e 加 ing liveliving, movemoving (但being)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾又只有一個輔音字母將末尾的輔音字母雙寫，再加-ing planplanning,getgetting, sitsitting,beginbeginning (但opening, backing)以字母r結(jié)尾，前面只有一個元音字母，且末音節(jié)重讀雙寫r, 再加-ingpreferpreferring, referreferring (但appear-appearing) 少數(shù)動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞為不規(guī)則變化diedying, lielying, tietying; ho

23、ehoeing, toetoeing, dyedyeing; panicpanicking, picnic-picnicking; ageag(e)ing; etc.3) 完成時態(tài)：have done 規(guī)則動詞的過去式與過去分詞變化規(guī)則如下表：情 況加 法例 詞一般情況加-edwantwanted, expectexpected以字母e 結(jié)尾的詞加-dlivelived, 以“輔音字母+y” 結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加 edtrytried, studystudied (但: stayed)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾又只有一個輔音字母將末尾的輔音字母雙寫，再加-edplanplanned, permit

24、permitted;(但opened, backed)以字母r結(jié)尾，前面只有一個元音字母，且末音節(jié)重讀雙寫r, 再加-edpreferpreferred, referreferred (但appear-appeared) 不規(guī)則動詞：此類變化須特別記憶。（不規(guī)則動詞的過去式與過去分詞見本章附錄）arise, arose, arisen; awake, awoke/awaked, awoken/awaked; be, was/were, been; beat, beat, beaten; bear(生)，bore, borne/born(用于被動語態(tài))； bear(負，帶), bore, bor

25、ne; become, became, become; begin, began, begun; bet, bet/betted, bet/betted; etc.4) 完成進行時態(tài)：have been doing 以write為例，具體的時態(tài)形式為：一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在write/ writesam/ are/ is writinghas/ have writtenhas/have been writing過去wrotewas/were writinghad writtenhad been writing將來shall /will writeshall/will be w

26、ritingshall/will havewrittenshall/will have been writing過去將來should/would writeshould/would be writingshould/would have writtenshould/would have been writing3. 具體時態(tài)1) 一般現(xiàn)在時 構(gòu)成及句式變化：借助be動詞的適當形式或助動詞do, does構(gòu)成各種句式。 特殊疑問句的構(gòu)成：特殊疑問詞 + 助動詞 + 句子其他成分。但對主語提問時例外，直接把主語換為疑問詞即可。She decided to retire that winter. W

27、hen did she decide to retire? Who decided to retire that winter? 用法A. 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性和習慣性的動作；We always care for each other and help each other. They raise ducks as a sideline. It seldom snows here.B. 表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)； She is always ready to help others. He loves sports.I major in English. Peru shares a border wit

28、h Chile.C. 表示普遍真理、格言等； The moon moves around the earth. Actions speak louder than words.D. 在引用書面材料時，用say，teach, stress等詞，且常用一般現(xiàn)在時。Shakespeare says, “ All the world is a stage.” Chaucer writes that love is blind.The book teaches us to honour our parents. E. 用于解說、舞臺說明、戲劇性描繪等；Henry takes the ball forwa

29、rd quickly and pushes the ball to Smart. Now Smart gathers the ball.F. 表將來意義: 表示一個按規(guī)定、時刻表、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的情況，常用于表 “出發(fā)”、“開始”、“來往”等的動詞，如：go, come, start, leave, return, arrive, etc. 并常與表將來時間的副詞連用。I leave for Shanghai on Sunday. They start on their trip tomorrow. 時間或條件狀語從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時的意義。 Tell her about t

30、hat when she comes.If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.2) 一般過去時 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助be動詞的適當形式或助動詞did構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，或表示過去的習慣性動作。Who put forward the suggestion? She often came to help us.B. 有些情況，發(fā)生的時間不很清楚，但實際上是過去發(fā)生的，應(yīng)當用過去時態(tài)。I was glad to get your letter. I didnt know you were so busy.I thoug

31、ht you were out. What did you say?C. 在談到已死人的情況時多用過去時。Lao She was a great writer. My grandmother was kind to us.3) 一般將來時 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動詞will, shall構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示將要發(fā)生的動作或情況。When will you be able to give us an answer? Will you be busy tonight?They will have to be careful in doing the work.I will/shall

32、arrive tomorrow.B. 在以I或we作主語的問句中，一般用shall，表示征求對方的意見或詢問情況。Which book shall I read first? Where shall we meet?Shall we have any classes tomorrow? Shall I be able to find them there?C. 一般將來時有時可用來表示一種傾向或習慣性動作。A drowning man will catch at a straw. Crops will die without water.Whenever he has time, he wil

33、l come and see us. Boys will be boys.D. 將來時的否定形式可以表示“不能”，“沒法”。This machine wont work. Whats the matter with the pen? The ink wont come out.E. 在時間或條件狀語從句中，一般不能用將來時態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)代替。They will fight till they win complete victory. Ill let you have the book when Im through.Ill be round to see you if I have tim

34、e tomorrow. Ill come unless it rains.Next time I go there, Ill ask them about it. 可以表示將要發(fā)生的動作或情況的其他結(jié)構(gòu)和時態(tài)A. be going to + 動詞原形 a. 表示打算、準備做的事或即將發(fā)生或表示有跡象預(yù)示一定要發(fā)生的事。We are going to put up a building here. She is going to have a baby. Look! Its going to rain.b. 與一般將來時的區(qū)別：一般將來時具有臨時性、客觀性的特征；be going to結(jié)構(gòu)具有計

35、劃性、主觀性的特征。 Its raining. We will stop here. Tomorrow will be Wednesday.We are going to visit my aunt this Sunday. I am going to study hard this semester.B. be to + 動詞原形: 表示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事或用來征求對方意見，也可以表示說話者的意志（如指示、命令、禁止等）。When is the factory to go into production? Theres to be an investigation.You are to d

36、o your homework before you watch TV. Am I to go on with the work?You are not to tell him anything about our plans. C. be about to + 動詞原形：表示即將做某事。 Were about to leave. He is about to retire.D. be on/ at the point of 將近/就要的時候；接近，靠近（一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用）be around/ round the corner 即將來臨，將臨；在轉(zhuǎn)彎處She was on/at

37、the point of leaving when I arrived.Christmas is just around the corner. The post office is just around the corner.E. 一般現(xiàn)在時(見一般現(xiàn)在時的用法)F. 現(xiàn)在進行時(見現(xiàn)在進行時的用法)4）現(xiàn)在進行時 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助be動詞的適當形式構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進行的動作。 Theyre making preparations for it. How are you getting on with the work?B. 可用來表示將來意義，表

38、示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事。僅限于少量動詞，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay, have, etc. 且常帶有一個表示未來時間的狀語。We are leaving on Friday. Are you going anywhere tomorrow? 與一般現(xiàn)在時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在進行時強調(diào)暫時性，而一般現(xiàn)在時強調(diào)經(jīng)常性、長期性。They always go out on Sundays, but this Sunday they are staying at home. 需要注意的問題A. 表狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞一般不能用于進行時態(tài)，如：belie

39、ve, belong, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realize, remember, see, seem, suppose, understand, think（“認為”）, have（“有”）, etc.Do you see anyone over there? I hear someone singing. He looks well today. What do you think of it? 如果這些詞詞義轉(zhuǎn)變后，能表示一個正在進行的動作，就能夠用于進行時態(tài)。Are you seeing someone

40、off? They are hearing an English talk.We are having breakfast.They were having a walk.What are you thinking about? He is looking after his little sister.B. 表示無法持續(xù)動作的動詞，一般不宜用于進行時態(tài)，但有些可以用于這個時態(tài)表示重復(fù)、即將等。 He is jumping up and down. The train is arriving. The old man is dying.5) 過去進行時 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助be動詞的適當形式

41、構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：表示過去某個時刻（候）正在進行的動作。（而一般過去時常表示一個完成的動作。）I was reading a novel last night. I read a novel last night.6) 將來進行時 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動詞will, shall構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：主要表示將來某時刻正在進行的動作；在口語中，常用此時態(tài)表示預(yù)計即將發(fā)生或勢必要發(fā)生的動作。 Come on. Well be having supper in a minute.I wont be free Friday morning. Ill be seeing a friend off

42、.7) 現(xiàn)在完成時 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動詞have, has構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示到現(xiàn)在為止的這一時期中發(fā)生的情況（在時間上與現(xiàn)在有密切聯(lián)系）。How many pages have you covered today?The province has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.B. 表示對現(xiàn)狀有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動作（在后果上與現(xiàn)在有密切聯(lián)系）。I have seen the film many times. The delegation has already left.She has had

43、 a good education. I have been to the library. He has gone to the library. 與一般過去時比較A. 單純談一個過去的動作或一件過去的事情，不涉及它對現(xiàn)在的影響時，常用一般過去時；若談一件已發(fā)生的事時不考慮它是什么時候發(fā)生的，而主要考慮它對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響（此結(jié)果或影響有時是直接可見的，有時是間接的，不明顯的），則多用現(xiàn)在完成時。He bought a house ten years ago. He has bought a house.What did she say about it? What have I sai

44、d to make you so angry?B. 當有一個表示過去某時的狀語（如：a minute ago, just now, yesterday, last year, etc.）時，多用一般過去時；當有一個表示到現(xiàn)在為止的這段時間的狀語（如：so far, up till now, recently, these days, this week, this morning, etc.）時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時。I saw her a minute ago. So far weve only discussed the first five paragraphs.Up till now we

45、have planted over 19,000 fruit trees. Just now Tom came to see you.We havent had much rain this summer. Weve had two classes this morning. just now不用于現(xiàn)在完成時；若用于過去時，表示“方才，剛才”；若用于現(xiàn)在時，表示“現(xiàn)在，目前”；若用于將來時，表示“立刻”。He left just now. Im free just now. Ill join you just now.8) 過去完成時 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動詞had構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A.

46、 表示過去某時前已發(fā)生的動作或情況。B. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示“過去的過去”，只有在與過去某時或某動作相比較時才用到它。 They fulfilled the plan earlier than they had expected.By the end of that year he had already collected more than 1,000 foreign stamps.When we got there the football match had already started.C. 在包含when, as soon as, before, after, un

47、til, now that 等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語與從句謂語表示的過去動作是在不同時間發(fā)生，那么，先發(fā)生的動作通常需用過去完成時。但如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，特別是在包含before, after的復(fù)合句中，常常不用過去完成時，而用過去時。When I woke up it had already stopped raining. The machine went better after it had been oiled.Just before I left Guangzhou, I sent them a telegram.When he entered the room, he

48、found them sitting together singing.D. intend, hope, plan, mean, think, want 等動詞的過去完成時可用來表示一個本打算做而沒有做的動作。 We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but found it was gone.9) 將來完成時 構(gòu)成及句式變化: 借助助動詞will, shall構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：表示將來某一時間之前已完成的動作，并往往對將來某一時間造成影響或產(chǎn)生后果。它常與by引導(dǎo)的狀語連用，如：by this time next year, by that time,

49、 by tomorrow noon, by the end of October; before long, before lunch, etc. I shall have finished the book before lunch.You neednt hurry me. I will have finished it by the time you are ready. 4. 時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)1) 一般情況 某些從句（如賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句以及作表語用的sorry, afraid, glad, worried, certain, uncertain, sure 等形容詞后的

50、從句）中的動詞時態(tài)，常要受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響。A. 當主要謂語用的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)時，這類從句中的動詞時態(tài)不受影響。Its reported that a new railway is going to be built there next year.Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the difficulties?B. 當主要謂語用的是過去時態(tài)時，這類從句中的動詞時態(tài)就要作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，以求兩部分中的時態(tài)一致。I didnt know you were already ahead of us. c.f. You are ahea

51、d of us.She said her father had been a taxi driver. c.f. She said: “My father was a taxi driver.”We hadnt expected that you would come so early.She said she was in Grade Four when the war broke out.We were informed that Smith had left two hours before.C. 當賓語從句的謂語表示一個人或東西的經(jīng)常性的特點或永恒真理時，可保持原來的時態(tài)。This p

52、roved once again that the earth is round.Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?The teacher said that the Yellow River is the second largest river in China. 其他類型的狀語從句和定語從句中的謂語一般都不受主句謂語動詞的影響，而根據(jù)本身意思的需要選擇時態(tài)。2) 有時兩種時態(tài)都可以用She regretted that she (had) abandoned the plan.I was sorry I (had) missed the lecture. 第二節(jié) 語 態(tài)1定義：語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，用以表示主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。2分類1）主動語態(tài)：表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。2）被動語態(tài)：表示主語是動作的承受者。3被動語態(tài)1）構(gòu)成“be的適當形式 + 及物動詞的過去分詞” ( be done )You wont be allowed to take so much lugg