普陀高中培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)新王牌高中英語-定語從句

1、秋季英語專項(xiàng)資料英語語法知識定語從句（Attributive Clause）一、定義：1. 定語從句：定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。2. 限制性定語從句：從句與主句關(guān)系密切，去掉從句，主句意義不完整，甚至不合邏輯。I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定語從句，意思就不完整）3. 非限制性定語從句：從句對先行詞關(guān)系不密切，去掉定語從句，意思仍然完整，形式上用

2、逗號隔開，不能用that引導(dǎo)。整個句子可分成兩句來翻譯。Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.4.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞在限制性定語從句中常有3個作用：1）引導(dǎo)定語從句 2）代替先行詞 3）在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。注：關(guān)系代詞有主格、賓格之分。一般whom作為賓語。二、關(guān)系代詞: who, whom, which, that, w

3、hose, as 等，在從句中作主語、賓語或定語。1). who指人，在從句中做主語(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2). whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，?？墒÷浴hom作賓語時，要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom/who) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the b

4、oy (whom/who) I want to see.(3) The man (who/whom) you met just now is my friend.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。如果在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.如：He is the man who has an English book.3). which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by

5、 most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞常放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置。 4). that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.5).whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做

6、定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格。1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. 當(dāng)whose引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時, 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達(dá)的意思一樣。1）The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.-The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.2) Do you like the

7、book whose color is yellow?- Do you like the book of which the color is yellow? 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時必須注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞時：1）如果介詞放在句末, who, that, which可省略, 但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時, 只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you ask

8、ed.2）含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中, 介詞不可前置, 只能放在原來的位置上。如：look for, look after, take care of等This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)3）that 作介詞的賓語時, 介詞不能放它的前面, 只能放在從句中動詞的后面。The city that she lives in is very far away.4） “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, nei

9、ther, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 2. 關(guān)系詞只能用that,而不用 which的情況： 1) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾, 或本身是序數(shù)詞、

10、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時, 只能用that, 而不用which.。He was the first person that passed the exam. 2）被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時, 只能用that, 而不用which。Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 3）先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時, 只能用that, 不用w

11、hich。This is the same bike that I lost.4).先行詞里同時含有人或物時, 只能用that, 而不用which.I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.5) 以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句, 為避免重復(fù), 只能用that.Who is the girl that is crying？ Which is the school that you once studied in?6) 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu), 修飾主語的定語從句用that, 而不用

12、which.There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 7) 先行詞指物，在主句中作表語時Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?8).先行詞是the way時，通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。The way in which（that/.） he answered the question was surprising.I dont like the way that( in which) you laugh at her.3. 關(guān)系詞只能用which,

13、 而不用that 的情況：1) 先行詞為that, those時, 用which, 而不用that.Whats that which is under the desk？ 2) 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時,用which, 而不用that.This is the room in which he lives. 3) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句, 用which, 而不用that.Tom came back, which made us happy. 三、關(guān)系副詞: why, where, when 在從句中作狀語。1. where 指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)， 在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語。Shanghai is th

14、e city where I was born.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.2. when指時間，其先行詞表示時間，在定語從句中做時間狀語。I still remember the day when I first came to the school.The time when we got together finally came.3. why指原因，其先行詞表示原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語。 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plan

15、e. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句常可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換why = for which where = in/ at/ on/ . which (介詞同先行詞搭配)when = during/ on/ in/ . which (介詞同先行詞搭配)(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to

16、 school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.四、非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分。 2.當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞、物主代詞或被指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。Charles Smith, wh

17、o was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. Liquid water chang

18、es to vapor, which is called evaporation.4.有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。譯為“正如”。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.5.在非限定性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,代表事物.； 五、關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇一看先行詞的意義，即分清先行詞是指人，指物，時間，地點(diǎn)還是原因，如果指物時不能用who或whom，指人時通常不用which。二看關(guān)系詞的句法功能，即分清關(guān)系詞是擔(dān)任什么句子成分，是主語還是賓語，是定

19、語還是狀語等。如作定語通常用whose,有時也用which;作狀語要用相應(yīng)的when, where, why。注意：不要一看到先行詞為表示時間，地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞，就認(rèn)為要用when, where, why來引導(dǎo)定語從句，一定要注意分清它們在定語從句中充當(dāng)什么成分。I forget the time when he will come. (when引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作時間狀語)I forget the time that he told me. (when引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作賓語)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. (why引導(dǎo)定

20、語從句，在從句中作原因狀語)The reason that he told me is not true. （why引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作賓語）三看定語從句的種類，即分清是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句，記住:that和why通常不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。不要一看到逗號就認(rèn)為是非限制性定語從句。If youve really said that to her,_ will cause real trouble. A.that B.which C.as D.what 六、as/which引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。1.as和which引導(dǎo)非限

21、制性定語從句時，都可以在從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。He married her, as/which was natural. He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個主句。as有“正如，正像”的意思。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句沒有“正如”之意，只能放在主句之后。

22、 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.3. .當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定時，常用which引導(dǎo)。Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt

23、 like at all.4.當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，常用which引導(dǎo)。Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.5.在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞受such, as, the same修飾時，常用as引導(dǎo)定語從句。 (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He gave us as many books as he could.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：當(dāng)先行詞由t

24、he same修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同。(1) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。（指同一條裙子）(2) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。（指類似的一條裙子，而不是同一條.）七、鞏固練習(xí)：1.把下列每對句子合并成含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句：1). The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.2

25、). The students will not pass the exam . They dont study hard.3). The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.4). I want to talk to the boys. Their homework hasnt been handed in.5). He used to live in a small house. Its roof was broken.6).We visited the town. The famous man spent his

26、 childhood.7). They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.8).We are living in an age. Many things are done on computer.2. 選擇填空：1). The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London.A. who B. which C. whom D. when2). Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has b

27、een forgotten.A. that B. which C. whatD. as3).Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. when B. where C. which D. who4).Those _ want to go please sign their names here.A. whomB. which C. who D. when5). Where is the man _ I met this morning?A. when B. where C. which D.

28、who6). Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?A. who B. / C. thatD. when7). The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour.A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which8). The man _ around our school is from America.A. which you showed B. you showed himC. you showed D. where

29、 you showed9). He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard.A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who10). In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. where B. who C. in which D. which11). Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the pol

30、ice.A. that B. which C. whatever D. all12). The foreign guests, _ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those13). This is the very letter _came last night.A. who B. which C. that D. as14). This is the factory _ we wo

31、rked a year ago.A. where B. that C. which D. on which15). Do you work near the building _ colour is yellow?A. that B. which C. its D. whose16). Is this school _ we visited three years ago?A. the one B. which C. that D. where17). Is this the school _ we visited three years ago?A. the one B. where C.

32、in whichD. /18). How many students are there in your class _ homes are in the country?A. whose B. who C. whom D. which19). Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.A. it B. which C. that D. he 20). They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.A. which B. w

33、hich time C. during which time D. during which21). The room _ Mr White lives is not very large. A. that B. which C. where D. when22). Dont forget the day _ you were received into the Youth League.A.which B.that C.at which D.on which23). He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was un

34、expected.A. which B. as C. that D. it24). _ is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.A. WhatB. As C. That D. Which25). The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War .A. whose B. that C. whom D. who26). I have bought two pens, _ write well.A. none of which B. neither of whichC. both of which D. all of which27). Do you know the reason _ she has changed her mind?A. why B. which C. for thatD. of which28). He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough.A. which B. what C. it D. that29). _ was expected, he succeeded