WestCan4加拿大西部歷史

1、The Northwest Rebellions (1822 1885)Canada in 1825Red River Settlement Red River was set up by HBC in 1811- HBC maintained after 1821 merger with NWC- allowed Mtis to retain traditional lifestyle Mtis people slowly replaced HBC workers- Children of a European man and Native woman- Involved in the Fu

2、r Trade since New France- Spoke French or English and a Native language Most Mtis were French, so changes came- used seigneurial system, Catholic church- some English Mtis, but accepted the changes- peaceful coexistence for 40 yearsRed River SettlementRed River SettlementUpper Fort Garry (Fort Gibra

3、ltar)Council of AssiniboiaCouncil of Assiniboia Established in 1821 by the HBC- after merger with NWC and death of Lord Selkirk- even out friction in Red River Representative Council- religious Roman Catholic and Anglican representatives- Mtis and “Country borns” (English Mtis) included- however not

4、 democratic- no elections held for the positions- many were HBC employees and followed company policy Did provide a platform to deal with problems - allowed NWC workers to adjust to HBC leadershipResponsible Government in the East Rebellions of 1837-38- against lack of representative government- in

5、both Upper and Lower Canada- little success, but gains attention from Britain Lord Elgin arrives 1848- work out the problems in the Canadas- Allows for Responsible Government- election of majority of representatives- Province of Canada (French and English 42 seats each) Rebellion Losses Bill 1849- t

6、o compensate French-Canadian losses in 1837-38- Results in Riots, Parliament Buildings Burned Down 1854 Retires and Returns to Britain- last act is to abolish the Seigneurial System (French)- will cause problems in Red River 16 years laterMoves to Confederation Responsible Government runs into probl

7、ems- system led to deadlock- voting along language lines: English and French- unable to pass laws, budgets, etc- population growth: more people, less Assembly members- conflict over seats English want more (immigration)- French do not want to lose representation Economic Issues- economic independenc

8、e/development more Canadian- economic nationalism “Buy Canadian”- wants less British influence- Free Trade issues with the US 1854 66 - Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty ended- Britain no longer wants to pay for troops in coloniesConfederation Conferences 3 Conferences Held to Discuss- Charlottet

9、own Conference (Sept 1864)- initially about Maritime Union- John A. Macdonald turns the talk to Canadian Confederation - Quebec Conference (Oct 1864)- Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island pull out- initially positive, but decide no- Adopted the 72 Resolutions for a United Canada- London Conference

10、(Dec 1866 Mar 1867)- Final Agreements made, British accept- Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova ScotiaConfederation July 1, 1867Queen VictoriaJohn A. MacdonaldCanadas First Prime MinisterCanada on July 1, 1867Expansion of Red River Southern Part of Selkirk Concession lost in 1818- due to treaty

11、 with US, but Red River still under HBC Red River does grow- agriculture still a problem, not very successful- but augmented by HBC businesses- settlers continue to arrive every year - promise of free land- various places (Mtis, French, English, American, etc)- 1841 able to send 200 settlers to Oreg

12、on, boost HBC HBC pulls back in 1850s- unwilling to pay for the settlement- maintains small presence (Upper Fort Garry)- by 1860 Mtis outnumber English settlers Trial of Guillaume Sayer May 1849 A Mtis and Voyageur - initially with NWC then worked for HBC until 1832- after traded with Norman Kittson

13、, US fur trader- against HBCs monopoly; arrested and put on trial Louis Riel Sr Mtis leader supports Sayer- day of trial group or armed Mtis outside courthouse- courts controlled by HBC - push to allow Sayer to choose his own jury- jury finds Sayer guilty: against the HBC- judge unwilling to fine or

14、 imprison - HBCs monopoly broken Louis Riel Sr. goes on to support Mtis rights- more say for the Mtis in the Council of AssiniboiaProblems in the 1860s In the 1860s fast growth in Red River- more settlers from Eastern Canada (Ontario)- “Canadian expansionists” (mostly English, Protestant)- hostile t

15、o Mtis way of life- Mtis have gained some strength in local affairs- use to protect themselves- some American settlers want annexation to the US- little support from the US government, but wanes HBC as administrator maintained balance- best interests of the company through Council of Assiniboia- alt

16、hough monopoly essentially broken, HBC still runs Red RiverRuperts Land Act 1868 Canadian government wants to buy- wants to counter growing American expansionism- encourage settlement to reinforce claims- urge British Columbia to join Canada Act agreed and signed in 1868- HBC allowed to maintain tra

17、ding posts and some farmland- land transfer to occur Dec 1, 1869 Survey team is sent in Aug 1869- ordered by Minister William McDougall (anti-French) - despite warnings from HBC and church leaders Mtis concerned due to land recognition- still using seigneural system, ended in Canada 1854- overall lo

18、ss of language, religion, and homelandRed River Rebellion Oct 1869 Louis Riel Jr. takes the lead- well respected he and father protect Mtis rights- Oct 11 Stopped the survey, sent team “packing”- Oct 16 forms Mtis National Committee Riel called before Council of Assiniboia- Riel declares will stop i

19、ncoming governor- calls for negotiations with all residents of Red River Mtis actions continue on November 2- Stopped Governor McDougall from entering the area- Seized Upper Fort Garry peacefully Council tries to assert authority calls on Mtis to stop- Riel responds by forming a Provisional Governme

20、ntProvisional Government of ManitobaRed River Rebellion (contd) Provisional Government of Manitoba - represents Red River: French & English - unites both French and English communities - sends demands to Ottawa - keep current situation in Red River Canadian resistance to Riel - a few expansionists t

21、ry to resist- 50 expansionists fortify a house to resist- Mtis stop and arrest later released- try to gain support from English settlements - again Mtis take action again arrested- Thomas Scott insults Riel repeatedly during trial- Riel orders his execution dies March 4, 1870Canada Acts Canada delay

22、s implementation of Ruperts Land Act- gives time to negotiate with Red River Manitoba is created as a province - Canada accepts many Mtis demands- PM Macdonald willing to listen- before Thomas Scotts execution heard of Wolseley Expedition sent May 1870- takes 3 months - arrives Aug 1870- no railway,

23、 has to travel by boat and trade paths- restores peace, assert Canadian control - Rebellion ends peacefully Louis Riel declared a Rebel for the death of Scott- Riel left for US before Wolseley arrives: exiled for 5 years- But no changes to ManitobaManitoba shows up on the MapBritish Columbia joins C

24、anada after 1867 seemed like a foregone conclusion- Britain stepping back, wants Canadian growth- still big debts left over from unification- wanted representative government- both colonies still have HBC influence & elite control- disputes between 2 capitals: Victoria & New Westminster Negotiations take 2 years 1869 71 - but supported in Ottawa, and pushed b