England Before the Industrial Revolution

1、England Before the Industrial Revolution Second Part Member:Liu Jiajia Wei Ningning (Jessica) ()Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he travelled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines. 布林德利在為他的磨坊和礦井建筑工程到處奔走的時候,出于自愿和興趣,對沿途經過的河道進行

2、了勘察。當布林德利在為他的磨坊和礦井建筑到處奔波時，出于自己的興趣，開始勘察他沿途所經過的河道。The Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Dukes pits at Worsley to the rising town of Manchester隨后，布里奇沃特公爵讓布林德利在自己處于沃斯利的礦井和正在興起的曼徹斯特鎮(zhèn)之間修建一條運河，方便運煤.然后，布里奇沃特公爵讓布林德利修建一個運河。以此用來從他自己的沃斯利的礦井運煤到正在崛起的曼特斯特鎮(zhèn)Brindley went on to

3、connect Manchester with Liverpool in an even bolder manner, and in all laid out almost four hundred miles of canals in a network all over England.布林德利開始以一種更大膽的方式連接利物浦與曼徹斯特，并且奠定了整個英格蘭總計近四百英里運河網絡的基礎布林德利開始以更廣闊的方式連接利物浦與曼徹斯特，四百里的運河網絡遍布英國。 Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system o

4、f canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution.在修建英國運河網絡的過程中,有兩點是非常突出的,它們也正是整個工業(yè)革命的特點。在修建英國運河網的時候有兩點是非常突出的，它們也是整個工業(yè)革命的特點。One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men. Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could on

5、ly dull an inventive mind.特點之一是，進行變革的人都是實用主義者。和布林德利一樣，他們往往幾乎沒有接受教育，而實際上當時的學校教育只會使創(chuàng)造性的頭腦變得笨拙第一個特點，進行革命的人都是實用主義者。和布林德利一樣，它們基本上沒有受過教育，事實上學校教育只會讓它們敏捷的頭腦變得愚笨。The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. 合法的文法學校只能教他們早已成立的古典科目。合法的語法學校只能教他們一些早已成立的古典課程。

6、The universities also (they were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) took little interest in modern or scientific studies; and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England. 各大學（僅牛津大學和劍橋大學兩所學校）也對現代或科學研究甚少，他們中間不符合英國的教會要求的還會被關閉。各所大學（這里僅僅有牛津和劍橋兩所）也對現代或者科學研究有極小的興趣，如果不符合英國的教會要求就會關

7、閉。The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use. 另一個突出特點是，新發(fā)明的目的在于日常使用。第二個特點，這些新的發(fā)明用來日常使用。The canals were arteries of communication: They were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 運河交通干線是為了承載駁船，而不是游艇。運河是交通的動脈，開運河不是為了走游艇，而是為了通行駁船。And the barges were not made

8、to carry luxuries, but pots and pans and bales of cloth, boxes of ribbon, and all the common things that people buy by the pennyworth.駁船的建造不是為了運輸奢侈品，而是鍋碗瓢盆、布、絲帶，和人們日常購買的所有普通物什。而駁船也不是為了運送奢侈品，而是為了運送瓦罐鐵鍋、成包的棉布、成箱的緞帶，以及那些只花個把便士能買到的各式用品。These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into tow