信息系統(tǒng)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上南 京 工 程 學(xué) 院英文文獻(xiàn)及譯文 作 者： 邵亞雯 學(xué) 號(hào)： 系 部： 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 信息管理與信息系統(tǒng) 題 目： 社區(qū)自助歌曲點(diǎn)播平臺(tái)的開(kāi)發(fā)與設(shè)計(jì) 指導(dǎo)者： 金衛(wèi)健 講師 2010 年 4 月 Information Technology Support System of Supply Chain ManagementHUA JIANG ，JING YANGSchool of Economy and Management; School of KeXinHeBei university of engeneeringHan Dan CHINAAbstr

2、act: - Effective supply chain management is built on the basis of the high quality of information transmission and sharing, This will rely heavily on information technology to provide reliable support. In this paper, against the characteristics of the supply chain information flow, discuss the impac

3、t of information technology on supply chain management and support system which information technology form in the supply chain management. Key-Words: - Supply chain management; Information technology; Support System; Information flow; Supply chain; Information1 Introduction Supply Chain Management

4、(SCM) rise is attributed to enterprises trying to eliminate production and inventory plans misleading as information slow transmission or errors. In 1990s, some of computer manufacturers such as HP, or P & G which product household appliances begin integrate information systems of down-upstream, hop

5、e to archieve purposes for rapid responsion to the demand of market and lower inventory by correct and rapid transmission, analysis and integration of information. Therefore, effective supply chain management is built on the basis of the high quality of information transmission and sharing, This wil

6、l rely heavily on information technology to provide reliable support.In todays age, information has become a key factor in the decision to the survival and development of enterprises, any business must face the issue of how to integrate information. Information is from both the vertical information

7、of the upstream and downstream firms and the horizontal information of the internal enterprise, as well as information of the macro level. How to transmit and share information, to coordinate economic behavior of the upstream and downstream enterprises and functional behavior of interal enterprise w

8、hich is the core questions supply chain management is to deal with. Compared with the individual enterprises, supply chain as an extended enterprise, shows own characteristics by its way of information flow and acquisition.2 The Characteristics of the Supply Chain Information Flow2.1 Wide coverage T

9、he information of the supply chain covers from all links of suppliers, manufacturers to distributors and then retailers in the supply chain. Information flow distinct into information flow of demand and supply, these are two different flows of information flow. When demand information (such as custo

10、mer orders, production planning, procurement, etc.) takes direction from the demand-side to the supply-side movement, it triggered logistics. Meanwhile supply information (such as storage lists, the inventory records for sales, deliver lists), together again along with materials for the direction of

11、 the supply chain from supply-side to demand-side movement. The information flow of individual enterprises mainly confined to the internal Invoicing records (see figure 1). 2.2 More access channels As businesses in the supply chain is a collaboration relationship and community interests, information

12、 of the supply chain have so many channels to obtain. demand information isnt only from the customers but also distributors and retailers; the supply Information is from various suppliers, These information flow and share in all enterprises through the supply chain information systems . For individu

13、al enterprises, as it havent formed the Community interests with upstream and downstream businesses, so it is totally dependent on own collection. 2.3 High-quality information Because of specialization, the quality of the supply chain was superior to the information of the single enterprise, For exa

14、mple, distributors and retailers can be specifically responsible for the collection of demond information, the suppliers will collect supply information, Product manufacturers collect information of products. 3 Information Technology and Supply Chain Management The development of information technol

15、ogy provides an effective support to supply chain management. About some issues how to thank of the impact of information technology on supply chain management, and how to use information technology in supply chain management, and so on, through studies, it basically can be summed up in three aspect

16、s : 3.1Enhance the sharing of information on the supply chain can effectively improve supply chain management When members of the supply chain based only on information from neighbor member of lower levels to make decision, the system will have a phenomenon of magnification of demand. The reason for

17、 this situation is not the irrational of all members, but rational decision-making in the actual circumstances of unclear information, included demand forecast in the unbalanced demand, increasing orders in the expected shortage, increasing EOQ for the fixed orders costs and effects of batch. The oc

18、currence of this phenomenon will have a negative impact on all members of the supply chain. To eliminate or contain this phenomenon, within the scope of the supply chain, we can take appropriate countermeasures, such as to strengthen information sharing, shorten the delay time, coordinate purchasing

19、 and simplify marketing behavior and so on. 3.2 The development of information technology enhances internal collaboration in the supply chain The development of information technology makes enterprises more accessible to use information technology to exchange and collaborate with other members of an

20、d supply chain, therefore the use costs relatively lower, so that enterprises can choose more supplies to get cheaper supply and services in the same level of information use costs. In other words, the relationship between enterprises and their suppliers will likely become unreliable and unstable, b

21、ut the number of suppliers which successful enterprises choose dont increase, but reduce. In fact, between enterprises and their suppliers and customers, it is necessary to establish a collaborative relationship that it has a clear requirement in the JIT, it just has not been given sufficient attent

22、ion. 3.3 The development of information technology can help to build a more perfect user demand model The end-user is an important component of the supply chain, the response situation to customer demand is a very important supply chain management evaluation. Better graspping the demands of users is

23、 the basis of supply chain management. Many articles used similar assumption for a variety of needs and distribution, but demand is random, its release is not as ideal as we generally assumed. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the demand forecast in the supply chain inventorycontrol problems, c

24、hoose different model according to different circumstances, establish an appropriate demand model. 4 Information Technology Support System of Supply Chain Management The establishment of the supply chain information systems needs a large number of information technology to support, we discuss inform

25、ation technology support system in the forming of supplychain management from the main areas of supply chain management. The main areas of supply chain management involved: products (services) design, manufacturing, marketing, customer service, logistics and so on. It is a synchronized, integrated p

26、roduction plan as a guide, through use different types of information technology to improve the performance in these areas (see figure 2). Information technology to support the supply chain can be divided into two levels.4.1 The first level The first level is component with technology of identificat

27、ion code, automatic identification and data collection technology, electronic data interchange technology, Information technology on the basis of Internet technology. 4.1.1 Technology of Identification Codes A unified information coding is the basis of the exchange and sharing of data among supply c

28、hain trading partners. Without it, automatic identification technology and electronic data interchange (EDI) can not be realized. Through standardization technology of information coding applied to the supply chain management system, it is realized that automated data collection in the activities of

29、 supply chain systems and exchange of data and sharing ofresources between systems. It can promote the efficient functioning of the supply chain activities. 4.1.2 Automatic Identification and Data Collection Technology Automatic identification and data collection (AIDC) has become the ideal technolo

30、gy of dealing with the logistics information in process to supply chain management. Through automatic identification technology, automatic data identification and data collection, it is ensured that High-speed and accurate data acquisition and real-time control in the links of supply chain. At prese

31、nt, in the supply chain management, the most commonly AIDC technology is barcode technology and radio frequency identification technology. Barcode technology can facilitate the timely capture the needs of the consumer, improve sales results, as take placeimmediately automatic retrieval of informatio

32、n in the activities. Barcode alternative keyboard input and improve the accuracy of data collection, the application of technology solve the bottleneck problems of the data entry and data collection. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is a relatively new automatic identification techno

33、logy. RFID technology can be characterized as non-contact identification (identification distance from a few centimeters to tens of meters), identification of high-speed moving objects, resistance of harsh environment, secrecy, it can also identify a number of identified targets, therefore widely us

34、ed in the manufacturing and other unfit barcode labels environment. In the supply chain process control, it was widely used transport vichoel identification (AVI), tracking and monitoring goods, shop alarm systems, expressway toll and intelligent transportation system (ITS), production line automati

35、on and process control as well. 4.1.3 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) EDI technology is method that transmit and exchange data between different enterprises in order to improve the efficiency of business activities on the basis of standardized data through computer networks. EDI is a essential tec

36、hnology of Replenishment methods of rapid response (QR), Efficient Consumer Response (ECR). At present, almost all of the supply chain management methods of operation without the support of EDI technology. the main functions of EDI performance electronic data transmission and exchange, evidence for

37、transmission data, instruments standard format for data conversion, security, and providing information inquiries, providing technical advisory services, providing the value-added information services. Global 500 biggest enterprises which are selected by the American Fortune magazine have applied th

38、eir EDI systems with major customers and suppliers to exchange business information. 4.1.4 Internet Technology The development of Internet technology supplies a the basis tool of relatively, quick and cheap for members of the supply chain to share and exchange information. With development and matur

39、e of wireless Internet technology, the members of supply chain can not be restricted to commercial space activities. 4.2 The Second Level The second level is component with various information systems and application software whichare developed to support production and various aspects of the manage

40、ment on the basis of information technology infrastructure. When integrated and applicate systems, they not only will be considered to be a technical solution, but also a deep refraction of management thinking should be understand. 4.2.1 Point of Sale System(POS) POS is system through automated retr

41、ieval equipment (cash register) in the direct sale of merchandise sales information retrieval, and then through communication networks and computer systems transmitted to the relevant authorities for analysis to enhance the operating efficiency of the processing. 4.2.2 Electronic Automatic Ordering

42、System (EOS) EOS refers to use the communication network (VAN or Internet) and the terminal equipment by the means of on-line (ON-LINE) to carry out orders and the exchange of orders information. Compared with traditional methods of ordering, the EOS system can shorten the time from receiving orders

43、 to send orders, shorten the delivery time for goods of orders, reduce to the loss rate of merchandise orders; helps to reduce the inventory level of enterprise, improves the efficiency of inventory management; For manufacturers and wholesalers, retailers, through the analysis of orders information

44、of retailers, it can be accurately judged selling merchandise and unsalable merchandise, and helps adjust plans of commodity production and marketing. 4.2.3 Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP). Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

45、 CAD/CAPP/CAE/CAM technology used mainly to support new products design and manufacturing. With the development of PDM (product data management), to effectively establish the integration of information between CAD, CAPP, CAE, CAM, and realize correct and rapid exchange of data among firms of supply

46、chain, to further speed up product development cycle and lower costs. 4.2.4 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), manufacturing resource planning II (MRPII), Just in Time (JIT) ERP/ MRPII/ JIT is mainly used in production control and inventory control. Of course, the scope of ERP is more broader, it r

47、eflects the ideas of supply chain management that expand its application toother types industries from traditional manufacturing industries. Application of ERP/ MRPII/ JIT techniques can eliminate a variety complex issues in manufacturing, promoting changes of business processes, information process

48、es and the organizational structure, improve the flexibility of enterprise production and the entire supply chain. guarantee the normal operation of the production and supply chain. 4.2.5 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) refers to constantly accumulated c

49、ustomer information in the process of a enterprises operation, and meet individual customer needs by the use of customer information to make marketing strategies. the most important function modules of CRM are customer services, marketing, sales. Through apply CRM to the sharing of information betwe

50、en enterprises, it can enhance services between the enterprises in the supply chain, improve customer satisfaction, maintain high customer retention, develop a positive impact to customer benefits and potential benefits. 4.2.6 E-commerce E-commerce refers to complete business transaction between the

51、 various participants in electronic form, but not by physical exchange or direct physical contact, It includes electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic means of payment, electronic ordering systems, e-mail, fax, Internet, electronic bulletin systems, bar-coding, image processing, intelligent ca

52、rds and so on. In supply chain management, E-commerce generally have two types: business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). E-commerce system improve the operational efficiency of the supply chain management of enterprises in supply management, inventory management, transportation man

53、agement and information circulation. 供應(yīng)鏈管理的信息技術(shù)支持系統(tǒng)姜華，楊靜，河北工程大學(xué)，經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院，中國(guó)邯鄲摘要：-有效的供應(yīng)鏈管理是在信息傳遞和分享高品質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)之上，這將依賴于信息技術(shù)提供可靠的大力支持。本文針對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈信息流的特點(diǎn)，討論了信息技術(shù)對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈管理和支持系統(tǒng)的影響。 關(guān)鍵詞：-供應(yīng)鏈管理；信息技術(shù)支持系統(tǒng)；信息流；供應(yīng)鏈；信息 一、引言供應(yīng)鏈管理（SCM）的興起是緣于企業(yè)試圖消除因信息傳遞太慢或錯(cuò)誤而誤導(dǎo)的生產(chǎn)及存貨計(jì)劃。90年代，一些計(jì)算機(jī)的制造商如HP，或生產(chǎn)家庭用品的寶潔（P G）開(kāi)始將信息系統(tǒng)作上下游整合，希望通過(guò)正確和快速的信息

54、傳遞、分析和整合，達(dá)到對(duì)市場(chǎng)的需求作快速反映并降低庫(kù)存等目的。因此，有效的供應(yīng)鏈管理是建立在高質(zhì)量的信息傳遞和共享的基礎(chǔ)上，而這又離不開(kāi)信息技術(shù)提供的可靠支持。二、供應(yīng)鏈信息流的特點(diǎn)在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，信息成為了決定企業(yè)生存與發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素，任何一個(gè)企業(yè)都要面對(duì)如何集成信息的問(wèn)題。信息既有來(lái)自上下游企業(yè)的縱向信息，也有來(lái)自企業(yè)內(nèi)部的橫向信息，還有來(lái)自宏觀層面上的信息。如何傳遞和共享這些信息，將上下游企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為以及企業(yè)內(nèi)部各部門、各崗位的職能行為協(xié)調(diào)起來(lái)，就是供應(yīng)鏈管理所要處理的核心問(wèn)題。與單個(gè)企業(yè)情況相比，供應(yīng)鏈作為一種擴(kuò)展企業(yè)，其信息流動(dòng)和獲取方式表現(xiàn)出自己的特色。1.覆蓋范圍廣供應(yīng)鏈中的信息流

55、覆蓋了從供應(yīng)商、制造商到分銷商再到零售商等供應(yīng)鏈中的所有環(huán)節(jié)。其信息流分為需求信息流和供應(yīng)信息流，這是兩個(gè)不同流向的信息流。當(dāng)需求信息（如客戶定單、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃、采購(gòu)合同等）從需方向供方流動(dòng)時(shí)，便引發(fā)物流。同時(shí)供應(yīng)信息（如入庫(kù)單、完工報(bào)告單、庫(kù)存記錄、可供銷售量、提貨發(fā)運(yùn)單等）又同物料一起沿著供應(yīng)鏈從供方向需方流動(dòng)。單個(gè)企業(yè)下的信息流則主要限定在企業(yè)內(nèi)部的進(jìn)銷存記錄（見(jiàn)圖）。圖 供應(yīng)鏈的信息流與單個(gè)企業(yè)的信息流2.獲取途徑多由于供應(yīng)鏈中的企業(yè)是一種協(xié)作關(guān)系和利益共同體，因而供應(yīng)鏈中的信息獲取渠道眾多，對(duì)于需求信息來(lái)說(shuō)既有來(lái)自顧客也有來(lái)自分銷商和零售商的；供應(yīng)信息則來(lái)自于各供應(yīng)商，這些信息通過(guò)供應(yīng)鏈

56、信息系統(tǒng)而在所有的企業(yè)里流動(dòng)與分享。對(duì)于單個(gè)企業(yè)情況來(lái)說(shuō)，由于沒(méi)有與上下游企業(yè)形成利益共同體，因此單個(gè)企業(yè)的信息獲取則完全依賴于自己的收集。3.信息質(zhì)量高由于存在專業(yè)分工，供應(yīng)鏈中的信息質(zhì)量要強(qiáng)于單個(gè)企業(yè)下的信息質(zhì)量，例如,分銷商和零售商可以專門負(fù)責(zé)收集需求信息，供應(yīng)商則收集供應(yīng)信息，生產(chǎn)廠商收集產(chǎn)品信息等。三、信息技術(shù)和供應(yīng)鏈管理信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展為供應(yīng)鏈管理提供了有效的支持。關(guān)于如何看待信息技術(shù)對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈管理的影響，如何在供應(yīng)鏈管理中利用信息技術(shù)等問(wèn)題，通過(guò)研究，基本上可以歸納為三個(gè)方面：1.加強(qiáng)供應(yīng)鏈中的信息共享可以有效地改進(jìn)供應(yīng)鏈的管理當(dāng)供應(yīng)鏈各成員只根據(jù)來(lái)自其相鄰下級(jí)的信息進(jìn)行決策時(shí)，系統(tǒng)

57、將產(chǎn)生需求放大現(xiàn)象，引起這種現(xiàn)象的原因并不是各成員的非理性，而是在實(shí)際信息不清楚情況下的理性決策，包括在非平穩(wěn)需求情況下的需求預(yù)測(cè)、在預(yù)期缺貨情況下增加定貨量、在存在固定定貨費(fèi)用和批量效應(yīng)時(shí)增大定貨批量等。這種現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生將對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈所有成員都產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。為了消除或抑制這種現(xiàn)象，可以在供應(yīng)鏈范圍內(nèi)采取相應(yīng)對(duì)策，如加強(qiáng)信息共享、縮短延遲時(shí)間、協(xié)調(diào)定貨和簡(jiǎn)化促銷行為等。2.信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展加強(qiáng)了供應(yīng)鏈內(nèi)部的協(xié)作信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得企業(yè)能夠更方便地使用信息技術(shù)與供應(yīng)鏈其他成員進(jìn)行交流和協(xié)作，使用費(fèi)用也因此相對(duì)降低，使企業(yè)能夠在同樣的信息使用費(fèi)用水平上選擇更多的供應(yīng)商以獲得更便宜的供應(yīng)和服務(wù)。也就是說(shuō)，企業(yè)

58、與其供應(yīng)商之間的關(guān)系將有可能變得不可靠、不穩(wěn)定，但實(shí)際上成功的企業(yè)選擇的供應(yīng)商數(shù)目并沒(méi)有增加，而是減少了。其實(shí)，“企業(yè)與其供應(yīng)商和用戶之間必須建立一種協(xié)作關(guān)系”這一點(diǎn)在JIT 中已經(jīng)有明確的要求，只是沒(méi)有受到足夠的重視。3.信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展可以幫助建立更完善的用戶需求模型最終用戶是供應(yīng)鏈的一個(gè)重要組成部分，對(duì)用戶需求的響應(yīng)狀況則是供應(yīng)鏈管理的一個(gè)很重要的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)，因此能夠較好地掌握用戶需求是供應(yīng)鏈管理的基礎(chǔ)。目前很多文章都對(duì)需求及其分布采用了不同的近似假設(shè)，但實(shí)際上需求是隨機(jī)的，其發(fā)布也不是如我們一般所假設(shè)的那樣理想。因此，有必要在考慮供應(yīng)鏈的庫(kù)存控制問(wèn)題中考慮對(duì)需求的預(yù)測(cè)，根據(jù)不同的情況選擇不同的預(yù)測(cè)模型，建立恰當(dāng)?shù)男枨竽Ｐ?。四?供應(yīng)鏈管理的信息技術(shù)支撐體系供應(yīng)鏈信息系統(tǒng)的建立是需要大量信息技術(shù)來(lái)支撐的