牛津上海版8AUnit 4基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)學(xué)案

1、.牛津上海版8A U4本單元重點(diǎn)單詞梳理1. ancient adj. very old; from a time long ago很久以前的；古老的，古代的 e.g. The ancient Chinese wore different clothes from the modern Chinese. 中國(guó)古人與現(xiàn)代人穿的衣服完全不同。 I feel pretty ancient when I see how the younger generation behaves. 看到年輕一代的行為舉止，我覺(jué)得我太老了?！痉戳x】modern adj現(xiàn)代的；現(xiàn)代化的2times 時(shí)代；時(shí)期 e.g.

2、In Shakespeare's times, not many people could read在莎士比亞時(shí)代，沒(méi)有多少人認(rèn)識(shí)字。【近義】 age n. 時(shí)代 3as 像一樣，正如 e.g. She works in the same building as my sister.她和我的妹妹在同一大樓上班。4nearly 幾乎，差不多 e.g. I'm nearly 16 its my birthday next week. 我就快16歲了，下個(gè)禮拜是我生日?！局更c(diǎn)迷津：almost, nearly】 兩詞意思均為“幾乎，將近，差不多，當(dāng)與動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞及名詞連用時(shí)，意

3、義相近，可互換。 e.g. It's nearly suppertime.= It's almost suppertime. 快開(kāi)晚飯了。 almost可與no，none，never以及nothing等不定代詞連用，而nearly那么不可；nearly常用在含有not的否認(rèn)句中，而almost那么不可與not單獨(dú)連用。 e.g. Theres almost no water left in the bottle. 瓶子里水快沒(méi)了。 It is not nearly so pretty as it was before. 這兒遠(yuǎn)不及以前漂亮了。5. invent v. 創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)造

4、 e.g. Who invented the plane? 誰(shuí)創(chuàng)造了飛機(jī)？ Thomas Edison invented the electric light. 托馬斯·愛(ài)迪生創(chuàng)造了電燈?！局R(shí)擴(kuò)展】 inventor n. 創(chuàng)造者；創(chuàng)造家 invention n.創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)造物 Tomas Edison was one of the greatest inventors who invented a lot of things in his life. 托馬斯·愛(ài)迪生是一生中創(chuàng)造了許多東西的偉大創(chuàng)造家之一。 His 6,000 inventions included the

5、 electric light bulb, the phonograph, and the mimeograph machine. 他的六千項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造中，包括電燈泡、留聲機(jī)和油印機(jī)。6. calculate 計(jì)算 e.g. Can you calculate how much a holiday will cost? 你能否計(jì)算一下度個(gè)假要花多少錢？【知識(shí)拓展】calculator n. 電子計(jì)算器 e.g. A calculator is a calculating machine which helps people to calculate faster and more accuratel

6、y. 計(jì)算器是一種幫助人們用來(lái)更加快速、準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算的機(jī)器。7. electronic 電子的 e.g. electronic typewriter電子打字機(jī) electronic watch電子表 electronic music電子音樂(lè) Don't use an electronic dictionary in your English study. 在你的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中不要使用電子詞典。8. add 加 e.g. If you add 4 to 5, you get 9. 四加五得九。 Add up these figures, please. 請(qǐng)把這些數(shù)字加起來(lái)。【友誼提示】在進(jìn)展加法

7、的描繪時(shí)，我們常常說(shuō)4 plus 3 equals/is 7，但千萬(wàn)不可用add去代替plus, add是個(gè)動(dòng)詞，而plus是個(gè)介詞。9. subtract 減 e.g. If you subtract 3 from 8, you get 5. 八減去三就得五。【友誼提示】我們同樣也不能用subtract去代替minus。上面這句話我們換種方式說(shuō)就是8 minus3 equals/is 5.10. multiply 乘 e.g. 6 multiplied by 5 is 30. 6乘5等于30。 If you multiply 6 by 5, you get 30. 你用5去乘6，得到30。1

8、1. divide除；除盡 e.g. 30 divided by 6 is 5. 30除以6等于5。 If you divide 30 by 6, you get 5. 假如你把30除以6，就得到5。 Three will not divide into eleven. 3除不盡11。12. percentage 百分?jǐn)?shù)；百分率；百分比 e.g. 40% is a percentage. 40%是個(gè)百分?jǐn)?shù)。13. powerful 強(qiáng)大的；強(qiáng)有力的; 有力量的 e.g. The car has a very powerful engine. 這輛車有強(qiáng)勁的引擎。 The president i

9、s very powerful. 總統(tǒng)享有很大的權(quán)利。14. against 對(duì)著，對(duì)立；不喜歡，反對(duì)，防止，預(yù)防；靠著，倚著 e.g. They played a football match against a team from another country. 他們跟另一個(gè)國(guó)家的足球隊(duì)比賽。 Many people are against the plan很多人都反對(duì)這個(gè)方案。 Have you had an injection against the disease? 你注射過(guò)針對(duì)這種疾病的預(yù)防針了嗎？ Put the cupboard against the wall. 把這個(gè)櫥柜

10、放在靠墻的地方。15. living 活著的 e.g. Some people say he is the greatest living writer. 有人說(shuō)他是健在的最偉大作家。【指點(diǎn)迷津 alive, live和living】 1通常情況下，alive作表語(yǔ)be alive，而living 一般放在名詞前作定語(yǔ)用。 e.g. That great man is still alive. 那個(gè)偉人仍然活著。 all living things 一切生物 Latin is not a living language。拉丁語(yǔ)不是現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。2live也是“有生命的，活著的之意，但往往指動(dòng)物。

11、e.g. a live fish 一條活魚(yú) 此外live還有“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播的意思。 e.g. a live show現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播的節(jié)目。16. amazing 令人驚奇的 e.g. What an amazing embroidery!多么了不起的一幅刺繡作品！It's amazing that you can't ride a bike你不會(huì)騎車可真令人驚訝?！局R(shí)拓展】 amaze v. 使吃驚 amazed adj. 吃驚的，驚奇的 e.g. Jack amazed everyone by passing the English exam. 杰克通過(guò)英語(yǔ)考試使我們每個(gè)人感到驚訝。

12、 We were amazed by his change in his study. 我們?yōu)樗趯W(xué)習(xí)中的變化而感到吃驚。 【友誼提示】 amaze的形容詞有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)是amazed，一個(gè)是amazing，但用法不同，通常人做主語(yǔ)時(shí)用amazed，物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用amazing。 e.g. It is an amazing game. 這真是一場(chǎng)令人驚奇的比賽。 I am amazed by his words. 我對(duì)他的話感到吃驚?！纠}】 用amazed, amazing填空 11 think it is an_ animal. 21 am_ how big the school is. 【答

13、案】 1 amazing 2amazed17. instruction說(shuō)明，指示，指令 e.g. Read the instructions on the box before you make the cake.制作蛋糕之前請(qǐng)閱讀一下盒子上的說(shuō)明?！纠}】 -I don't know how to use this digital camera. -It doesn't matter. Here is the， A. instruction B. direction . C, information D. advertisement 【答案】 AII本單元重點(diǎn)詞組decima

14、l number小數(shù) a pair of odd numbers一對(duì)奇數(shù)at least至少 international language國(guó)際語(yǔ)言 in ancient times在古代 in many different ways用很多不同的方法 in tens以十為計(jì)；十進(jìn)制 consist of由組成；由構(gòu)成 calculating machines計(jì)算器 so that如此以致于 in a flash一瞬間 do a calculation計(jì)算 in ones whole lifetime終身 living computer活電腦 an amazing brain驚人的頭腦 solve

15、 the problem解決問(wèn)題 find the answer得出答案 be made up of 由組成 【小試牛刀】I. Fill in the blanks with the words in their proper forms.1.Qian Xuesen is a Chinese scientist and he has an _ brain. amaze2. The sports car has a very _ engine. power3.Are there any_ things on the moon? live4.At_, I tried my best to help

16、 the lady, little5.Study the _ pictures carefully and write an essay, follow6.It is an old _ machine that is still used today. calculate7.The steam engine is an important_ in the history. invent8.It is _ for me to use the computer to do a calculation. easily【keys】1. amazing 2. powerful 3. living 4.

17、least 5. following 6. calculating 7. invention 8. easy. Key phrases and sentences.1.because it made it easier to write big numbers and to calculate因?yàn)樗?使得大數(shù)字的書(shū)寫和計(jì)算更加容易。 1 because conj因?yàn)?e.g. I was angry because he was late. 因?yàn)樗t到了，所以我生氣?！局更c(diǎn)迷津】because, since, as, for 都是表示“原因的連詞。以上連詞的語(yǔ)氣由強(qiáng)至弱依次為because s

18、ince as for; 其中because，since，as為附屬連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句; for為并列連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列句。 Because“因?yàn)?quot;，表示直接原因，答復(fù)why的提問(wèn)，一般放在主句之后，可單獨(dú)存在。 e.g. -Why don't you buy it? 為什么你不買它？ -Because I don't have enough money with me因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有帶足夠的錢。 We stayed at home because it rained下雨了，所以我們待在家里。 since “因?yàn)?，既然，?cè)重主句，從句表示顯然的或的理由。 e.g. Si

19、nce everyone is here，let's begin. 既然大家都到齊了，我們開(kāi)場(chǎng)吧。 as“由于，鑒于，主從句并重，從句說(shuō)明原因，主句說(shuō)明結(jié)果，為常用詞。 e.g. As it was late，I must hurry up由于晚了，我得快點(diǎn)。 for“因?yàn)?，由于，說(shuō)明附加或推斷的理由，其前常有逗號(hào)，for及其后的句子不放在句首。 e.g. He must be ill，for he isn't here today他一定是病了，因?yàn)榻裉焖麤](méi)來(lái)。【友誼提示】“因?yàn)樗缘挠h不同習(xí)慣: because和so 與although和but用法一樣，都不可連在一起使用，

20、只能用其中一個(gè)，這一點(diǎn)和漢語(yǔ)不同，使用時(shí)一定要注意兩種語(yǔ)言的不同習(xí)慣。 因?yàn)樗×?，所以他沒(méi)來(lái)上學(xué)。 誤Because he was ill, so he didn't come to school. 正Because he was ill, he didn't come to school. 正He was ill, so he didn't come to school. 2 make it+adj. + to do sth使得做某事變得e.g. The electronic dictionary makes it quicker to look up a new

21、word. 電子詞典使我們查閱生詞更迅速。2Abacuses are so fast and accurate that people still use them today算盤計(jì)算起來(lái)是如此的快速和準(zhǔn)確，因此人們至今還在使用它們。 sothat“如此以致于，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，so后接形容詞或副詞，that后面接從句。 e.g. The box is so heavy that I can't carry it這個(gè)箱子如此的重以致于我抬不動(dòng)它。 He runs so fast that his classmates can't catch up with him. 他跑得如此

22、快以致于他的同學(xué)都趕不上他?！居颜x提示】當(dāng)that后面的從句為否認(rèn)句時(shí)，可以用tooto改寫為簡(jiǎn)單句，當(dāng)that后面的從句為肯定句時(shí)，可以用enough to改寫為簡(jiǎn)單句。 e.g. He is so young that he can't go to school. =He is too young to go to school他太小了，還不能去上學(xué)。 He is so tall that he can reach the apples on the tree. =He is tall enough to reach the apples on the tree他很高可以得到樹(shù)上的

23、蘋果。 so后面有單數(shù)名詞時(shí)可用such .that進(jìn)展改寫。 e.g. He is so tall a man that he can almost reach the ceiling. =He is such a tall man that he can almost reach the ceiling他個(gè)子這么高，幾乎夠得著天花板。【知識(shí)拓展】 so that的用法1 so that以便; 目的是。引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句 e.g. Our teacher spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him. 我們的老師大聲講課以便每個(gè)人都能聽(tīng)到。 So t

24、hat 常與may，can等詞連用，從句前無(wú)逗號(hào)。e.g. I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一條船，為的是可以去釣魚(yú)。 He worked hard in order that/so that he could succeed. =He worked hard in order to/so as to succeed. 他努力工作，為的是成功。 2 so that還可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，從句前可用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，意為“因?yàn)椤?e.g. The bus broke down, so that we had to walk. 公共汽車拋錨了

25、，因此我們必須步行。【例題】1 Please speak aloud _ everyone can hear what you are saying. A. such that B. so that C. so as to D. so that 2 He works so _ that he finishes the work well. A. hard B. harder C. careful D. hardly 【答案】 1B 2A3. Is a human brain a more powerful calculator than a computer?人腦是比計(jì)算機(jī)更強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算器嗎？

26、1 more+adj. +than e.g. Is this snake more dangerous than that one? 這條蛇比那一條更危險(xiǎn)嗎？ 2 more+n. +than e.g. There are more students in Class 3 than those in Class 2. 三班的學(xué)生比二班的多。4If it is not powerful enough, you will find the answer on page 67假如它你的大腦不夠強(qiáng)大的話，請(qǐng)看第67頁(yè)上的答案。 主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí)，以if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，那么用一般如今時(shí)。 e.g. I

27、f I am free tomorrow, I will see my uncle. 假如明天我有空，我要去看我叔叔。 If it doesnt rain, we will go swimming假如不下雨，我們將去游泳?！倦S堂小練】I. Choose the right words or expressions to complete the sentences.1.Mice will run away _ a flash if they see a cat. on/in2.Jenny White is a great girl_ a surprising brain. has/with3.

28、 _ In/At ancient times, people used abacuses to calculate and they nearly all counted _ tens. for/ in4.Sometimes you can't solve a problem _ your whole lifetime. in/on5.Nowadays, most of us can speak_ least two languages. in/at【keys】1. in 2. with 3. In; in 4. in 5. atII. Find the word or express

29、ion to replace the underlined part in the sentence.A. in a short time B. finished C. solve D. accurate E. nearly 1. How to settle the problem is really a test for these children. 2. It is said that the project is to be completed in 2 years. 3. It is a mistake they almost always make. 4. The young bo

30、ys ran out of the classroom in a flash. 5. The calculations made by the computer are always correct.【keys】CBEAD【技能進(jìn)步練】I. Read and choose the best answer. 1. Do you think numbers are an _ language in the world?A. international B. strange C. special D. interesting 2. The new fridge cost me two_ dollar

31、s.A. hundred of B. hundreds of C. hundreds D. hundred 3. Unluckily, _ of the students in our class had a cold last week.A. one-three B. one-thirds C. first-three D. one-third 4. We can solve the technology problem_ different ways.A. on B. in C. with D. of 5. Don't worry. There is _ time left now

32、.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 6. The boy ran away_ lightning after he broke his neighbour's window.A. as B. like C. likes D. in 7. Subtract 3 _ 20 and you will get 17.A. from B. and C. by D. to 8. In ancient times, people_ numbers in different ways.A. write B. wrote C. writing D. writte

33、n 9. Sue, _ late for school again.A. doesn't be B. isn't C. don't be D. being 10. Nowadays computers are_ fast and cheap.A. then B. or C. while D. so【keys】ADDBA BABCDII. Rewrite the sentences as required.3. We had to go to school last Saturday. 改為否認(rèn)句We _to go to school last Saturday.2.Sh

34、e has already written a letter to his father. 改為一般疑問(wèn)句_ she_ a letter to her father_?3.Tommy will use his computer programs to solve the problem. 改為否認(rèn)句Tommy _ _ his computer programs to solve the problem.4.He has already told me the good news. 改為否認(rèn)句He_ _ me the good news yet.5.We will have a meeting

35、at 1:00 p. m. 就劃線部分提問(wèn)_ will you have a meeting?6.The old man was so weak that he couldn't walk by himself. 保持原句意思The old man was _ weak _ walk by himself.【keys】1. didnt have 2. Has written; yet 3. wont use 4. hasnt told 5. When 6. too to.Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage.I

36、n northern China during spring, big sandstorms often make trouble for people. Sandstorms usually happen in spring. This year, sandstorms started in late 1 They have happened in more than 10 provinces in northern China this year. More than 70 million people have had problems in those places 2 the sto

37、rms.People in southern China don't have to 3 this kind of bad weather. Most of the sand come from Gansu and Inner Mongolia. In northern China, lots of places have few trees and don't get 4 People there have been cutting down too many trees. When there aren't many trees, the ground can

38、9;t keep enough 5 . Over the years, the ground dries up and turns to sand. When spring comes and the ice melts, the ground becomes looser. Strong wind takes the loose sand into the sky. 1. A. October B. July C. December D. March 2. A. instead of B. because of C. such as D. just like 3. A. know aboutB. think about C. worry about D. talk about 4. A. much rain B.much land C.large population D. many chances 5. A. water B. animal C. area D. sand. Read the passage and tell the following statements are trueT or falseF.Most crop circles 麥田怪圈 are in the south of