英文講義總結(jié)

1、1講義匯總復(fù)習(xí)主講人：徐劍平2漢譯英注意事項(xiàng)n1. 完整看完一個(gè)有句號(hào)的中文句子，分析其結(jié)構(gòu)n2. 英語(yǔ)有主次之分即：主句和從句n3. 英語(yǔ)從屬信息引導(dǎo)手段：關(guān)系詞，介詞，分詞，不定式n4. 翻譯好后檢查：是否有英文結(jié)構(gòu)？自己翻譯的是否和中文句式前后順序一致？n5. 翻譯的英文句子數(shù)量應(yīng)比中文句子數(shù)量少。n6. 中文一個(gè)句子的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾很重要，中間一般都是從屬信息n7. 英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)，主句，主動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)，主句，主動(dòng)詞，所以看中文句子時(shí)應(yīng)思考：誰(shuí)是英文的主語(yǔ)，主句，主動(dòng)詞n8. 英語(yǔ)多后置定語(yǔ)，中文多前置定語(yǔ)后置定語(yǔ)，中文多前置定語(yǔ)3科技文體一般特征n1. 無(wú)人稱(chēng)(imperson

2、al)n2. 語(yǔ)氣正式（formal）n3. 陳述客觀，準(zhǔn)確(objective, accurate)n4. 語(yǔ)言規(guī)范（standard in language）n5. 邏輯性強(qiáng)（strict in logic）n6. 專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)性強(qiáng)確定主句確定主句人類(lèi)為了保持體力智力（physical and intellectual）的勃勃生機(jī)(vitality) 而不得不節(jié)制數(shù)量，迎接污染的挑戰(zhàn)，這已不是遙遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)。The future is not far off when man has to control his numbers and meet the challenges of polluti

3、on so as to sustain his physical and intellectual vitality.中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)，百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。 China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and o

4、ther uses. 確定用英文結(jié)構(gòu)確定用英文結(jié)構(gòu) 關(guān)于這方面國(guó)內(nèi)外研究者們很少去關(guān)注它 It never occurred to researchers that little attention was paid to it. 也許有些人很可惡（wicked），有些人很卑鄙（despicable）。而當(dāng)我設(shè)身為他想象的時(shí)候，我才知道：他比我還可憐。所以請(qǐng)?jiān)徦心阋?jiàn)過(guò)的人，好人或者壞人 Some may be wicked, and others may be despicable. Only when I put myself in his position did I know he

5、is more miserable than I. So forgive all that you have met, no matter what kind of persons they are. 6n中文動(dòng)詞很多中文動(dòng)詞很多，但是英語(yǔ)一個(gè)句子，即使再長(zhǎng)，但是英語(yǔ)一個(gè)句子，即使再長(zhǎng)，也有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其他動(dòng)詞都做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。也有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其他動(dòng)詞都做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。n孩子們圍坐圍坐在桌旁，瞪著眼睛聽(tīng)聽(tīng)他們的爺爺講講他所經(jīng)歷的事nSitting around the table, the children listened to their grandpas story with their

6、 eyes widely open.n直流電是一種總是沿同一方向流動(dòng)的電流。nA direct current is a current flowing always along the same direction.7n熱量由地球輻射出來(lái)時(shí)，使得氣流上升。nRadiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.n如果沒(méi)有改變物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的原因，那么物體將作勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。nA body can move uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change th

7、at motion.n振動(dòng)著的物體產(chǎn)生聲波，每一次振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)聲波nVibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.8確定主語(yǔ)n我給你打國(guó)際直撥就和給樓下的Tom帶電話(huà)差不多，一撥就通nAn international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Tom downstairsn向上的力與向下的力相等，所以氣球就保持在這一高度。 nThe force upward equals the force downward so that

8、the balloon stays at the level.9定語(yǔ)處理問(wèn)題n產(chǎn)生的熱量等于浪費(fèi)了的電能。nThe heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.nThe force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.n向上的力與向下的力相等，所以氣球就保持在這一高度。n在施工過(guò)程中，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)需要改變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題nDuring construction, problems often arise which require

9、design changes.10n總之，漢譯英，翻譯質(zhì)量如何：n取決于是否用英文的語(yǔ)言特征和習(xí)慣表述方式n是否拜托了漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的影響n(yōu)建議：平時(shí)多看英漢對(duì)照的資料11英譯漢n1. 理解+表述=翻譯n2. 不要拘泥于英語(yǔ)先后結(jié)構(gòu)，英語(yǔ)從屬有關(guān)系詞，分詞，不定式，介詞引導(dǎo)。表述時(shí)是否可以?xún)?yōu)先考慮英語(yǔ)從屬信息。記?。赫l(shuí)從屬于誰(shuí)，誰(shuí)提到誰(shuí)前面/如果從屬信息過(guò)長(zhǎng)， 另起一句nproblem to be analyzed /n.radiant energy, similar in nature to light.n3. 句子中單詞取義須要根據(jù)上下文，切記不要單憑記憶12nIn computing work

10、 done, it is important always to keep in mind that the force and distant that are multiplied（乘） must be in the same direction.n在計(jì)算所做的功時(shí)，用以相乘的力和距離必須沿著同一方向，始終記住這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。nEvery body continues in its state of rest or uniformed motion in a straight line, unless acted upon（作用） by an external force. n物體如果不

11、受外力作用，將繼續(xù)保持其靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)或做勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。13nMatter is anything having weight and occupying space.n凡是有重量和占據(jù)一定空間的，都是物質(zhì)。nWhat is large and what is small is relative. n大和小是相對(duì)的。14翻譯過(guò)程n理解階段n結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義-辨明語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系-理解原文所涉及到的事物n表述階段n直譯+意譯15n詞義理解和把握詞義理解和把握nVarious speeds may be obtained by the use of large and small pulleys(滑輪

12、)n利用大小皮帶輪可以獲得不同的速度n辨別語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系辨別語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系nAs friction manifests itself as a resistance that opposes motion, it is usually considered as a nuisance(厭惡)n摩擦是運(yùn)動(dòng)的阻力，因此因此常被人看成討厭的東西16nBut now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of thei

13、r “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. nTechnically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental function is a drug The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite realizable，its realization bei

14、ng supported with all the achievements of contemporary science，which have brought into being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperatures developed, but new technological processes as well. 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的一切成就不僅是提供了能夠承受高溫高壓的材料，而且也提供了新的工藝過(guò)程。依靠現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的這些成就，我們相信完全可以制造出這樣

15、的人造衛(wèi)星 總之，英譯漢質(zhì)量如何： 1. 看是否符合漢語(yǔ)表述習(xí)慣 These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined,produced white . Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 2. 不要硬譯，死譯，過(guò)多直譯不要硬譯，死譯，過(guò)多直譯19各種從句的翻譯n同位語(yǔ)從句n定語(yǔ)從句n狀語(yǔ)從句n賓語(yǔ)從句20同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯21同位語(yǔ)，有詞組，有句子, 抽象概念表述不清楚時(shí)，用同位語(yǔ)繼續(xù)闡述nWe should

16、cherish today, the hope of tomorrow.nEach of us should have dreams, the source of happiness.n An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter .nBut now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estim

17、ate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. 22II. Translation Skillsn先翻譯從句先翻譯從句,即從句前置即從句前置 -引導(dǎo)詞過(guò)長(zhǎng)情況下引導(dǎo)詞過(guò)長(zhǎng)情況下This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territory sovereignty(主權(quán)) doesnt admit of inf

18、ringement. 一個(gè)國(guó)家的領(lǐng)土不容侵犯，這是國(guó)際法中盡人皆知的準(zhǔn)則。23n2.拆分法拆分法n Canada has long subscribed to the view that no state should use its territory or allow it to be used in such a way as to injure the environment of another state or of the international commons. n n長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，加拿大一直認(rèn)為，任何國(guó)家都不應(yīng)該用自己的領(lǐng)土或允許別國(guó)利用其領(lǐng)土來(lái)破壞另一個(gè)國(guó)家或國(guó)際社會(huì)的環(huán)境

19、。 24n3.增加“即”（或“以為”）或用冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)分開(kāi)nBut realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.n但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣的事實(shí)：我們的前景并不妙。nbasically, theoretically, practically,.25賓語(yǔ)從句的翻譯n用 等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句nI told him that Id have to turn it down, because of the last condition,n我告訴他，由于那最后一個(gè)條件，我只得謝絕nI

20、 also told him how appealing I found the offer.n我也告訴他，這提供的機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)我有多么大的吸引力。 that, what, how26n有時(shí)可加“說(shuō)”字nHe would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.n他再三提醒大家說(shuō)，決定這件事的不只是他一個(gè)人，還有其他許多人。27用it作假賓語(yǔ)的句子，it可不譯。nI made it clear to them that they must hand in their paper

21、s before 10 oclock in the morning.n我向他們講清楚了的，他們必須在上午十點(diǎn)以前交卷。28狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧 時(shí)間時(shí)間條件條件These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined,produced white . 紅色、綠色和紫色這三種顏色紅色、綠色和紫色這三種顏色如果合在一起如果合在一起就變成白色。就變成白色。 29條件條件地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light （光束）（光束）, nothing is se

22、en. 如果光束通道上沒(méi)有東西如果光束通道上沒(méi)有東西，就什么也看不到。，就什么也看不到。 30nBecause he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 原因原因因果因果他深信這件事正確可靠，因此堅(jiān)持已見(jiàn)。 31狀語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯n概述q時(shí)間q原因q條件q讓步q目的32n譯成相應(yīng)的表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)n譯成“剛就”的句式n譯成并列分句一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的譯法33一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的譯法n譯成相應(yīng)的表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)n1. While she spoke, the tears were running do

23、wn.n 她說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)，淚水直流。n2.Pleasae turn off the lights when you leave the room.n離屋時(shí)請(qǐng)關(guān)燈。34n譯成“剛就”的句式n1.He had hardly rushed into the room when he shouted, “Fire! Fire！”n他剛跑進(jìn)屋里就大聲喊：“著火了！著火了！”nhardly.when.n2.He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it.n他把信一交給我，就叫我念給他聽(tīng)。35n譯成并列分句nThey set him

24、 free when his ransom（贖金） had not yet been paid.n他還沒(méi)有交贖金，他們就把他釋放了。36n譯成表“因”的分句n譯成因果偏正復(fù)句中的主句n譯成不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞而因果關(guān)系內(nèi)含的并列分句二、原因狀語(yǔ)從句37二、原因狀語(yǔ)從句n譯成表“因”的分句nThe crops failed because the season was dry.n因?yàn)闅夂蚋珊?，作物歉收。nWe have to put the meeting off since so many people were absent.38n譯成因果偏正復(fù)句中的主句nBecause he was convinc

25、ed of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.n他深信這件事正確可靠，因此堅(jiān)持己見(jiàn)。39n譯成不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞而因果關(guān)系內(nèi)含的并列分句n1.After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.n反正關(guān)系不大，二十四小時(shí)以后他們就要自由了。（語(yǔ)氣）n2. He was not only surprised but, to start with, extremely suspicious, as he had every r

26、eason to be.n他不但驚訝而且首先是十分懷疑，他這樣感覺(jué)是完全有理由的。40三、表示條件的狀語(yǔ)從句n譯成表“條件”的分句n譯成表“假設(shè)”的分句n譯成表補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明情況的分句41n譯成表“條件”的分句nIt was better in case they were captured.要是把他們捉到了，那就更好了。42n譯成表“假設(shè)”的分句nIf one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.n如果其中一個(gè)人垮了，這種事時(shí)常在他們中間發(fā)生，向?qū)Ь鸵持^(guò)山。4

27、3n譯成表補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明情況的分句后置nYou can drive tonight if you are ready.n你今晚可以出車(chē)，如果你愿意的話(huà)。44四、表示讓步的狀語(yǔ)從句n譯成表“讓步”的分句n譯成表“無(wú)條件”的分句45n譯成表“讓步”的分句nAlthough he seems hearty and outgoing in public, Mr. Cooks is a withdrawn, introverted man.n雖然庫(kù)克先生在公共場(chǎng)合中是熱情而開(kāi)朗的，但他卻是一個(gè)孤僻的、性格內(nèi)向的人。46nWhile I grant his honesty, I suspect his memo

28、ry.n雖然我對(duì)他的誠(chéng)實(shí)沒(méi)有疑義，但我對(duì)他的記憶力卻感到懷疑。47n譯成表“無(wú)條件”的分句nNo matter what misfortune befell him, he always squared his shoulders and said: “Never mind, Ill work harder.”n不管他遭受什么不幸事兒，他總是把胸一挺，說(shuō)“沒(méi)關(guān)系，我再加把勁兒?！?8五、表示目的的狀語(yǔ)從句n譯成表“目的”的前置分句n譯成表“目的”的后置分句49n譯成表“目的”的前置分句nHe pushed open the door gently and stole out of the ro

29、om for fear that he should awake her.n為了不驚醒她，他輕輕推開(kāi)房門(mén)，悄悄地溜了出去。為了，省得，免得，以免，以便，生怕等等50n譯成表“目的”的后置分句nThe murderer ran away as fast as he could, so that he might not be caught red-handed.n兇手盡快地跑開(kāi)，以免被人當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲。51nWithin 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed

30、to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD 30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the Seller may draw the sum in due time.52nIf the technical documents are found lost, damaged or mutilated during air transportat

31、ion, Party B shall supply Party A free of charge with a second set of the document, within the shortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it has received from Party A the written notice.53定語(yǔ)從句的譯法定語(yǔ)從句的譯法541、英漢定語(yǔ)的比、英漢定語(yǔ)的比較較英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)：模式一模式一 單詞定語(yǔ)單詞定語(yǔ)+中心詞中心詞模式二模式二 中心詞中心詞+短語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)or從句從句漢語(yǔ)：漢語(yǔ)：模式一模式

32、一 定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)+中心詞中心詞55nA stone buildingnFaded flowersnBoiling waternBoiled waternA gone casenThe risen sun模式一模式一 單詞定語(yǔ)單詞定語(yǔ)+中心詞中心詞一座石頭砌的大廈萎謝的花開(kāi)著的水開(kāi)水無(wú)可挽救的事升起了的太陽(yáng)56n以-able, -ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞 This is the only reference book available here on the subject.This is the earliest edition obtainable.n 修飾some, any, no, ever

33、y 等詞構(gòu)成的不定代詞和名詞things, matters 的adj. There is nothing unexpected about it.模式二模式二 中心詞中心詞+短語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)or從句從句57n副詞 They live in the room above.n 具有表語(yǔ)力量的形容詞 I am the happiest man alive.All the people present began to shout: “Welcome!”模式二模式二 中心詞中心詞+短語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)or從句從句58n由連詞 “or”, “and”, “eitheror”, “both. and” 連接的定語(yǔ) Every

34、 nation, big or small, has its strong and weak points.n短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)He suggested a method at once economical and practical.模式二模式二 中心詞中心詞+短語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)or從句從句59 2.1 譯成定語(yǔ)譯成定語(yǔ)前置法前置法 2.2 譯成并列分句譯成并列分句后置法后置法 2.3 融合法融合法譯成謂語(yǔ)譯成謂語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)合并譯成主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)合并譯成主語(yǔ) 2.4 譯成原因、結(jié)果、讓步、目的、條件狀語(yǔ)從句譯成原因、結(jié)果、讓步、目的、條件狀語(yǔ)從句。2、翻譯方法翻譯方法602.1 譯成定語(yǔ)譯成定語(yǔ)前置法前

35、置法n譯成帶譯成帶“的的”的定語(yǔ)詞置于的定語(yǔ)詞置于被修飾詞之前，復(fù)合句譯成被修飾詞之前，復(fù)合句譯成漢語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。漢語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。 The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.在他手下工作在他手下工作的人對(duì)他怕得要死。612.2譯成并列分句譯成并列分句后置法后置法n當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí), ,將其譯成并列分句將其譯成并列分句, 放置放置于原來(lái)它所修飾詞的后面。先行詞可保留并于原來(lái)它所修飾詞的后面。先行詞可保留并在第二個(gè)分句中重復(fù)；亦可省略。在第二個(gè)分句中重復(fù)；亦可省略。62nHe managed to raise a

36、 crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two ponds each.他居然種出了二百個(gè)奇跡般的西紅柿，每個(gè)重達(dá)兩傍每個(gè)重達(dá)兩傍。It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，說(shuō)你的叔叔去世了說(shuō)你的叔叔去世了632.3 融合法融合法譯成謂語(yǔ)譯成謂語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)合表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)合 并譯成主語(yǔ)并譯成主語(yǔ)“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign eco

37、nomist.一位外國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家說(shuō)道，“我們這個(gè)國(guó)家不討飯就活不下去不討飯就活不下去?！眜系表結(jié)構(gòu)系表結(jié)構(gòu)uThere be 句型There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.樓下有人要見(jiàn)你有人要見(jiàn)你。642.4 譯成原因、結(jié)果、讓步、目的、條 件狀語(yǔ)從句In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories

38、He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.（原因）他不記得他父親了, 因?yàn)樗赣H死時(shí)他才三歲因?yàn)樗赣H死時(shí)他才三歲。在辦公室里, 工作人員將各種數(shù)據(jù)、表格和信息加以匯編, 以便讓經(jīng)理或主管人員了解他們的商店或工廠以便讓經(jīng)理或主管人員了解他們的商店或工廠目前正在發(fā)生的情況目前正在發(fā)生的情況。（目的）65nOf or relating to something supplied, installed, or purchased in this manner:n屬于或關(guān)于以上這種方式提供、安裝或購(gòu)買(mǎi)的東西的

39、：na turnkey agreement.n全承包的協(xié)議nTurnkey Service統(tǒng)包服務(wù),承 包 服 務(wù)nTurnkey交鑰匙方案nturnkey project : 承 包 計(jì) 劃66nAll prices in the price lists are subjectto our confirmation. n報(bào)價(jià)單中所有價(jià)格以我方確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)。. This offer is subject to your reply reaching here before the end of this month. n該報(bào)盤(pán)以你方本月底前到達(dá)我地為有效。 67They are striving

40、for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力，這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國(guó)人所珍愛(ài)的，在過(guò)去，許多中國(guó)人曾為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了所珍愛(ài)的，在過(guò)去，許多中國(guó)人曾為了這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命自己的生命。68n1) And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into

41、old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind. 習(xí)慣于習(xí)慣于多多動(dòng)腦筋動(dòng)腦筋而不是少動(dòng)腦筋的人，在而不是少動(dòng)腦筋的人，在進(jìn)入老年以后，要比進(jìn)入老年以后，要比一個(gè)從來(lái)不積極動(dòng)腦一個(gè)從來(lái)不積極動(dòng)腦子的子的人人的認(rèn)知能力更為健全的認(rèn)知能力更為健全。692)The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. 每天，每天，你感覺(jué)精力最充沛的你感覺(jué)精力最充沛

42、的時(shí)候時(shí)候正是你正是你的的體溫循環(huán)周期體溫循環(huán)周期處在高峰的時(shí)刻。處在高峰的時(shí)刻。 703.A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. 人們經(jīng)常在商界和政界之間進(jìn)行一番對(duì)照人們經(jīng)常在商界和政界之間進(jìn)行一番對(duì)照：商界商界自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)而政界而政界壟斷專(zhuān)權(quán)壟斷專(zhuān)權(quán)。 714）In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition, which lasted for four years and brough

43、t home thousands of samples from the sea. 1872年始，湯姆森領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一次年始，湯姆森領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一次科學(xué)考察，科學(xué)考察，考察活動(dòng)考察活動(dòng)進(jìn)行進(jìn)行了四年，從海洋中采集了成千了四年，從海洋中采集了成千上萬(wàn)的標(biāo)本。上萬(wàn)的標(biāo)本。725）For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.學(xué)生學(xué)的學(xué)生學(xué)的每門(mén)課

44、程每門(mén)課程都會(huì)給都會(huì)給一個(gè)成績(jī)一個(gè)成績(jī)并記入并記入本人檔案本人檔案，將來(lái)，將來(lái)可以可以向雇主們出示。向雇主們出示。 73 6）Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. 衣服衣服盡管才穿了沒(méi)幾盡管才穿了沒(méi)幾次，也因次，也因款式過(guò)時(shí)款式過(guò)時(shí) 而不得不擱置一邊。而不得不擱置一邊。 741. 7）A resolution was passed on enforcing sanctions upon Iraq, which extends sup

45、port to Kuwait in safeguarding its sovereignty.通過(guò)通過(guò)一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁伊拉克的一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁伊拉克的決議決議，旨在支持旨在支持科威特捍衛(wèi)自己的主權(quán)科威特捍衛(wèi)自己的主權(quán) 。758）A serious earthquake took place in Los Angeles last week which caused heavy losses of property. 上周洛杉磯發(fā)生了強(qiáng)烈的上周洛杉磯發(fā)生了強(qiáng)烈的地震地震，造成嚴(yán)造成嚴(yán)重的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。重的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。769）He made the sound of sympathy which comes s

46、o readily from those who have an independent income. 他發(fā)出了他發(fā)出了同情之聲同情之聲，這種聲音這種聲音是那些有是那些有獨(dú)立收入的人最容易脫口而出的獨(dú)立收入的人最容易脫口而出的。 771. 10）Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.1. 如果如果有人有人認(rèn)為理性認(rèn)識(shí)可以不從感性認(rèn)為理性認(rèn)識(shí)可以不從感性認(rèn)識(shí)得來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)得來(lái)，他他就是一個(gè)唯心主義者。就是一個(gè)唯心主義者。78P.88-94nBusiness is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)、配送、銷(xiāo)售等一切活動(dòng)的組合，商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)、配送、銷(xiāo)售等一切活動(dòng)的組合，通過(guò)這些活動(dòng)通過(guò)這些活動(dòng)，創(chuàng)造利潤(rùn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)盈余。，創(chuàng)造利潤(rùn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)盈余。79nInternational trade transactions refer to th