新目標(biāo)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程4

1、Unit 1研究表明：在兩性及眾多文化中，長(zhǎng)相好的人，特別是從青春期開(kāi)始，往往被評(píng)價(jià)為具有出色的性格特質(zhì)的人。事情為何如此？有些人覺(jué)得， 由于遇見(jiàn)外表迷人者和品德優(yōu)良者都令人愉快，我們會(huì)不假思索地把這二者混為一談。但是，這一說(shuō)法似乎并不客觀。西安大略大學(xué)(UniversityofWesternOntario)的桑波·保諾寧 (SampoPaunonen) 博士的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，被形容為較誠(chéng)實(shí)的人也會(huì)被認(rèn)為更討人喜歡， 而越討人喜歡的人，外貌也就更具吸引力。Research has shown that in both sexes and across numerous cultures,

2、especially from adolescence, good-looking people are often evaluated to be oneswith exceptional personality traits.Why shouldthisbe so? Some peoplehave perceived thatsince itispleasurabletomeetsomeonewithattractivephysicalappearanceandsomeone with good moral character, we automaticallymix them up.Bu

3、t this statement does not seem to be objective. The studies by Dr. SampoPaunonen of the Universityof Western Ontario reveal that people who weredescribed as being more honest were rated as more likable, and the more likable, the more physically attractive.Unit 21960 年簡(jiǎn)·古多爾開(kāi)始了她在坦桑尼亞的貢貝溪國(guó)家公園對(duì)黑猩猩社

4、群的研究。由于沒(méi)有專(zhuān)業(yè)的訓(xùn)練來(lái)指導(dǎo)其研究， 古多爾觀察到了可能會(huì)被嚴(yán)格的科學(xué)教條 (doctrine) 所忽視的東西。她沒(méi)有給進(jìn)入觀察的黑猩猩編號(hào)，而是給他們?nèi)∶?，如菲菲和灰胡子大衛(wèi)，并發(fā)現(xiàn)他們具有獨(dú)特的個(gè)性。古多爾在貢貝溪的研究在科學(xué)界最為人稱(chēng)道的是，她的發(fā)現(xiàn)打破了當(dāng)時(shí)人們長(zhǎng)期存在的兩個(gè)信念：只有人類(lèi)才會(huì)制造和使用工具，以及黑猩猩是素食者。Jane Goodall began studying the chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Without professional trai

5、ning to direct her research, Goodall observed things that strict scientific doctrines may have overlooked.Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard, and found they had unique and individualpersonalities. Goodall s researchGombe atStream i

6、s best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could make and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.Unit 3天壇 (The Temple of Heaven) 是明、清兩代皇帝“祭天”(offersacrificesto the heaven)、“祈谷” (pray for good harvest)的場(chǎng)所。壇域北呈圓形，南為方形，寓意“天圓

7、地方”。四周環(huán)筑壇墻兩道，把全壇分為內(nèi)壇 (the Inner Altar) 、外壇兩部分，總面積 273 公頃，主要建筑集中于內(nèi)壇。內(nèi)壇以墻分為南北兩部。北為“祈谷壇”(the Altarof Praying forBumperCrops) ，用于春季祈禱豐年，中心建筑是祈年殿(theHallof Prayer forGoodHarvests) 。南為“圜丘壇” (the Circular Mound Altar)，專(zhuān)門(mén)用于“冬至”(winter solstice)日祭天 (worship Heaven)，中心建筑是一巨大的圓形石臺(tái)，名“圜丘” (the Circular Mound)。天壇

8、集明、清建筑技藝之大成，是中國(guó)古建珍品，是世界上最大的祭天建筑群。1998 年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織確認(rèn)為“世界文化遺產(chǎn)”。The Temple of Heaven was the venue for emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties to offer sacrifices to the heaven and pray for good harvest. It is roundin the north and square in the south, implying "round heaven and square earth".

9、 Covering an area of 273 hectares, it is divided by two enclosed walls into the Inner Altar and the Outer Altar. Principal buildings congregate within the Inner Altar.The Inner Altar is also partitionedby a wall into two groups of buildings.The north structure is the Altar of Praying for Bumper Crop

10、s with the Hall ofPrayer for Good Harvestsas the principal building used to pray in spring for abumper harvest in the year. The south structure is the Circular Mound Altar usedto worship Heaven at the wintersolstice where the principalconstructionis alarge round marble terrace named the Circular Mou

11、nd.A masterpiece of the Ming and Qing architectural art and a precious example of China's ancient architecture, The Temple of Heaven is the largest architectural group for worshipping Heaven in the world. In 1998, it was recognized by the UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage.Unit 4印刷術(shù)是中國(guó)古代四大發(fā)明之一，

12、 始于隋朝的雕版印刷。 經(jīng)宋仁宗（Emperor Renzong in Song Dynasty ）時(shí)的畢昇發(fā)展、完善，產(chǎn)生了活字印刷，并由蒙古人傳至了歐洲，所以后人稱(chēng)畢昇為印刷術(shù)的始祖。中國(guó)的印刷術(shù)是人類(lèi)近代文明的先導(dǎo)， 為知識(shí)的廣泛傳播、交流創(chuàng)造了條件。印刷術(shù)先后傳到朝鮮、日本、中亞、西亞和歐洲。 1450 年前后，德國(guó)的古騰堡（ Gutenberg ）受中國(guó)活字印刷的影響，用合金制成了拼音文字的活字，用來(lái)印刷書(shū)籍。古騰堡使用活字印刷，比畢昇使用活字印刷已經(jīng)晚了四百多年。As one of the four great inventionsof ancient China, typogra

13、phywhichbegan from the woodblock printing in Sui Dynasty evolved into a movable-typeone after Bi Sheng developmentsand improvementin the reign of EmperorRenzong in Song Dynasty. Afterthat, it was introducedintoEurope by theMongolians, so Bi Sheng was regarded as the pioneer of typography.Chinese typ

14、ography, which created possibility for the wide dissemination and exchange of knowledge, is the forerunner of modern human civilization. It has been introduced to North Korea, Japan, Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.Around1450,Gutenberg, a German, whowas influencedbythe Chinesemovable-type printin

15、g, invented movable alloy types for alphabets and used them in printing books. Therefore, Gutenberg -stypeuse printingofmovablewas over 400 years behind Bi Sheng s use.Unit 5綠色能源對(duì)于建設(shè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展型社會(huì)至關(guān)重要，不僅僅因?yàn)樗芴峁┲T多就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，更在于它能為投身于該領(lǐng)域的學(xué)生提供大量激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性的機(jī)會(huì)。 據(jù)國(guó)家能源部 (National Energy Administration) 七月份預(yù)計(jì)，截止到 2020 年，新能源

16、產(chǎn)業(yè)將創(chuàng)造 1.5 億個(gè)就業(yè)崗位。2007 年京東議定書(shū) ( Kyoto Protocol ) 發(fā)起建立清潔能源發(fā)展機(jī)制 (Clean Development Mechanism)的新方案，旨在幫助發(fā)展中國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)減排目標(biāo)。一些公司可以由此獲取新能源項(xiàng)目資金。Green energy is crucial to building a sustainable society. Not only are there jobs in the field, but involvement in the industry provides plenty of opportunities for students in this field to be creative. According to the estimate of the National Energy Administration in July, the new energy sector is set to cr