數(shù)學(xué)是科學(xué)的皇后

1、Carl Friedrich Gauss: (1777, Brauschweig - 1855, Gttingen) n高斯n數(shù)學(xué)是科學(xué)的皇后n狐貍的足跡生命綿延的數(shù)學(xué)性生命綿延的數(shù)學(xué)性: 另一種思維習(xí)慣另一種思維習(xí)慣(德語世界的科學(xué)事件之一德語世界的科學(xué)事件之一)For lecture only; BC Yangn中國(guó)和西方的科技在1450年到1600 年間仍有並駕齊驅(qū)的樣子，之後西歐突出，才使中國(guó)望塵莫及。? (李約瑟難題李約瑟難題)黃仁宇轉(zhuǎn)述李約瑟的話黃仁宇轉(zhuǎn)述李約瑟的話, in: 放寬歷史的視界放寬歷史的視界 1988, 允晨叢刊、臺(tái)北允晨叢刊、臺(tái)北, p:94n中國(guó)一百年來的革命，已

2、於1980 年代完成。期間最大的一個(gè)收穫，則是今後這個(gè)國(guó)家已能在數(shù)目字上管理 (mathematically manageable) 。 黃仁宇黃仁宇: 放寬歷史的視界放寬歷史的視界 1988, 允晨叢刊、臺(tái)北允晨叢刊、臺(tái)北, p142n是嗎? (BC) For lecture only; BC YangnJohann MENDEL (der Vorname Gregor wurde ihm nach seinem Eintritt ins Kloster verliehen), geb. 1822 in Heinzendorf (im deutschen Teil des damals st

3、erreichischen Schlesiens), Abt in Brnn, gest. 1884, publizierte 1866 (?) eine zwar kleine aber inhaltsschwere Schrift mit dem Titel “VERSUCHE BER PFLANZEN-HYBRIDEN.For lecture only; BC Yang//MWtoc.html資料很完整的網(wǎng)站資料很完整的網(wǎng)站:For lecture only; BC YangIn the

4、Footsteps of Mendelby Margaret Hermnek PeasleeProfessor of Biology and Vice President for Academic AffairsUniversity of Pittsburgh at Titusville /MWpeaslee.html孟德爾的花園n他想要回答什麼問題 ? n為什麼結(jié)果被埋沒近 (35) 年?n是什麼認(rèn)知環(huán)境，讓後人了解到孟德爾研究的重要性?For lecture only; BC Yang gelb x gelb = grn .wenigstens

5、 manchmal 1865+35=1900很完整的討論很完整的討論: http:/www.weloennig.de/mendel.htmnWarum seine Entdeckungen 35 (72?) Jahre ignoriert wurdenlEin paar kritische Kommentare von Pionieren der Genetik sowie weiteren Biologen und Biologiehistorikern zur Wirkung des Darwinismus auf die biologische ForschungnWhy his dis

6、coveries were ignored for 35 (72) yearslSome critical comments about the effects of Darwinism on Biological Research by Pioneers of Genetics as well as further Biologists and Historians of Biology (German with English Summary)For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/www.weloennig.de/mendel.htmnAfter two lectu

7、res in 1865, Mendel published his famous Pisum-treatise VERSUCHE BER PFLANZEN-HYBRIDEN in 1866. His work was quoted at least 14 times before 1900, the year of its rediscovery. There were references in such widely distributed works as Fockes DIE PFLANZEN-MISCHLINGE (1881), THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNIC

8、A (1881) and the CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY (1879). The treatise had been sent to the libraries of some 120 institutions including the Royal and Linnean Society of Great Britain. Moreover Mendel had 40 additional reprints at his disposal, many of which he sent to leading bio

9、logists of Europe. In fact, professor Niessl (1903 and 1906) emphasized that Mendels work was well known at his time. For lecture only; BC Yangn是什麼東西引起孟德爾如此大的興趣，讓他願(yuàn)意花費(fèi)八(?) 年時(shí)間進(jìn)行植物雜交實(shí)驗(yàn)?在費(fèi)曼之前 二十世紀(jì)的科學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史; 陳恒安譯, 究竟, 臺(tái)北 (2002).Ernst Peter Fischer (1995), Einstein & Co.: Eine kleine Geschichte der Wiss

10、enschaft der letzten hundert Jahre in Portrts.For lecture only; BC Yangn或者他只是無聊找事做?Which date is correct?n1865, Mendel gave Lectures on “Experiments in Plant Hybrids” at the February and March meetings of the Natural Science Society (Brno). lVorgelegt in den Sitzungen vom 8. Februar und 8. Mrz 1865)

11、 ; 9. Februar in Brnner Tagblatt.n1866, Mendel published his lecture, a work that was to establish him as “the father of genetics”. lVersuche ber Pflanzen-Hybriden, in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brnn 4, 3 -47 (Nachruck; Weinheim 1960).For lecture only; BC Yang/

12、MWGerText.htmlhttp:/www.weloennig.de/mendel.htmWhy to say after 72 years? Fisher RA (1936), a mathematically inclined scientist, was to deal with the problem of Mendels data being “too good”, it is impossible to him that the expected and actual data could be so similar. In the case of the yellow x g

13、reen: The total number of seeds scored was 179,399. Of these, 134,707 were yellow (75.08796 percent) and 44,692 were green (24.91206). Mendel had reported 75.05% vs 24.95%.For lecture only; BC YangFisher, R.A. (1936). Has Mendels Work Been Rediscovered? Annals of Science 1, 115-137. nIn 1807, an imp

14、erial order demanded that the Augustinians at St Thomas should take up the teaching of mathematics and biblical studies in the newly established Philosophy Institute and the Brno Theology College.nFlood and other presumed catastrophes receded, first in the face of Scottish geologist Charles Lyells a

15、rguments begun in the 1830s that the Earth had been shaped by gradual, ordinary forces working over a vast timescale. They ebbed even further with the coming of Darwinism in the 1860s (against the biblical answer ). 孟德爾是修士、學(xué)過物理、數(shù)學(xué)、生物學(xué)孟德爾是修士、學(xué)過物理、數(shù)學(xué)、生物學(xué)For lecture only; BC YangnA link between the stu

16、dy of natural disciplines, such as botany and zoology, and physics had already been expressed by Andreas Baumgartner (1793-1865), professor of Physics at the University of Vienna until 1864, who acted as examiner for Mendel in Brno in 1850. Baumgartner had been so impressed by Mendel, that he sugges

17、ted to Abbot Napp that the young monk should be sent to the University of Vienna. Professor Baumgartner emphasized the importance of studying nature, not through random speculation but through experiments theoretically underpinned by mathematical models. For lecture only; BC YangAndreas Baumgartner

18、(1793 - 1865)nIn 1823 he lectured at Vienna university, published his works as well as a Magazine of physics and mathematics, and wrote a book of elementary physics. nA native of Frymburk in the esk Krumlov region.孟德爾的老師孟德爾的老師For lecture only; BC Yang孟德爾的老師孟德爾的老師nFranz Unger (1800-1870) : about Evol

19、ution (1852, Wien), test how variation is formed (How to do this?).nDarwin published “On the origin of species: in 1859n1869, Mendel had talked about evolution, and sent a copy of paper to Darwin.nChristian Doppler (1803-1853 ): on physics.For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/www.gmi.oeaw.ac.at/institut2g

20、eschichte.htmFor lecture only; BC YangF. Jahn Ed. Lucas, J. Oberdieck Illustriertes Handbuch der Obstkunde (Stuttgart, Verlag von Ebner & Zeubert, 1859 sq) vol. I (Birne-1860) p. 355, Comparison of seed disposition in pears.Brno, Library of the Abbey of St Thomas這是孟德爾讀過的書吧這是孟德爾讀過的書吧For lecture o

21、nly; BC Yang/孟德爾還知道哪些事孟德爾還知道哪些事?nAtomic theory by John Dalton (1766-1844).n可能知道可能知道 Statistic 嗎嗎?/ggray.wh.bol/CHE1104/pcp3outl.htmlFor lecture only; BC YangFather of epidemiology: John Snow: 1813-1859Mendels green pea (Pisum sativum), is also called

22、 the garden pea or English pea. For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/ridge.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/mendel-gifs/18-mendel-cartoon.JPG/bc/ahp/MBG/MBG.Peas.html The monks in Mendels monastery would have really appreciated his crops as peas are best if eaten almost immediately. Like corn,

23、peas lose their sweet flavor very rapidly. For lecture only; BC YangnA. List of seeds ordered by Mendel to Ernst Benary for the Abbey, 2nd November 1878, and a bill from the seed firm, Bestell Nota Herrn Ernst Benary in Erfurt.Brno, Abbey of St Thomas nB. Grafting and pruning tools in wooden box, Di

24、ttmar Keilbronn Brno, Abbey of St ThomasAB孟德爾用的工具吧孟德爾用的工具吧For lecture only; BC Yang/eng/1online/room1.htm香豌豆 Lathyrus odoratus L. 別名：花豌豆、麝香豌豆、香豆花 一、二年生草本；莖有翅，被短柔毛，柔軟多汁，高約150公分左右。葉為羽狀複葉，寬橢圓形或長(zhǎng)圓狀卵形，葉基的一、二小葉先變?yōu)榫眙P，可捲繞它物而向上生長(zhǎng)；葉軸有翅，上部有3-5對(duì)卷鬚?？偁罨ㄐ蛴谢?-5朵，蝶形花冠有白、紅、粉紅、紫紅等多種顏色，具香氣。莢果

25、有短柔毛；種子多數(shù)，近球形，熟時(shí)灰棕色?；ü?-9月。 有毒部位：種子和開花時(shí)期的莖、葉有毒，以未成熟種子毒性最強(qiáng)。中毒病狀：人中毒後往往出現(xiàn)一系列脊椎功能障礙，開始時(shí)兩腿無力，然後腰痛逐漸加重，行走困難，前進(jìn)時(shí)足向內(nèi)翻或貼地。不要與觀賞用的香豌豆混淆了For lecture only; BC YangMendels green pea (這是這是錯(cuò)!的說法的說法)D RD RSeed shapeSeed colorFlower colorPot colorPot shapeStem highFlower positionFor lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/ridg

26、e.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/mendel-gifs/03-mendel-characters2.JPG應(yīng)該是子葉的顏色應(yīng)該是子葉的顏色孟德爾用的七種豌豆特徵孟德爾用的七種豌豆特徵n1. Shape of seed, whether rounded or irregularly angular and deeply wrinkled.n2. Colour of cotyledons “ endosperm”, whether some shade of yellow or green.n3. Colour of seed-skin, whether a brownish shade o

27、r white (in correlation with white flowers).n4. Shape of ripe pod, whether simply inflated or deeply constricted between the seeds.n5. Colour of unripe pod, whether a shade of green or bright yellow.n6. Position of flowers, whether distributed along the stem or crowded near the top in a false umbel.

28、n7. Length of stem, whether about 6-7 feet or about 3/4 - 1 and 1/2 feet. Between these various pairs of varieties crosses were then made, the female parent being emasculated.For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/post.queensu.ca/forsdyke/bateson1.htm/MWGerText.html德文版原文的記載nAuf den Un

29、terschied in der Gestalt der reifen Samen. nAuf den Unterschied in der Frbung des Samen-Albumens Endosperms. nAuf den Unterschied in der Frbung der Samenschale. nAuf den Unterschied in der Form der reifen Hlse. nAuf den Unterschied in der Farbe der unreifen Hlse. nAuf den Unterschied in der Stellung

30、 der Blthen. nAuf den Unterschied in der Axenlnge. For lecture only; BC Yang就是這樣做就是這樣做So ist es gemacht!For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/ Uniformittsregel (顯隱律顯隱律): Kreuzt man zwei Individuen einer Art, die sich nur in einem Merkmal unterscheiden und in Bezug auf dasselbe homozygot sind, so sind die I

31、ndividuen der Tochtergeneration (F1) im betrachteten Merkmal gleich, d.h. uniform. Alle Individuen der Tochtergeneration haben nicht nur denselben Phnotypus, sondern auch denselben Genotypus. Dies trifft sowohl beim intermediren als auch beim dominanten Erbgang zu.n2. Spaltungsregel (分離律分離律): Kreuzt

32、 man Individuen der F1- Generation unter sich weiter, so kommt es zu einem Aufspalten der Merkmale. Vom Phnotypus findet das Aufspalten beim intermediren Erbgang im Verhltnis 1:2:1 statt, beim dominanten im Verhltnis 1:3. Der Genotypus tritt in beiden Erbgngen im Verhltnis 1:2:1 auf.n3. Regel von de

33、r Unabhngigkeit der Erbanlagen (獨(dú)立分配律獨(dú)立分配律): Kreuzt man zwei Individuen einer Art, die sich in zwei Merkmalen unterscheiden und in Bezug auf dieselben homozygot sind, so findet man in der F2- Generation eine Aufspaltung der Merkmale im Verhltnis 9:3:3:1 beim dominanten Erbgang. Dies beweist, dass di

34、e Gene unabhngig voneinander vererbt werden und frei kombinierbar sind.For lecture only; BC Yangn由種子商購(gòu)買 34 個(gè)豌豆品種，培育兩年成為純系。他發(fā)現(xiàn)有22 株系的性狀穩(wěn)定，然後又選定 7 種性狀作為觀察性狀在世代間傳遞情況的指標(biāo).n豌豆有七條染色體。n據(jù)說研究進(jìn)行八年，對(duì)兩萬八千株植物進(jìn)行交配實(shí)驗(yàn)。這八年孟德爾在想什麼 ?For lecture only; BC Yang在費(fèi)曼之前 二十世紀(jì)的科學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史; 陳恒安譯, 究竟, 臺(tái)北 (2002), p 70. 原始資料待查原始資料待查!As ti

35、me goes by, the biological life goes down to a sign of sign, a mix of molecules, and imaging set of colors with colorless.Mitosis in Onion Root Tips Down to a microarray具象與抽象具象與抽象For lecture only; BC Yang nWhen Mendels paper was published, in 1866, it received little attention, and was rarely cited

36、by botanists or biologists during the next 34 years. Mendels work has been thought to exemplify everything from the failure of traditional modes of scientific communication (Bush 1945) to the phenomenon of premature scientific discovery ( Stent 1978). In 1900, Mendels work was cited by three botanis

37、ts, writing in different parts of Europe: Hugo de Vries, in Amsterdam; Carl Correns, in Tbingen; and Eric Von Tcshermak, in Esslingen, Austria. Although their interpretations of what Mendel had shown were arguably inaccurate, these citations caused what has come to be known as the rediscovery of Men

38、del.For lecture only; BC Yang/MWro.htmlIt may be premised that the first publication of the re-discovery was made in 1900 by de Vries, De Vries, Comptes Rendus, March 26, 1900, and Ber. deut. Bot. Ges., xviii, 1900, p. 83; ibid., p. 435; Rev. gen. Bot., 1900, p. 257.

39、and almost simultaneously by Correns Correns, Ber. deut. Bot. Ges., xviii, 1900, p. 158; Bot. Ztg., 1900, p. 232. and Tschermak Tschermak, Ztschr. f. d. landw. Versuchswesen in Oesterr., 1900, 3, p. 465. There can be no doubt that the appearance of this group of papers constitutes at length a defini

40、te advance both in the general study of the physiology of reproduction and in the particular problem of the nature of Species.For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/post.queensu.ca/forsdyke/bateson1.htmTwo storiesnA fellow Dutch scientist, Professor Beyerinck of Delft, knew that de Vries had been hybridizin

41、g plants and wrote asking if he would be interested in an old reprint dealing with the same subject. It was Mendels “Versuche ber Pflanzen Hybriden”, which reached de Vries in 1990, just as he was preparing to publish his own experiments.nIn the autumn of 1899 the solution came to Correns in a “blin

42、d flash”, which seems to be the origin of the truly important breakthroughs in science. A short time later he found a reference to Mendels paper and looked it up. He published his own data and showed how it confirmed what Mendel had found.Summary by Moore JA, 1993, in: Science as a way of Knowing, T

43、he foundations of modern biology. p286Moore 也把 Eric Von Tcshermak 的貢獻(xiàn)忽略了!For lecture only; BC YangnVries, Hugo de. Das Spaltungsgesetz der Bastarde, Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft 18 (1900), pp. 83-90. An English translation by Evelyn Stern, The Law of Segregation of Hybrids, appear

44、s in Stern and Sherwood (1966), pp. 107-117. nStern, Curt and Eva R. Sherwood ed. The Origin of Genetics: A Mendel Source Book. (W.H. Freeman and Company, 1966). Hugo de Vries 1848-1935 For lecture only; BC YangnDe Vries C. R., 1900, March 26; Ber. deut. Bot. Ges., 18, 1900, p. 83. working with pair

45、s of varieties belonging to a diversity of genera and species, found that in a large number of cases one of the varietal characters was definitely dominant, prevailing in the first crosses to the exclusion of the recessive character. nThe offspring of the cross-breds fertilised inter se were mixed d

46、ominants and recessives in proportions fairly agreeing with Mendels law. nIn the case of two colour varieties of Papaver somniferum, the constitution of the resulting dominants was investigated, and shown to be also according to the law. In certain cases also the purity of the recessives was tested

47、and found to be complete. Papaver somniferum罌粟For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/post.queensu.ca/forsdyke/bateson1.htm在 Amsterdam 的旅館Park Hotel Hugo de Vries is gehuisvest in een sinds 1904 bestaand statig Herenhuis, welke in opdracht van professor Hugo de Vries is gebouwd en vervolgens bewoond. Deze pr

48、ofessor was plantkundige en leraar aan de Hortus Botanicus in Amsterdam en heeft destijds veel betekend voor de ontwikkeling van het enten en kruisen van planten en bloemen For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/www.senotel.nl/hugodevries.htmlCarl Erich Correns (1864-1933) nIm Botanischen Garten von Tbingen

49、, wo Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566) im 16. Jahrhundert bereits einen Hortus Medicus aufgebaut hatte, begann Carl Correns 1894 seine Vererbungsexperimente, welche 1900 zur Wiederentdeckung der Mendelschen Vererbungsregeln beitrugen. nCorrens erkannte durch seine Experimente aber auch, dass nicht alle Mer

50、kmale frei miteinander kombinierbar seien, sondern dass einige eindeutig untereinander gekoppelt sind (d.h. stets gemeinsam vererbt werden). For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/mendel.htm聯(lián)鎖遺傳聯(lián)鎖遺傳?Some referencesnCorrens, Carl. G. Mendels Regel ber das Verhalten de

51、r Nachkommenschaft der Rassenbastarde, Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft 18 (1900), pp. 158-168. An English translation by Leonie Kellen Piternick, G. Mendels Law Concerning the Behavior of Progeny of Varietal Hybrids, appears in Genetics 1950, pp. 33-41, and Stern and Sherwood (1966),

52、 pp. 119-132. nGenetics. The Birth of Genetics: Mendel, de Vries, Correns and Tschermak in English Translation. Supplement to Genetics 35, September 1950, No. 5 pt. 2. For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/www.modares.ac.ir/elearning/mnaderi/Genetic%20Engineering%20course%20II/Pages/history_of_genetics3.ht

53、mNoImage我曾經(jīng)在我曾經(jīng)在TbingenFor lecture only; BC YangCorrens 待過的植物園Correns C 用的材料用的材料 Matthiola incana 紫羅蘭紫羅蘭nCorrens Bot. Cblt., 1900, 43, p. 97 has appeared describing his experiments with a glabrous without hairs and a hoary form of garden stock (Matthiola incana), and giving results as to these varie

54、ties, tested by self-fertilization, and also by recrossing the cross-breeds with them parental forms. The facts taken together are in fairly close agreement with the expectation given by Mendels law, though the discrepancies are decidedly greater in this case than in the others. nLastly, Professor C

55、orrens has also published Biblioth. Bot., 1901, Heft 53 an elaborate and important memoir on the results obtained in crossing varieties of maize.For lecture only; BC Yanghttp:/post.queensu.ca/forsdyke/bateson1.htmnCorrens was a tutor at the University of Tbingen when he began to experiment with trai

56、t inheritance in plants in 1892. Correns already knew about some of Mendels hawkweed plant experiments from Ngeli. Ngeli, however, never talked about Mendels key pea plant results, so Correns was initially unaware of Mendels laws of heredity. nHowever, by 1900, when Correns submitted his own results for publication, the paper was called: G. Mendels Law Concerning the Behavior of the Progeny of Racial Hybrids. nCorrens and de Vries were the ones who most clearly redefined Mendels laws. Correns (with credit to de Vries) restated Mendels results, giving us Mendels law of segregation and M