BBS的發(fā)展史外文翻譯

1、The history of Bulletin board system BBS 的發(fā)展史A bulletin board system, or BBS, is a computer system running software that allows users to connect and log into the system using a terminal program. Once logged in, a user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading

2、 news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users, either through email, public message boards, and sometimes via direct chatting. Many BBSes also offer on-line games, in which users can compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often provide chat rooms, allowing users

3、 to interact with each other.Originally BBSes were accessed only over a phone line using a modem, but by the early 1990s some BBSes allowed access via a Telnet, packet switched network, or packet radio connection.Ward Christensen coined the term bulletin board system as a reference to the traditiona

4、l cork-and-pin bulletin board often found in entrances of supermarkets, schools, libraries or other public areas where people can post messages, advertisements, or community news. By computerizing this method of communications, the name of the電子公告板系統(tǒng)，或論壇，是一個計 算機系統(tǒng)上運行的軟件，允許用戶連接并登 錄到系統(tǒng)中使用的終端程序。登錄后，用戶

5、可以執(zhí)行的功能，如上傳和下載軟件和數(shù) 據(jù)，閱讀新聞和公告，并與其他用戶的信息 交換，或者通過電子郵件，公共留言板，有 時通過直接聊天。許多BBS還提供在線游 戲，用戶可以在其中互相競爭，和BBS與 多個電話經(jīng)常提供聊天室，允許用戶相互作 用。本BBS訪問僅在使用調(diào)制解調(diào)器的電 話線，但在20世紀90年代早期的一些論 壇允許訪問通過telnet，分組交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)，或 分組無線連接。克里斯坦森創(chuàng)造了“公告牌系統(tǒng)”作為 一個借鑒傳統(tǒng)軟木公告板和銷中經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn) 的入口，超市，學校，圖書館和其他公共區(qū) 域，人們可以發(fā)布消息，廣告，或社區(qū)新聞。 “計算機”這一方法的第一通信，BBS系統(tǒng)的 名字是天生的：CBBS

6、 -電子布告欄系統(tǒng)。 在其鼎盛時期，從70年代末到90年代中 期，大多數(shù)BBS運行作為一個的系統(tǒng)操作 員，免費的愛好（或“站長”），而其他用戶 訪問的BBS收取訂閱費，或是由企業(yè)為支 持他們的客戶的工作方式。公告板系統(tǒng)在很 多方面都是萬維網(wǎng)的現(xiàn)代形式的前體，社會 化網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等方面。first BBS system was born: CBBS - Computerized Bulletin Board System. During their heyday from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s, most BBSes were run as a ho

7、bby free of charge by the system operator (or sysop), while other BBSes charged their users a subscription fee for access, or were operated by a business as a means of supporting their customers. Bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the World Wide Web, social ne

8、twork services and other aspects of the Internet.As the use of the Internet became more widespread in the mid to late 1990s,traditional BBSes rapidly faded in popularity. Today, Internet forums occupy much of the same social and technological space as BBSes did, and the term BBS is often used to ref

9、er to any online forum or message board. Although BBSing survives only as a niche hobby in most parts of the world, it is still an extremely popular form of communication for Taiwanese youth (see PTT Bulletin Board System). Most BBSes are now accessible over Telnet and typically offer free email acc

10、ounts, FTP services, IRC and all of the protocols commonly used on the Internet. Some offer隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的使用越來越廣泛，上世紀 90年代中后期，傳統(tǒng)的BBS迅速褪色的流 行。今天，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的論壇上占據(jù)相同的社會 和技術(shù)空間BBS 一樣，和長期的BBS經(jīng)常 被用來指任何在線論壇或留言板。雖然 bbsing只能存活在世界大部分地區(qū)的一位 愛好，它仍然是一個非常受歡迎的臺灣青年 交流形式（見PTT電子布告欄系統(tǒng)）。大 多數(shù)BBS現(xiàn)在可以通過telnet和通常提供 免費的電子郵件，F(xiàn)TP服務(wù)，舊C和所有 常用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)

11、協(xié)議。一些提供訪問通過數(shù)據(jù)包 交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)，或分組無線連接。早期的BBS往往是局部現(xiàn)象，作為一 個有撥入一個BBS與電話線和將要支付額 外的長途費用對于一個論壇的本地電話區(qū) 域。因此，許多用戶的一個給定的BBS通 常住在同一地區(qū)，和活動，如BBS滿足或 聚會是常見的，董事會的用戶會在當?shù)氐牟?館收集，系統(tǒng)管理員的家或類似的場所和面 對面。早期的例子向公眾公告板系統(tǒng)的前體是社區(qū)記憶， 開始于1973八月，伯克利，加利福尼亞， 用硬接線端子位于街區(qū)。1社區(qū)記憶允許 用戶輸入信息到一個終端插入硬幣后，提供 了一個，純，的公告板的經(jīng)驗與公共消息只 （沒有郵件或其他功能）。它所提供的與關(guān) 鍵詞標簽信息的能力

12、，它的用戶可以搜索。第一個公共撥號論壇由克里斯坦森和 蘭迪休斯發(fā)達。根據(jù)早期的采訪，與城市的 雪下在芝加哥的1978大暴雪，兩人開始初 步工作的電子布告欄系統(tǒng)，或CBBSoCBBS 走在1978年2月16日在芝加哥，伊利諾 斯在線。2 CBBS，使數(shù)據(jù)報道253301 人來電，連接才終于退休了。增加的速度和實際使用用于BBS需要創(chuàng)新的關(guān)鍵是海因斯 smartmodem。對 smartmodem 之前，調(diào)制解調(diào)器操作幾乎完全手冊，從聲耦合器， 采用傳統(tǒng)的電話撥號和掛斷了。這樣的系統(tǒng) 是無用的BBS系統(tǒng)，因為他們不能斷開呼 叫的用戶不在掛上電話后。該smartmodem 包括一個小的微控制器，聽關(guān)

13、鍵詞的數(shù)據(jù)， 允許它拿起電話，撥打號碼，再掛上，都無 需操作員干預。該smartmodem BBS是沒 有必要的，其他的調(diào)制解調(diào)器將處于“回答” 模式，但smartmodem操作極為簡單的用 戶端通過允許任何數(shù)量的BBS系統(tǒng)方便撥 號。與原來的110和300波特的調(diào)制解調(diào) 器在70年代晚期，BBS是特別慢，文件傳 輸，通常局限于文本文件（BBS系統(tǒng)的列 表是一個常見的例子）和小的應(yīng)用軟件，用 于訪問BBS通常的終端程序。隨著1200 比特/秒的耳中引入改進的速度的調(diào)制解調(diào)access through packet switched networks, or packet radio conne

14、ctions.Early BBSes were often a local phenomenon, as one had to dial into a BBS with a phone line and would have to pay additional long distance charges for a BBS out of the local calling area. Thus, many users of a given BBS usually lived in the same area, and activities such as BBS meets or get to

15、gethers were common, where users of the board would gather at a local restaurant, the sysop or similar venue and meet face to face.Early examplesA precursor to the public bulletin board system was Community Memory, started in August, 1973 in Berkeley, California, using hardwired terminals located in

16、 neighborhoods.1 Community Memory allowed the user to type messages into a terminal after inserting a coin, and offered a pure bulletin board experience with public messages only (no email or other features). It did offer the ability to tag messages with keywords, which the user could search on.The

17、first public dial-up BBS was developed by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess. According to an early interview, with the city snowed under during the Great Blizzard of 1978 in Chicago, the two beganpreliminary work on the Computerized Bulletin Board System, or CBBS. CBBS went online on February 16, 197

18、8 in Chicago, Illinois.2 CBBS, which kept a count of callers, reportedly connected 253,301 callers before it was finally retired.citation needed Increasing speeds and practical useeditA key innovation required for the BBS was the Hayes Smartmodem. Prior to the Smartmodem, modems were almost entirely

19、 manual in operation, having developed from acoustic couplers that used a traditional telephone for dialing and hanging up. Such systems were largely useless for BBS systems, because they could not disconnect after the call completed without the user physically hanging up the phone. The Smartmodem i

20、ncluded a small microcontroller that listened for key words in the data, allowing it to pick up the phone, dial numbers, and hang up again, all without any operator intervention. The Smartmodem was not necessary for BBS use, other modems could be left in answer mode, but the Smartmodem made operatio

21、n dramatically simpler on the user end by allowing the easy dialing of any number of BBS systems.With the original 110 and 300 baud modems of the late 1970s, BBSes were 器速度提高，這導致人氣大幅增加。對于復 雜的ANSI和ASCII的屏幕和更大的文件傳 輸征稅可用信道容量的需求，這反過來又推 動更快的調(diào)制解調(diào)器的需求。1200 了 2400 的較快，其次是一個延遲在9600成為常見 的。9600甚至沒有設(shè)立一個強有力的標準 在

22、14.4 kbit / s的接管。另一個延遲是由 于長期的標準流程28.8發(fā)布之前，只有將 很快取代33.6。大部分的信息顯示，使用普通的ASCII 文本或者藝術(shù)，雖然一些BBS進行高分辨率 的視覺格式如創(chuàng)新但不起眼的遠程成像協(xié) 議。許多系統(tǒng)變得相當復雜的圖形，特別是 考慮到該系統(tǒng)僅限于ASCII碼。幾個系統(tǒng)試 圖模擬圖形用戶界面顯示，只是作為DOS 附加或蘋果系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)?？赡艿膱D形演示的 最終發(fā)展為南加州大學bbs動態(tài)頁面實現(xiàn)（uscbbs）由蘇珊biddlecomb，比HTML 的 動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁的實現(xiàn)。一個完整的“動態(tài)網(wǎng)頁” 的實現(xiàn)是使用一個均衡的附加展示一個完 整的菜單系統(tǒng)分別為每個用戶定制

23、TBBS完 成。廣泛的應(yīng)用和迅速消失對上世紀90年代初，該論壇的行業(yè)變 得如此受歡迎，它產(chǎn)生了三個月的雜志， boardwatch，論壇雜志，并在亞洲和澳大 利亞，芯片N位的雜志，致力于廣泛覆蓋 的軟件和技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新和他們身后的人，和上 市的美國和全世界的BBS。 3 此外，在美 software applications, typically terminal programs for accessing BBSes. Speed improved with the introduction of 1200 bit/s modems in the early 1980s, and this l

24、ed to a substantial increase in popularity. The demand for complex ANSI and ASCII screens and larger file transfers taxed available channel capacity,which in turn propelled demand for faster modems. 1200 gave way to 2400 fairly rapidly, followed by a delay before 9,600 became common. 9,600 was not e

25、ven established as a strong standard before 14.4 kbit/s took over. Another delay followed due to a long standards process before 28.8 was released, only to be quickly replaced by 33.6.Most of the information was displayed using ordinary ASCII text or ANSI art, though some BBSes experimented with hig

26、her resolution visual formats such as the innovative but obscure Remote Imaging Protocol. Many systems became quite sophisticated in graphic presentation, especially considering that the system was confined to ASCII codes. Several systems attempted to simulate the appearance of GUI displays which we

27、re just appearing as DOS add-ons or Apple systems. Probably the 國，一個主要的月刊雜志，電腦購物，攜帶 一個列表的BBS以及一個簡短的摘要的每 一個產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)名列表，BBS達到高峰使用1996 左右，這是萬維網(wǎng)突然成為主流的同一時 期。BBS迅速沒落之后，并通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連 接的系統(tǒng)所取代。一些大型的商業(yè)論壇，如 maxmegabyte 和 execpc BBS，演變?yōu)榛?聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商。網(wǎng)站作為歸檔文件的 BBS歷史。在歷史論壇列表 包含超過105000個論壇已經(jīng)存在超過20 年在北美國。對，老板杰森史 葛，也產(chǎn)生了論壇：紀錄片，D

28、VD電影記 述BBS和特點與知名人士的訪談，歷史（主 要是美國）從BBS時代的全盛時期。ultimate development of graphic presentations was the Dynamic page implementation of the University of Southern California BBS (USCBBS) by Susan Biddlecomb, which predated the implementation of the HTML Dynamic web page. A complete Dynamic web page impleme

29、ntation was accomplished using TBBS with a TDBS add-onpresenting a complete menu system individually customized for each user.Most of the information was displayed using ordinary ASCII text or ANSI art, though some BBSes experimented with higher resolution visual formats such as the innovative but o

30、bscure Remote Imaging Protocol. Many systems became quite sophisticated in graphic presentation, especially considering that the system was confined to ASCII codes. Several systems attempted to simulate the appearance of GUI displays which were just appearing as DOS add-ons or Apple systems. Probabl

31、y the ultimate development of graphic presentations was the Dynamic page implementation of the University of Southern California BBS (USCBBS) by Susan Biddlecomb, which predated the implementation of the HTML Dynamic web page. A complete Dynamic web page implementation was accomplished using TBBS wi

32、th a TDBS add-on presenting a complete menu system individually customized for each user.Widespread use and rapid disappearanceTowards the early 1990s, the BBS industry became so popular that it spawned three monthly magazines, Boardwatch, BBSMagazine, and in Asia and Australia, Chips n Bits Magazin

33、e which devoted extensive coverage of the software and technology innovations and people behind them, and listings to US and worldwide BBSes.3 In addition, in the USA, a major monthly magazine, Computer Shopper, carried a list of BBSes along with a brief abstract of each of their offerings.According

34、 to the FidoNet Nodelist, BBSes reached their peak usage around 1996, which was the same period that the World Wide Web suddenly became mainstream. BBSes rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the Internet for connectivity. Some of the larger commercial BBSes,

35、such as MaxMegabyte and ExecPC BBS, evolved into Internet Service Providers.The website serves as an archive that documents the history of the BBS.complete menu system individually customized for each user.Widespread use and rapid disappearanceTowards the early 1990s, the BBS industry became so popular that it spawned three monthly