student抽象與具體-英漢語言對比課件

1、Part VAbstract vs. ConcreteI English: AbstractII Chinese: Concrete Abstract style is used widely in English, especially inSocial Science WorksOfficial ArticalsNewspaper RemarksLeagal StyleCommercial LettersTranslate the following sentences:1 管理體制需要改革，這已越來越清楚了。2. 行政管理工作已變得越來越困難了，每年都證明確實如此。3只要有什么惡作劇，總

2、免不了有彼得在內(nèi)。4我知道他在申請公司的一個職位。5要是你媽媽看到你的褲子撕破了，你準得吃苦頭。6如果這次買賣可以賺到錢，我打算湊一份7因為喬治向老師報告鮑勃考試作弊，鮑勃就對喬治懷恨在心。 Abstract EnglishMain Characteristics:1 Norminalization2 Preparation1 Norminalization1.1 prefix and suffix1.2 lexicalization1）讀寫能力2）把-從其所處的環(huán)境（語境）中分離出來3）冒險把危急局勢推到局限，玩弄邊緣政策的手法4）不用腦子，愚笨，無知；不注意，粗心大意；無需動腦筋5）保護消

3、費者利益運動；（主張以消費刺激經(jīng)濟的）消費主義6）新聞節(jié)目主持人的語言風(fēng)格或用語 An excessive reliance on the noun at the expense of the verb will, in the end, detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from when and how and in what mood the thing was done, and intensibly induce a habit of abstraction, generalizatio

4、n and vagueness. 這類名詞含義概括，指稱籠統(tǒng)，覆蓋面廣，往往有一種“虛、泛、隱、暗、曲”的魅力，因而便于用來表達復(fù)雜的思想和微妙的情緒。1). 管理體制需要改革，這已越來越清楚了。2). 行政管理工作已變得越來越困難了，每年都證明確實如此。2 Preparation 介詞本來就是虛詞，在英語里十分活躍。介詞可構(gòu)成各種各樣的短語或成語，其意義有時虛幻得難以捉摸。1) 只要有什么惡作劇，總免不了有彼得在內(nèi)。2) 我知道他在申請公司的一個職位。3) 要是你媽媽看到你的褲子撕破了，你準得吃苦頭。4) 如果這次買賣可以賺到錢，我打算湊一份。5)因為喬治向老師報告鮑勃考試作弊，鮑勃就對喬治

5、懷恨在心。 Why Abstract style is so popular in English?I Abstract Mind1 Logical and rational-abstract As O. Jesperson pointed out: An Englishman does not like to commit himself by being enthusiastic or too distressed, and his language accordingly grows sober, too sober perhaps, and even barren when the o

6、bject is to express emotions.2 Abatract mind is regarded as superior mind which is a mark of civilized man.As O. Jesperson pointed out: Civilization means among other things increase of abstrct terms and decrease of superfluous special words. The more advanced a language is, the more developed is it

7、s power of expressing abstract or general ideas.1)The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.2)Was this the realization of an anticipated liability? 3)必須等到有了這批新設(shè)備，才能購買這批貨4)醫(yī)院某些醫(yī)護人員在手術(shù)前后都非常粗心5)缺乏數(shù)據(jù)會使準確的統(tǒng)計變得很困難。II Application of abstract words can avoid subjective mood.

8、1) Survival of the Fittest Those individuals of a species are preserved that are best adapted for their enviroments 2) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 3) Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty III Many abstract nouns which are derived from adjectives and verbs can produce miniaturiz

9、ation of complex structures. Jesperson said this is handy expressions for complex thoughts.最基本禮貌的缺乏會導(dǎo)致一個憤怒與混亂的社會。The fact that we lack manners which are standardized results in an often angry, chaotic society.The lack of standadization of manners results in an often angry, chaotic society. (College

10、English) Conclusion: Abstract style is used excessively in English. Some stylists recommend mixed diction Concrete Chinese The concern with abstraction characteristic of ancient Greek philosophy has no counterpart in Chinese philosophy. Chinese philosophers quite explicitly favored the most concrete

11、 sense impressions in understanding the world. In fact, the Chinese language itself is remarkably concrete. 1.漢語的哲學(xué)背景是儒、道、佛的悟性。悟性有直覺性和形象性的特征，因而中國人自古以來就擅長直覺思維和形象思維。采用意象-聯(lián)想-類比來替代概念-判斷-推理的邏輯論證。 They put greater emphasis on sense, feeling,impression,imaginery,figuration,metaphorization,imagination, asso

12、ciation etc. rather than reason, rationality, logic, concept, judgement, inference, etc.2.漢語是意象性語言，文字符號具有象形，會意和形聲的特點。2.1漢字模擬自然現(xiàn)象和客觀事物。2.2成語、諺語、典故、歇后語有豐富的形象色彩。2.3疊詞生動逼真地表現(xiàn)聽覺、視覺、嗅覺、味覺和觸覺林語堂： 將英語的科學(xué)論文翻譯為漢語是最難的，因為充滿抽象詞語。將漢語的詩歌，優(yōu)美的散文，翻譯成英語也是最難的，因為每個名詞都是一個意象。I 漢譯英時可采用如下手段來表達英語的抽象意義。1動詞取代抽象名詞2用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。

13、3用具體的詞語闡釋抽象的詞義。4用形象詞語使抽象意義具體化(figuration)。1 動詞取代抽象名詞 英語大量的行為抽象名詞(action-noun)表示行為或動作意義，由這類名詞構(gòu)成的短語相當于主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或動賓結(jié)構(gòu)。 漢語若用相應(yīng)的名詞表達，不自然，不通順。在英漢轉(zhuǎn)換中，漢語可以充分利用其動詞優(yōu)勢，以動代靜，以實代虛。1) I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.2) He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.3) High blood pr

14、essure is a contraindication for this drug.4) These problems defy easy classification.5) In handling the materials of history, each act of selection is also an act of judgment, and therefore the charge of bias is never completely answerable.2 用范疇詞使抽象概念具體化。范疇詞(category words)用來表示行為、現(xiàn)象、屬性等概念所屬的范疇，是漢語常

15、用的特指手段。 complexity relativity display corrosive jealousy arrogance eccentricity lightheartedness1) We have winked at these irregularities too long2) He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility.3) What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties4) He discussed greatness and excellence5) He sp

16、oke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim.6) This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world. 3 用具體的詞語闡釋抽象的詞義。 英語抽象詞的含義比較籠統(tǒng)、概括、虛泛，在漢語里往往找不到對應(yīng)的詞來表達，這時常要借助具體的詞語來解釋其抽象的詞義。 As Peter Newmark pointed out : A

17、s a last resort, explanation is the translation.1) No country should claim infallibility2)The stars twinkled in transparent clarity3) This rambling propensity strengthened with years4) To help myself live without fault, I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues. These virtues are 1 Temperanc

18、e 2 Self-control 3 Silence 4 Order 5 Firmness of mind 6 Savings 7 Industry 8 Honesty 9 Justice 10 Cleanliness 11 Calmness 12 Morality 13 Humbleness4 用形象詞語使抽象意義具體(figuration) 漢語雖缺乏抽象詞語，但形象性詞語（比喻、成語、諺語、歇后語）相當豐富。漢語常借助這類生動具體的詞語表達英語抽象籠統(tǒng)的意義。disintegrationardent loyaltyfar-sightednessperfect harmonyimpuden

19、cecareful considerationtotal exhaustionfeed on fancieswith great eagernessoffend public decencymake a little contributionon the verge of destructionawait with great anxietylack of perseverance1) He was open now to charges of willful blindness.2)He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation3) I talked to him with brutal frankness.4) When young he quitted his home and traveled to the metropolis, which he reached in a state of almost utter destitution. 英譯漢時，“化虛為實”可通行文，添文采，增加譯文的可讀性；漢譯英時，“化實為虛”可化癥結(jié)、消梗滯，提