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1、 “十二五”普通高等教育本科國家級規(guī)劃教材 教育部推薦教材 大學(xué)專業(yè)英語系列教材經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)英語教程（精編版）（第二版）主編 宋利芳 中國人民大學(xué)出版社2019年7月第2版演示文稿宋利芳 編寫1. Framework 2. ContentsIntroduction16 units, and each unit includes one text and one additional textAll the units concern microeconomics, macroeconomics, population resources and environmental economics,

2、development economics, fiscal economics, finance, international trade, and world economy 1. Framework Unit 1 Text: Demand and Supply （需求與供給）Additional Text: Price Elasticity of Demand（需求的價格彈性） Unit 2Text: Cost of Production（生產(chǎn)成本）Additional Text: Economies and Diseconomies of Scale（規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)）Unit 3

3、Text: Monopoly（壟斷） Additional Text: Perfect Competition（完全競爭）Unit 4 Text: Oligopoly（寡頭壟斷）Additional Text: Monopolistic Competition（壟斷競爭）Unit 5Text: Gross Domestic Product（國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值） Additional Text: Sources of Economic Development（經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的源泉）Unit 6 Text: Inflation（通貨膨脹） Additional Text: Unemployment（失業(yè)） 2

4、. ContentsUnit 7 Text: Money and Banking（貨幣與銀行） Additional Text: The U.S. Central Bank: The Federal Reserve System（美國的中央銀行：聯(lián)邦儲備制度） Unit 8 Text: Foreign Exchange and Exchange Rate（外匯與匯率） Additional Text: The Effects of Exchange Rates on the Economy（匯率對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響） Unit 9 Text: The Balance of Payments（國際收支）

5、Additional Text: International Monetary Systems（國際貨幣體系）Unit 10Text: Fiscal and Monetary Policy（財政政策與貨幣政策） Additional Text: Role of Government in the Economy（政府在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用） Unit 11Text: Population（人口）Additional Text: The Consequences of High Fertility: Some Conflicting Opinions（高出生率的影響：一些沖突的觀點(diǎn)）Unit 12Tex

6、t: Environmental Protection（環(huán)境保護(hù)）Additional Text: Methods of Pollution Control（污染控制的方法）Unit 13Text: WTO（世界貿(mào)易組織） Additional Text: National Competitive Advantage and Diamond Model（國家競爭優(yōu)勢與鉆石模型）Unit 14Text: Nontariff Barriers（非關(guān)稅壁壘） Additional Text: Dumping and Antidumping（傾銷與反傾銷） Unit 15Text: Foreign A

7、id（外國援助）Additional Text: Foreign Direct Investment and Multinational Enterprises（外國直接投資與跨國企業(yè)） Unit 16Text: Economic Globalization（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）Additional Text: Regional Economic Integration（區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化）Unit 1Text: Demand and Supply （需求與供給）1. Key words2. How are prices determined?3. Demand schedules and curves4

8、. Supply schedules and curves5. Changes in demand6. Changes in supply7. Questionsfree enterpriseprice mechanismmake a profiteffective demandlaw of demandlaw of supplydemand scheduledemand curvevertical axishorizontal axissupply schedulesupply curvemarket mechanismequilibrium pricerelated goodsconsum

9、er tastesFuture expectationschanges in demandchanges in supply1. Key words2.1 Price mechanism2.2 Demand and effective demand2.3 Law of demand and law of supply2. How are prices determined?If an economy runs on the lines of the purely competitive market of free enterprise, then what is produced and t

10、he prices at which the products are sold depend upon the choices and decisions made by consumers and producers.The price mechanism is the process by which prices rise and fall as a result of changes in demand and supply, and thereby acts as a signal to producers to guide them on their production pla

11、ns.If our economy were entirely competitive and there were no restrictions at all, then the market forces, or price mechanism, would operate freely. The only things that would be produced would be those goods for which consumers were willing to pay sufficient to make it worthwhile for the producers

12、to put them on the market. The demand for a product and the price at which it can be sold indicate to the producer the best way to allocate resources in order to make a profit.2.1 Price mechanismDemand means the quantity which buyers are willing to purchase at a given price over a given period of ti

13、me. Effective demand means a desire to obtain an article accompanied by the ability and willingness to pay for it at the price asked. In economics, when we speak of demand, we are usually referring to effective demand.2.2 Demand and effective demandLaw of demand Buyers are likely to buy more of an i

14、tem as the price falls.Law of supply As prices rise, sellers would like to sell more and will, if it is possible, offer a larger quantity for sale. 2.3 Law of demand and law of supply3.1 Demand schedules3.2 Demand curves3. Demand schedules and curvesPrice (cents/kg)Quantitydemanded (kg)Price (cents/

15、kg)Quantitydemanded (kg)1070 503020 6060 2030 50 701040 4080Nil3.1 Demand schedulesThe price is shown on the vertical axis, while quantity is shown on the horizontal axis. This is the conventional way of drawing a demand and supply graph. As prices fall, a larger quantity of a good is demanded. The

16、typical demand curve slopes down from left to right. This indicates that consumers buy more of a good at lower prices and less at higher prices, but at very low prices demand does not necessarily increase. This is sometimes called an expansion or contraction, or a movement along the curve.3.2 Demand

17、 curves4.1 Supply schedules4.2 Supply curves4.3 Equilibrium price 4. Supply schedules and curvesPrice (cents/kg)Quantitysupplied (kg)Price (cents/kg)Quantitysupplied (kg)80100 406070 9030 5060 80 204050 7010304.1 Supply schedulesAs prices rise, a larger quantity of a good is supplied or sold. The ty

18、pical supply curve slopes down from right to left. This indicates that suppliers or sellers supply or sell more of a good at higher prices and less at lower prices. This is called a movement along the curve.4.2 Supply curvesA compromise between how much and at what price the seller decides to sell a

19、nd the consumers plans to buy must be arrived at. This is called the equilibrium price and is the price at which the buyer is prepared to buy the quantity which the seller is prepared to sell at that price, so that the market is cleared and there is no surplus and no shortage.4.3 Equilibrium price 5

20、.1 Influences which can change demand for goods and services5.2 Changes in demand5. Changes in demandPrice received for the itemPrices of related goodsChanges in consumer tastesPrices of all other goods and servicesThe income of the consumerFuture expectations5.1 Influences which can change demand f

21、or goods and servicesDemand changes simply because price is changing, but none of the other factors which affect the consumers buying have changed. A change in the price of a good results in a movement along an existing demand curve.Price has remained unchanged but there has been a change in demand

22、caused by factors other than price. The demand curve could shift to the left or right if there is a change in any of these conditions other than price, influencing people to buy less or more of a commodity even if the price remains unchanged.5.2 Changes in demand6.1 Influences which can change suppl

23、y for goods and services6.2 Changes in supply6. Changes in supplyThe price received for the itemThe cost of producing the itemTaxes imposed which raise the items market price to consumersSubsidies awarded to producers, which reduce the costs of productionPrices of other goodsFuture expectationsChang

24、es in supply due to the nature of the good6.1 Influences which can change supply for goods and servicesIn the case of supply, any change of price results in a movement up or down the existing supply curve, if no other changes occur to affect supply.Any change in the conditions other than market pric

25、es causes a shift in the supply curve.6.2 Changes in supply(1) What factors need to be considered in fixing the price for a new product?(2) What causes a shift in the market demand curve?(3) What causes a shift in the market supply curve?(4) How does the factor of future expectations influence deman

26、d and supply?7. QuestionsUnit 2Text: Cost of Production（生產(chǎn)成本）1. Key words2. What are costs?3. The various measures of cost4. Questionsprofit-maximizing firmtotal costopportunity costexplicit costimplicit costcash outlaykeeping track of the moneyfinancial statementfinancial capitalinterest rateeconom

27、ic profitaccounting profitfinancial reportnormal profitfixed costvariable costaverage total costaverage fixed costaverage variable costmarginal costprivate costsocial costsocial benefit1. Key words2.1 Total revenue, total cost, and profit 2.2 Costs as opportunity costs2.3 The cost of capital as an o

28、pportunity cost2.4 Economic profit versus accounting profit2. What are costs?Total revenue The amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output is called its total revenue. It equals the quantity of output the firm produces times the price at which it sells its output.Total cost The amount t

29、hat the firm pays to buy inputs is called its total cost. Profit Profit is a firms total revenue minus its total cost. That is, Profit=Total revenueTotal cost.2.1 Total revenue, total cost, and profit 2.2.1 Definition of opportunity costs2.2.2 Explicit and implicit costs2.2.3 Difference between econ

30、omists and accountants2.2 Costs as opportunity costsThe opportunity cost of an item refers to all those things that must be forgone to acquire that item. When economists speak of a firms cost of production, they include all the opportunity costs of making its output of goods and services.2.2.1 Defin

31、ition of opportunity costsExplicit costs Some costs require the firm to pay out some money, they are called explicit costs. Implicit costs Some of a firms opportunity costs, called implicit costs, do not require a cash outlay.2.2.2 Explicit and implicit costsThe distinction between explicit and impl

32、icit costs highlights an important difference between how economists and accountants analyze a business. Economists are interested in studying how firms make production and pricing decisions. Because these decisions are based on both explicit and implicit costs, economists include both when measurin

33、g a firms costs. By contrast, accountants have the job of keeping track of the money that flows into and out of firms. As a result, they measure the explicit costs but often ignore the implicit costs.2.2.3 Difference between economists and accountantsAn important implicit cost of almost every busine

34、ss is the opportunity cost of the financial capital that has been invested in the business.2.3 The cost of capital as an opportunity cost2.4.1 Economic profit2.4.2 Accounting profit2.4.3 Normal profit2.4 Economic profit versus accounting profitAn economist measures a firms economic profit as the fir

35、ms total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit) of producing the goods and services sold. For a business to be profitable from an economists standpoint, total revenue must cover all the opportunity costs, both explicit and implicit.2.4.1 Economic profitAn accountant measures

36、 the firms accounting profit as the firms total revenue minus only the firms explicit costs. Notice that because the accountant ignores the implicit costs, accounting profit is usually larger than economic profit. 2.4.2 Accounting profitEconomists call a zero economic profit as normal profit. Normal

37、 profit is the minimum profit necessary to keep a firm in operation. Zero economic profit signifies there is just enough total revenue to pay the owners for all explicit and implicit costs. Stated differently, there is no benefit from reallocating resources to another use.2.4.3 Normal profit3.1 Fixe

38、d and variable costs3.2 Average and marginal cost3.3 Private costs and social costs3. The various measures of costFixed costs Some costs, called fixed costs, do not vary with the quantity of output produced. They are incurred even if the firm produces nothing at all.Variable costs Some of the firms

39、costs, called variable costs, change as the firm alters the quantity of output produced.Total cost A firms total cost is the sum of fixed and variable costs. 3.1 Fixed and variable costs3.2.1 Average total cost3.2.2 Average fixed cost 3.2.3 Average variable cost 3.2.4 Marginal cost 3.2 Average and m

40、arginal costAverage total cost divided by the quantity of output is called average total cost. Because total cost is just the sum of fixed and variable costs, average total cost can be expressed as the sum of average fixed cost and average variable cost.Average total cost tells us the cost of a typi

41、cal unit of output if total cost is divided evenly over all the units produced. 3.2.1 Average total costAverage fixed cost is the fixed cost divided by the quantity of output. 3.2.2 Average fixed cost Average variable cost is the variable cost divided by the quantity of output. 3.2.3 Average variabl

42、e cost Marginal cost=Change in total cost/Change in quantityMarginal cost tells us the increase in total cost that arises from producing an additional unit of output. 3.2.4 Marginal cost3.3.1 Private costs3.3.2 Social costs 3.3 Private costs and social costsThe private costs of a firm are the sum of

43、 the explicit and implicit costs that it incurs. 3.3.1 Private costsThe social costs of a firm are those that society in general bears because of the firms activities. Social costs would include the private costs of a firm, since presumably all of the firms resources could be used elsewhere in produ

44、cing goods of value to (at least some members of) society. However, social costs would also include costs paid for by society but not by the firm, even though such costs were a result of production by the firm. 3.3.2 Social costs(1) What is the relationship between a firms total revenue, profit, and

45、 total cost?(2) What is the relationship between a firms total cost, average total cost, and marginal cost?(3) Explain the opportunity cost.(4) What is the difference between economic profit and accounting profit.(5) Give an example of a social cost which is paid for by society but not by the firm b

46、ecause of the result of production by the firm, explain.4. QuestionsUnit 3Text: Monopoly（壟斷）1. Key words2. Why monopolies arise3. Public policy toward monopolies4. Questionsbarriers to entrymarket powerbusiness licensepatent and copyright lawsnatural monopolyeconomies of scalemonopoly powereconomic

47、well-beingtotal surplusmarginal-cost pricingdead-weight lossaverage-cost pricingregulatory systempublic ownershipspecial-interest groupindustrial organizationmarket failurepolitical failure1. Key words2.1 Definition and the fundamental cause of Monopoly2.2 Three main sources for barriers to entry2.

48、Why monopolies arise2.1.1 Definition of Monopoly2.1.2 Fundamental cause of Monopoly2.1 Definition and the fundamental cause of MonopolyA firm is a monopoly if it is the sole seller of its product and if its product does not have close substitutes. 2.1.1 Definition of MonopolyThe fundamental cause of

49、 monopoly is barriers to entry: A monopoly remains the only seller in its market because other firms cannot enter the market and compete with it. Barriers to entry, in turn, have three main sources: A key resource is owned by a single firm; The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to p

50、roduce some good or service; The costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.2.1.2 Fundamental cause of Monopoly2.2.1 Monopoly Resources2.2.2 Government-Created Monopolies2.2.3 Natural Monopolies2.2 Three main sources for barriers to entryThe simplest w

51、ay for a monopoly to arise is for a single firm to own a key resource.Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods a

52、re traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.2.2.1 Monopoly ResourcesIn many cases, monopolies arise because the government has given one person or firm the e

53、xclusive right to sell some good or service. Sometimes the monopoly arises from the sheer political clout of the would-be monopolist. At other times, the government grants a monopoly because doing so is viewed to be in the public interest. The patent and copyright laws are two important examples of

54、how the government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.2.2.2 Government-Created MonopoliesAn industry is a natural monopoly when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a lower cost than could two or more firms. A natural monopoly arises when there are economies

55、 of scale over the relevant range of output. In this case, a single firm can produce any amount of output at least cost. That is, for any given amount of output, a larger number of firms lead to less output per firm and higher average total cost.2.2.3 Natural Monopolies3.1 Increasing competition wit

56、h antitrust laws3.2 Regulation3.3 Public ownership3.4 Doing nothing3. Public policy toward monopoliesThe government derives its power over private industry from the antitrust laws, a collection of statutes aimed at curbing monopoly power.The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote

57、 competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.3.1 Increasing competit

58、ion with antitrust lawsMeans regulating the behavior of monopolists. This solution is common in the case of natural monopolies, such as water and electric companies. These companies are not allowed to charge any price they want. Instead, government agencies regulate their prices.3.2 RegulationThat i

59、s, rather than regulating a natural monopoly that is run by a private firm, the government can run the monopoly itself. This solution is common in many European countries, where the government owns and operates utilities such as the telephone, water, and electric companies. In the United States, the

60、 government runs the Postal Service. The delivery of ordinary First Class mail is often thought to be a natural monopoly.3.3 Public ownershipEach of the foregoing policies aimed at reducing the problem of monopoly has drawbacks. As a result, some economists argue that it is often best for the govern