VIP專享學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作總結(jié)

1、 4/4VIP專享學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作總結(jié) 專業(yè)英語寫作考點總結(jié) Part ?Academic English Writing （專業(yè)英語寫作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing 1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. （學(xué)術(shù)寫作六要素：寫作對象，目的，組織結(jié)構(gòu)，文體特征，表達(dá)連貫和宣 講 或宣讀）。 2、Organization usually

2、 has the following four parts : 問題-解決方法包括四個部分 (1) description of a situation （描述情況） (2) Identification of a problem （甄別問題） (3) Description of a solution （描述解決方法） (4) Evaluation of the solution （評估解決方法） 3、Formal Grammar Style：（正規(guī)的語法風(fēng)格） (1) Generally avoid contractions （一般來講避免使用略縮詞） 例：wont改為will not (

3、2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更為適宜的正規(guī)的否定 形式） 例：not.any改為no not.much改為little not.many改為few (3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多個詞連用的表達(dá)法） 例：句子內(nèi)不能出現(xiàn)and so forth和etc.出現(xiàn)時應(yīng)將省略的部分?jǐn)U展出來。(4) Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course

4、, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials). （避免向讀者說“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改為：The results can be seen in Table 1. (5) Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not. （使用直接引語時需謹(jǐn)慎） 例：What can be done to lo

5、wer costs? 改為：It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者We now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) Place adverb within the verb. （將副詞放于動詞詞組內(nèi)） 例：This model was developed by Krugman originally. 改為：This model was originally developed by Krugman. (7) Consider whether you should

6、split infinitives.（考慮是否該使用割裂不定式） 例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) Aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是為了有效地使用詞匯） 例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very p

7、romising. 改為：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 習(xí)題： （1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 錯誤：使用了you。 改為：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）OK, what are the reasons that cof

8、fee prices have fallen? Therere a lot of possibilities. 錯誤：使用了口語OK；直接引語的使用；使用了縮略詞Therere。 改為：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons. （3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly. 錯誤：使用了you；將副詞clearly放在了句尾。 改為：The difference between t

9、hese two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen. （4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground. 錯誤：將副詞commonly放在了動詞之后。 改為：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall t

10、o the ground. （5）So far, there hasnt been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals. 錯誤：使用了So far；使用了there be 結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了not.any結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了非正式的looking into。 改為：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial tru

11、st of individual. （6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material. 錯誤：使用了there be 結(jié)構(gòu)；副詞widely 位置放錯。 改為：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a construction material

12、. （7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc. 錯誤：使用了etc。 改為：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota. （8）There isnt very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggr

13、egate in the production of concrete. 錯誤：使用了there be 結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了not.very much。 改為：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing （專業(yè)寫作的兩個基本結(jié)構(gòu)） 1、Two underlying structures in academic writ

14、ing：（專業(yè)寫作的兩個基本結(jié)構(gòu)） (1) general-specific structure （泛論-特指(GS)結(jié)構(gòu)） (2) problem-process-solution structure （問題-過程-解決方法） 2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following: （GS文本通常以下列一種形式開始） (1) A short or extended definition （簡短或拓展定義） (2) A contrastive or comparative definition （對比或比較定義） (3) A generaliza

15、tion or purpose statement （一般化或目標(biāo)性陳述） (4) A statement of fact. （事實陳述） 3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超級坐標(biāo)詞） 4、Deletions（刪除）：在下列情況下，你可以減少限制性關(guān)系代詞 A. 定語從句僅有關(guān)系代詞、be動詞、一個或多個介詞短語 B. 定語從句由被動態(tài)動詞加上一些額外的信息 C. 定語從句含有關(guān)系代詞、以-ble結(jié)尾的形容詞和額外的信息 例題：p23 (1). metal that

16、is often used metal often used (2). device that is capable of device capable of (3). roof which is on top of roof on top of (4). precipitation which results from precipitation resulting from (5). This sentence cannot be reduced. (6). flute that is pitched an octave higher flute pitched an octave hig

17、her (7). a process that involves the selective transport a process involving the selective transport (8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass a celestial body with approximately the same mass 5、考題類型：句子排序例題：P27 6、Comparative Definitions（對比性定義） （1）比較定義基本上有兩類： 1) 呈現(xiàn)一個概念是如何隨著時間的流逝而變化的

18、這樣一種史實陳述。 2) 呈現(xiàn)對當(dāng)代各位專家是怎樣不同地看待此概念所做的一個全面性的評述。 7、Participle（分詞） 例題：P39 （1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling. （2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks. （3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any imperfections. It is then heated to over 600o C and cooled in a step known as quenching. 8、詞和詞型的變換P23-P25 Chapter 3 Data Commentary（數(shù)據(jù)信息解讀） 1、In many disciplines the data