考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津理工大學(xué)中環(huán)信息學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津理工大學(xué)中環(huán)信息學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.寫作題

Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingthefactthatstudentsofhumanityandartcanbenefitthemselvesalotbyattendingtoscienceorengineeringcourse,andthestudentsofscienceandengineeringcanprofitbyreferringtohumanitydisciplinessuchasliterature,linguistics,history,andartsetcTheimportanceoftherelationshipbetweenartandscienceisknowntoallofus,thoughsomemanyvoicedifferentopinions.Buthowtorelatesciencetoartisabigquestionforstudents.Nowpleasegiveyourstanceorposeasaresearcherinyourareainlightofrelatingarttoscienceifyouareacceptedasapostgraduatestudent.

Youshouldsupplyatitleforyourarticlewhichshouldbeabout300wordsinlength.Inthefirstpartofyourarticleyoushouldstateclearlyyourmainargument,andinthesecondpartyoushouldsupportyourargumentwithappropriatedetails.Inthelastpartyoushouldbringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary.

Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.

【答案】ScienceandArt2.問答題

Theteachersaidthatif(A)webelievedsomethingwas(B)trueandgoodweshould(C)holdontothem(D).

【答案】試題答案：D;it

【解析】考查代詞用法。something意為“某物，某事”，其不定代詞要用單數(shù)代詞it，不能用them。

3.問答題

【答案】1.【答案】And改為However

2.【答案】inbeingtreatedas改成atbeingtreatedas

3.【答案】inferiorthan改為inferiorto

4.【答案】leveledwith改為leveledagainst

5.【答案】term改為terms

6.【答案】fail改為failing

7.【答案】∧treat加上to

8.【答案】giving改為given

9.【答案】farmuchmore去掉far

10.【答案】before改為after

【解析】1.【解題思路】上一句說的是過去的情況，用到了inthepast（在過去），這一句用的是today（今天），二者形成對(duì)比，要用一個(gè)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯詞，并且要用逗號(hào)和句子隔開，能單獨(dú)使用。所以把And改為However。

2.【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“現(xiàn)在的年輕女性對(duì)自己的地位遠(yuǎn)沒有那么理性，她們對(duì)于自己在某些方面不如男性的對(duì)待更加咄咄逼人。”這里表示“在……方面”，所以用介詞at，故把in改為at。

3.【解題思路】inferiorto是固定搭配，表示“不如，次于”，所以要把than改為to。

4.【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“由于缺乏動(dòng)力是針對(duì)女性的批評(píng)之一……”，這里用介詞against意為“針對(duì)，反對(duì)”，符合原文語(yǔ)境，所以把with改為against。

5.【解題思路】cometotermswith是固定搭配，表示“妥協(xié)，達(dá)成協(xié)議”，所以把term改為terms。

6.【解題思路】failtoreachthetop（未能到達(dá)頂峰）是做后置定語(yǔ)來修飾women，所以應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在分詞形式，所以把fail改為failing。

7.【解題思路】句中間有兩個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開的句子whenawomanwithyoungchildrenappliesforpromotion（當(dāng)有小孩的女性申請(qǐng)晉升時(shí)）是插入語(yǔ)成分，可先忽略不看，再將句子連起來發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里考查的是tendto“傾向于”這個(gè)固定搭配，所以需在treat前加上介詞to。

8.【解題思路】該句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是Employers，句意是“如果給他們選擇的機(jī)會(huì)……”，選擇的機(jī)會(huì)是被給予的，所以用過去分詞表被動(dòng)，把giving改為given。

9.【解題思路】根據(jù)句意“這項(xiàng)研究的作者們推薦了一種更為積極的方式”，muchmore意為“更加，多得多”；farmuchmore意為“遠(yuǎn)得多”，不符合句意。所以應(yīng)該去掉far。

10.【解題思路】根據(jù)原文可知，該句句意是“這些女性應(yīng)該是想等孩子長(zhǎng)大直到不再需要她們管之后再來找工作”，所以應(yīng)該把before改為after。

4.填空題

Directions:Inthissectionthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).

HighereducationtakesahardlookatthePhDandfindsmuchthatneedschanging.

StudentsenteringdoctoralprogramsinalldisciplinesintheU.S.oftenexpectthey’llonedaydevotethemselvestoresearchatamajorinstitution,justastheirownprofessorsdo.It’stowardthisendthatmostdoctoralprogramsgeartheirtraining.

That’swhyitcancomeasashockwhenstudentslearnthathalfofPhDsinthesciencesandengineeringworkoutsidetheacademicworld.Manyofthosewhostayworkatsmaller,teaching-intensiveuniversities,notatthemajorresearchinstitutionsthattrainthem.

Asagrowingnumberofstudentsseeamismatchbetweendoctoraltrainingandjobopportunities,they’resoundinganalarmthattheirtrainingneedstochange.

“Therearefewerandfeweropportunitiestobecomeanacademic.Becauseofthat,studentsneedpreparationtobesomethingotherthanacademics,”saysKristiLemn,whorecentlyearnedherdoctoratefromYaleUniversity.“It’snotthatstudentsshouldallcomeinnotexpectingtobeacademics—it’smorethattheyneedmoreoptionsforatoughjobmarket.”

AgrowingcropofeducatorsagreethatPhDtrainingneedsclosescrutiny.“It’stimetotakestockofwhatwe’redoingindoctoraltraining,”saysCynthiaBelar,theAmericanPsychologyAssociation’sexecutivedirectorforeducation.

“Wemayattimesbetoonarrowlyfocusedontrainingforparticularcareerpaths.Wemustfosterthecriticalthinkingandadaptiveskillsrequiredforachangingworld,orweriskfailingourstudents.”

Afocalpointofthemovementtoscrutinizedoctoraltraininghasbeen“Re-envisioningthePhD,’’alarge-scaleprojectfundedbythePewCharitableTrusts.HeadingtheprojectistheUniversityofWashington’s(UW)JodyNyquist.

“We’relookingathowwecangetthePhDexperiencetoincludeawiderrangeofprofessionalpreparation,”saysNyquist,associatedeanintheUWgraduateschool.

LeeShulman,presidentoftheCarnegieFoundationfortheAdvancementofTeaching,saidallfieldsoughttomorestronglyemphasizethat“beingadoctormeansbeingstewardofone’sdiscipline,whetherthatbeinindustry,governmentoracademics.AcoupleofdecadesfromnowtherewillstillbesomethingcalledthePhDineveryfield,”predictsShulman.

Questions:(注意：答題盡量簡(jiǎn)短，超過十個(gè)詞要扣分。每條橫線上限寫一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不占格。)

41.Whatdrivesstudentstoenterdoctoralprograms?

________________________________________

________________________________________

42.Accordingtothepassage,what’sashocktostudents?

________________________________________

________________________________________

43.Increasingstudentsaresoundinganalarmthatdoctoraltrainingisinneedofchangesbecause________.

________________________________________

________________________________________

44.Whyshouldthestudentspreparesomethingotherthanacademics?

________________________________________

________________________________________

45.Accordingtothepassage,whatkindsofpeoplearerequiredforachangingworld?

________________________________________

________________________________________

【答案】41.Theexpectationofresearchingatamajorinstitution.

42.ManyPhDsworkoutsidetheacademicworld.

43.theyseeamismatchbetweendoctoraltrainingandjobopportunities

44.Therearefewerandfeweropportunitiestobecomeanacademic.

45.Peoplewithcriticalthinkingandadaptiveskills.

【解析】41.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“是什么促使學(xué)生攻讀博士學(xué)位”可定位到第2段第1句StudentsenteringdoctoralprogramsinalldisciplinesintheU.S.oftenexpectthey’llonedaydevotethemselvestoresearchatamajorinstitution.（在美國(guó)攻讀所有學(xué)科博士學(xué)位的學(xué)生通常希望有一天他們能在一個(gè)主要機(jī)構(gòu)從事研究。）由此可知，促使學(xué)生攻讀博士學(xué)位的原因是他們想在一個(gè)主要的研究機(jī)構(gòu)奉獻(xiàn)自己。

42.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“根據(jù)文章，什么是學(xué)生的震驚”可定位到第3段第1句That’swhyitcancomeasashockwhenstudentslearnthathalfofPhDsinthesciencesandengineeringworkoutsidetheacademicworld.（這就是為什么當(dāng)學(xué)生們得知有一半的科學(xué)和工程博士在學(xué)術(shù)世界之外工作時(shí)，可能會(huì)感到震驚。）由此可知，學(xué)生們震驚的是有一半的科學(xué)和工程博士在學(xué)術(shù)世界之外工作。

43.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“越來越多的學(xué)生發(fā)出警報(bào)，博士培訓(xùn)需要改變，因?yàn)開___?！笨啥ㄎ坏降?段Asagrowingnumberofstudentsseeamismatchbetweendoctoraltrainingandjobopportunities,they’resoundinganalarmthattheirtrainingneedstochange.（隨著越來越多的學(xué)生看到博士培訓(xùn)和工作機(jī)會(huì)之間的不匹配，他們敲響了警鐘，即他們的培訓(xùn)需要改變。）由此可知，學(xué)生發(fā)出警報(bào)的原因是看到博士培訓(xùn)和工作機(jī)會(huì)之間的不匹配。

44.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“為什么學(xué)生們要準(zhǔn)備學(xué)術(shù)以外的東西”可定位到第5段第1、2句Therearefewerandfeweropportunitiestobecomeanacademic.Becauseofthat,studentsneedpreparationtobesomethingotherthanacademics.（成為學(xué)者的機(jī)會(huì)越來越少了。正因?yàn)槿绱耍瑢W(xué)生們需要為學(xué)習(xí)以外的東西做準(zhǔn)備。）由此可知，學(xué)生們要準(zhǔn)備學(xué)術(shù)以外的東西，是因?yàn)槌蔀閷W(xué)者的機(jī)會(huì)越來越少。

45.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，需要什么樣的人來適應(yīng)變化的世界”可定位到第7段第2句Wemustfosterthecriticalthinkingandadaptiveskillsrequiredforachangingworld,orweriskfailingourstudents.（我們必須培養(yǎng)批判性思維和適應(yīng)能力，以適應(yīng)不斷變化的世界，否則我們就有可能讓學(xué)生失敗。）由此可知，有批判性思維和適應(yīng)能力的人才能適應(yīng)不斷變化的世界。

5.單選題

Ⅱ.(EconomicLaw)

Considerfirstshareholders’votingrights.Asamatteroflawtheseareseverelylimitedinscope,principallytotherighttoelectandremovedirectors.Shareholdershavenorighttoselectthecompany’sCEO;theycannotrequirethecompanytopaythemasinglepennyindividends;theycannotvotetochangeorpreservethecompany’slineofbusiness;theycannotstopdirectorsfromsquanderingrevenuesonemployeeraises,charitablecontributions,orexecutivejets;andtheycannotvotetosellthecompany’sassetsorthecompanyitself(althoughtheymayinsomecasesvotetovetoasaleormergerproposedbytheboard).Therulesofvotingprocedurefurtherlimitexerciseoftheshareholderfranchise.Delawarelaw,forexample,presumesonlydirectorshaveauthoritytocallaspecialshareholders’meeting,andshareholderswhowaitfortheregularlyscheduledannualmeetingtotrytoelectorremovedirectorsusuallymustpaytosolicitproxies.Finallyandperhapsmostsignificantly,inapublicfirmwithwidely-dispersedshareownership,shareholderactivismisapublicgood,andshareholders’own“rationalapathy”raisesanoften-insurmountableobstacletocollectiveaction.AsRobertClarkhasputit,acyniccouldeasilyconcludethatshareholdervotinginapubliccompanyis“amereceremonydesignedtogiveaveneeroflegitimacytomanagerialpower”.

Whataboutshareholders’righttosuecorporateofficersanddirectorsforbreachoffiduciarydutyiftheyfailtomaximizeshareholderwealth?Here,too,shareholders’“rights”turnouttobeillusory.Thefiduciarydutyofloyaltyprecludesofficersanddirectorsfromusingtheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpockets.Theyremainfree,however,topursueother,nonshareholder-relatedgoalsunderthecomfortingmantleofthebusinessjudgmentrule.AsIhavepointedoutinwritingswithMargaretBlair,courtsconsistentlypermitdirectors“tousecorporatefundsforcharitablepurposes;torejectbusinessstrategiesthatwouldincreaseprofitsattheexpenseofthelocalcommunity;toavoidriskyundertakingsthatwouldbenefitshareholdersatcreditors’expense;andtofendoffahostiletakeoveratapremiumpriceinordertoprotectemployeesorthecommunity”.Contrarytotheshareholderprimacythesis,shareholderscannotrecoveragainstdirectorsorofficersforbreachoffiduciarydutysimplybecausethosedirectorsandofficersfavorstakeholders’interestsovertheshareholders’own.

55.ThefirstparagraphtellsusthefollowingBUT___.

56.Whichofthefollowingsentenceclosestinmeaningwiththeunderlinedsentence?

57.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,whatcanthecompanyofficersdo?

58.Courtshavenotalloweddirectorsofcompaniesto___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Shareholdershavenorighttoelectandremovedirectors

B.Shareholderscanrequirethecompanytopaythemdividends

C.Shareholderscannotchangethelineofbusinessofthecompany

D.Shareholderscannotcallaspecialshareholders’meeting

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Shareholdersinapubliccompanyhavenopoweratall.

B.Someonewantsthemanagerialpowertobelegitimate.

C.Theshareholdervotingisaceremonyforacompany.

D.Shareholders’votinginapubliccompanyhasnosubstantivemeaning.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theycanusetheircorporatepositionforthemselves.

B.Theycanlineupforshareholders.

C.Theycanpursuenonshareholder-relatedgoalsaslongastheythinkitiscorrectinbusiness.

D.Theycancarryoutbusinessstrategiesthatwouldincreaseprofitsattheexpenseofthelocalcommunity.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.usetheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpockets

B.donatecorporatemoneytochurches

C.rejectaprofit-makingprojectthatwouldpollutetheenvironment

D.refusetosellacompanyfortheinterestoftheneighborhood

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】55.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Shareholdershavenorighttoselectthecompany’sCEO;theycannotrequirethecompanytopaythemasinglepennyindividends;theycannotvotetochangeorpreservethecompany’slineofbusiness（股東無權(quán)選擇公司的首席執(zhí)行官；他們不能要求公司支付他們一分錢的股息；他們不能投票改變或保留公司的業(yè)務(wù)范圍）可知B選項(xiàng)“股東可以要求公司支付股息”和原文相悖，A選項(xiàng)“股東無權(quán)選舉和罷免董事”和C選項(xiàng)“股東不能改變公司的業(yè)務(wù)”符合原文；第一段Delawarelaw,forexample,presumesonlydirectorshaveauthoritytocallaspecialshareholders’meeting…（例如，特拉華州的法律規(guī)定……）可知D選項(xiàng)“股東不得召開特別股東大會(huì)”符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

56.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到劃線句子acyniccouldeasilyconcludethatshareholdervotinginapubliccompanyis“amereceremonydesignedtogiveaveneeroflegitimacytomanagerialpower”.（憤世嫉俗者很容易得出這樣的結(jié)論：上市公司的股東投票“不過是一種旨在給管理權(quán)力披上合法性外衣的儀式”），結(jié)合第一段所提到的法律對(duì)于股東權(quán)利的限制可知此處想表達(dá)股東的投票權(quán)沒任何意義，選D選項(xiàng)“上市公司的股東投票沒有實(shí)質(zhì)意義”；根據(jù)第一段可知股東還是有權(quán)利的，但是權(quán)利被限制，A選項(xiàng)“上市公司的股東根本沒有權(quán)力”太過絕對(duì)；B選項(xiàng)“有人希望管理權(quán)力是合法的”和C選項(xiàng)“股東投票是公司的一種儀式”和原文不符，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

57.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Theyremainfree,however,topursueother,nonshareholder-relatedgoalsunderthecomfortingmantleofthebusinessjudgmentrule.（然而，在令人欣慰的商業(yè)判斷規(guī)則的外衣下，他們?nèi)匀豢梢宰杂傻刈非笃渌c股東無關(guān)的目標(biāo)）可知選C選項(xiàng)“他們可以追求與股東無關(guān)的目標(biāo)，只要他們認(rèn)為這在商業(yè)上是正確的”；第二段Thefiduciarydutyofloyaltyprecludesofficersanddirectorsfromusingtheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpockets.（忠誠(chéng)的受托責(zé)任使高管和董事不能利用他們?cè)诠镜穆毼恢酗査侥遥┛芍狝選項(xiàng)“他們可以利用公司的職位為自己服務(wù)”和原文相悖；B選項(xiàng)“他們可以排隊(duì)等股東”原文未涉及；第二段toavoidriskyundertakingsthatwouldbenefitshareholdersatcreditors’expense;andtofendoffahostiletakeoveratapremiumpriceinordertoprotectemployeesorthecommunity（避免以損害債權(quán)人利益為代價(jià)的有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的承諾；為了保護(hù)員工或社區(qū)，以高價(jià)擊退惡意收購(gòu)）可知D選項(xiàng)“他們可以以犧牲當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)為代價(jià)來增加利潤(rùn)”錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

58.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Thefiduciarydutyofloyaltyprecludesofficersanddirectorsfromusingtheircorporatepositionstolinetheirownpockets.（忠誠(chéng)的受托責(zé)任使高管和董事不能利用他們?cè)诠镜穆毼恢酗査侥遥┛芍xA選項(xiàng)“利用他們?cè)诠镜牡匚恢酗査侥摇?；第二段courtsconsistentlypermitdirectors“tousecorporatefundsforcharitablepurposes;torejectbusinessstrategiesthatwouldincreaseprofitsattheexpenseofthelocalcommunity;toavoidriskyundertakingsthatwouldbenefitshareholdersatcreditors’expense;andtofendoffahostiletakeoveratapremiumpriceinordertoprotectemployeesorthecommunity”（法院一貫允許董事“將公司資金用于慈善目的；拒絕以犧牲當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)為代價(jià)增加利潤(rùn)的商業(yè)策略；避免以損害債權(quán)人利益為代價(jià)的有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的承諾；為了保護(hù)員工或社區(qū)，以高價(jià)擊退惡意收購(gòu)”）可知B選項(xiàng)“把公司的錢捐給教堂”，C選項(xiàng)“拒絕一個(gè)會(huì)污染環(huán)境的盈利項(xiàng)目”以及D選項(xiàng)“拒絕為了社區(qū)的利益出售一家公司”都是法院所允許公司董事做的事，排除。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Idon’tmindabitifyoubringyourfriendsinforadrink,butitisrathertoomuchwhentenpeoplearrive（）fordinner.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.unusually

B.excessively

C.consequently

D.unexpectedly

【答案】D

【解析】副詞詞義辨析。unexpectedly“出乎意料地”；unusually“顯著地”；excessively“過分地”；consequently“從而”。句意：我不介意你帶你的朋友來喝杯茶，但是當(dāng)十個(gè)人出乎意料地來家里吃晚飯時(shí)就有點(diǎn)太多了。

7.單選題

Superconductorsloseelectricalresistanceonly______subjectedtointensecold.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.through

B.when

C.as

D.by

【答案】B

【解析】考查狀語(yǔ)從句的省略。在表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步等從句中，當(dāng)從句中的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相同，謂語(yǔ)含有動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)可以省略。從句可以還原為whensuperconductorsaresubjectedtointensecold，因此選D。句意：超導(dǎo)體只有在嚴(yán)寒下才會(huì)失去電阻。

8.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

據(jù)財(cái)富、種族、教育、地域的不同，計(jì)算機(jī)的擁有程度和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的接入規(guī)模有很大差別。數(shù)據(jù)表明，計(jì)算機(jī)的擁有程度和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的接入規(guī)模在最富裕的、教育良好的，即擁有高中和大學(xué)文憑的富裕的白人和那些穩(wěn)定的雙親家庭中增長(zhǎng)更迅速。最高收入階層的家庭，即年收入高于75000美元的家庭訪問互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的可能性是那些低收入階層，即年收入低于10000美元的家庭的20倍。高收入家庭使用計(jì)算機(jī)的比例高達(dá)76.56%，但與之相比，低收入家庭只有8%。

【答案】Accordingtothedifferencesinwealth,race,educationandregion,greatdistancehasexistedintheownershipofcomputerandInternetaccess.ThestatisticsshowthattheownershipofcomputerandInternetaccesshaveincreasedrapidlyinthemostaffluentandwell-educatedwhitepeoplewhousuallyownshigh-schoolanduniversitydiplomaandstabletwo-parentfamilies.ThepossibilityofusingInternetinthefamilieswiththehighestincome,morethan75,000dollars,istwentytimesasmuchasthatinthefamilieswithlowincome,lessthan10,000dollars.Therateofusingcomputerinhighincomefamilieshasreached76.56%,whiletherateinlowincomefamilieshasonly8%.

9.單選題

Nonviolentdemonstrationsoftencreatesuchtensionsthatacommunitythathasconstantlyrefusedto（

）itsinjusticesisforcedtocorrectthem:theinjusticescannolongerbe（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.acknowledge...ignored

B.decrease...verified

C.tolerate...accepted

D.address...reassess

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)acknowledge“承認(rèn)，承認(rèn)…性，告知”；ignore“忽略，忽視”；B選項(xiàng)decrease“減少，減低”；verify“證明，證實(shí)，核實(shí)”；C選項(xiàng)tolerate“忍受，容忍，承認(rèn)，尊重”；accept“接受”；D選項(xiàng)address“對(duì)付，處理，解決”；eliminate“消除，排除”。句意‘非暴力游行示威常常會(huì)造成很大程度上的緊張狀態(tài)，以至于任何一個(gè)自始至終不愿承認(rèn)其不公平的社會(huì)的人就會(huì)被迫糾正它們，這些不公平己經(jīng)到了再也不容忽視的地步了?！疉選項(xiàng)正確

10.單選題

RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners.

“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.

ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(頭盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.

AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.

Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.

Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.

Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”

1.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine（）.

2.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?

3.RichardSatavahasvisionsof（）.

4.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause（）.

5.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldt

B.canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

C.willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldt

D.canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.t

B.Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.t

C.Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinedtothem.t

D.A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.t

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseast

B.woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldt

C.woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonst

D.settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseast

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreent

B.thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglest

C.thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedt

D.heiswearing3-Dglassest

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.causelesspaintothewoundedt

B.allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyt

C.willmakehumansurgeons’worklesstedioust

D.aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecision

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)薩塔瓦，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用……”。第二段提到“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（薩塔瓦說：“有了虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，我們將能夠在每條戰(zhàn)壕里都安置一名外科醫(yī)生?！彼O(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室），由此可以推理，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用可以改善戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的醫(yī)療條件，故C項(xiàng)“將大大改善戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的醫(yī)療條件”正確。A項(xiàng)“將使外科醫(yī)生能夠親臨每一個(gè)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)”，表述與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“可以鼓舞在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的士兵的精神”和D項(xiàng)“可以縮短在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷的士兵的行動(dòng)時(shí)間”文章沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“如何進(jìn)行虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)？”。根據(jù)文章第四段第三句Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.（當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生觀察手術(shù)的三維圖像時(shí)，他們移動(dòng)與計(jì)算機(jī)相連的儀器，計(jì)算機(jī)將他們的動(dòng)作傳遞給實(shí)施手術(shù)的機(jī)器人儀器）可知，C項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生通過排列在機(jī)器上的計(jì)算機(jī)移動(dòng)機(jī)器器械”正確。A項(xiàng)“它是由計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的高精度設(shè)備執(zhí)行的”沒有提到；B項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔接受電腦提供的反饋”，第三段提到Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmetsthatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.（外科醫(yī)生將通過虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔觀察士兵，頭盔上有一個(gè)顯示傷口圖像的小屏幕），可知醫(yī)生是通過頭盔親自觀察士兵的傷情，而不是通過接收機(jī)器人的反饋；D項(xiàng)“一幅3d圖像記錄了外科醫(yī)生在手術(shù)過程中的動(dòng)作”，第五段最后一句提到Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.（在切除大腦深處的腫瘤時(shí)，她在術(shù)前拍攝的病人大腦計(jì)算機(jī)圖形圖像中觀察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作）可知，3d圖像是醫(yī)生用來觀察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作，而不是記錄外科醫(yī)生的動(dòng)作，D項(xiàng)表述不正確。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“薩塔瓦幻想……”。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（他設(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室）可推理，理查德?薩塔瓦設(shè)想受傷的戰(zhàn)士可以在移動(dòng)的手術(shù)室通過遠(yuǎn)程控制電腦實(shí)現(xiàn)被遠(yuǎn)程救治，故A項(xiàng)“用遙控技術(shù)治療海外作戰(zhàn)的受傷士兵”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“傷兵在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上被醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔拯救”，表述不準(zhǔn)確，頭盔是醫(yī)生用來觀察傷情而非實(shí)行救治的；C項(xiàng)“受過專門訓(xùn)練的外科醫(yī)生對(duì)受傷士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)”，第三段最后一句提到Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.（醫(yī)生們將指導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室內(nèi)的機(jī)器人設(shè)備為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)），可知是通過機(jī)器人為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“在海外設(shè)立流動(dòng)手術(shù)室”是以偏概全。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“在虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)中，外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口，因?yàn)椤?。倒?shù)第二段第一句提到Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.（在這些手術(shù)過程中，通過身體的小切口進(jìn)行的手術(shù)中，操作微型相機(jī)和手術(shù)工具的外科醫(yī)生戴著3D眼鏡，以便更好地觀察），由此可知外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口是因?yàn)?d眼鏡提供的更好的視野，故D項(xiàng)“他戴著3d眼鏡”正確。A項(xiàng)“他正在看電腦屏幕上的切口”，表述不夠準(zhǔn)確；B項(xiàng)“切口可以從不同的角度檢查”和C項(xiàng)“切口被高度放大”文中未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)，因?yàn)樗鼈儭?。根?jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan（他們還命令機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類外科醫(yī)生更精確地切除組織）可知，機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類外科醫(yī)生更能精確的實(shí)行組織切除，這是虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)的原因；故D項(xiàng)“由機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生更精確地完成”正確。A項(xiàng)“對(duì)受傷的人造成較少的痛苦”、B項(xiàng)“讓病人恢復(fù)得更快”和C項(xiàng)“將使人類外科醫(yī)生的工作不那么乏味”文中均未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

11.寫作題

Directions:Thepassagecontainstenerrors.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Ineachcase,onlyonewordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassage,trytodetecttheerrorsandwritedownyourcorrectionsontheanswersheet.

【答案】答：

1.no改為not

2.place改為land

3.started改為start

4.working改為work

5.Anyone改為Everyone

6.but去掉

7.before改為after

8.But改為And

9.it改為they

10.housethe中間加入as

【解析】1.【解題思路】no是形容詞，后面要跟名詞，sweet是形容詞，所以要用副詞not修飾，故把no改為not。

2.【解題思路】該句意思是“是找一塊地，為家人蓋一所房子”，而place表示“地方”，指某個(gè)位置或地點(diǎn)，不和apieceof（一塊）搭配，所以要把place改為land。

3.【解題思路】started和前面的find與build都是并列動(dòng)詞，放在不定式to的后面，所以started要用原形start。

4.【解題思路】working和前面的live是并列動(dòng)詞，live用的原形，所以working同樣要用動(dòng)詞原形work。

5.【解題思路】Anyone多用于否定句或疑問句中，此處是肯定句，所以要把Anyone改為Everyone。

6.【解題思路】這一句的句首用了although表示讓步，那么后面不需要再用but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，英語(yǔ)中although和but不能出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)句子中，所以把but去掉。

7.【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息WhenU.Ssoldierscamehome（當(dāng)美國(guó)士兵回國(guó)時(shí)）可知，這是發(fā)生在二戰(zhàn)之后，而不是之前，所以要把before改為after。

8.【解題思路】But表示前后句意是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，前文說“美國(guó)士兵回國(guó)時(shí)夢(mèng)想著買房子，組建家庭”，后文說“住宅建設(shè)出現(xiàn)了巨大的繁榮”，前后文明顯是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，所以要把but改為and。

9.【解題思路】it指代的是前面提到的Thenewhouses（新房子），是復(fù)數(shù)，所以it也要改為表示復(fù)數(shù)的代詞they。

10.【解題思路】regard…as是固定搭配，表示“把……看作是”，所以要在house后面加上介詞as。

12.單選題

Since1813,reactiontoJaneAusten'snovelshasoscillatedbetweenadorationandcondescension;butingenerallaterwritershaveesteemedherworksmorehighlythandidmostofherliterary（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.admirers

B.readers

C.followers

D.contemporaries

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。admirer愛慕者，贊賞者；reader讀者；follower追隨者；contemporary同代人。由but可知后半句的態(tài)度與前半句相反，前半句的評(píng)價(jià)是在喜愛與勉強(qiáng)湊合之間徘徊，后面對(duì)簡(jiǎn)的作品的評(píng)價(jià)是比1813那個(gè)時(shí)代的評(píng)價(jià)要高。故該句將1813這個(gè)時(shí)代的作家與laterwriters對(duì)簡(jiǎn)作品的評(píng)價(jià)作對(duì)比。故D項(xiàng)正確。句意：自1813年以來，人們對(duì)簡(jiǎn)?奧斯汀小說的反應(yīng)在崇拜和勉強(qiáng)湊合之間搖擺不定;但總的來說，后來的作家對(duì)她的作品的評(píng)價(jià)比與她同時(shí)代大多數(shù)的作家的評(píng)價(jià)要高。

13.單選題

Thefallinthenumberofdeathsfromheartdiseaseisgenerally____improvementsindiet.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.attributedto

B.adjustedto

C.adaptedto

D.accustomedto

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.attributedto歸因于；被認(rèn)為是……所為B.adjustedto調(diào)節(jié)；調(diào)整以適應(yīng)

C.adaptedto適合；適應(yīng)于D.accustomedto習(xí)慣于

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】詞組辨析。

【解題思路】句意：心臟病死亡人數(shù)的下降通?！嬍车母纳?。根據(jù)邏輯，因?yàn)轱嬍车母纳?，所以心臟病的死亡人數(shù)會(huì)下降。由此可知，心臟病死亡人數(shù)下降是由于飲食的改善也就是歸因于飲食的改善。因此選A。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均無法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。

【句意】心臟病死亡人數(shù)的下降通常歸因于飲食的改善。

14.單選題

Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.

TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoonfromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromotherdirectionswerealsoreduced.

PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciationshadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefromtheTarimbasinandTurfandepression,specieswhichhadalreadyadaptedtothedrysteppeclimate,andwouldotherwisehavebeenexpectedtoflourishinTibetan,theremainingnativefaunaandfloramultiplied.ArmanddescribestheTibetanfaunaasn