21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程第四冊(cè)Reading-Aloud

21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程第四冊(cè)Reading_Aloud21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程第四冊(cè)Reading_Aloud21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程第四冊(cè)Reading_Aloud資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程第四冊(cè)Reading_Aloud版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁(yè)次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：Unit1Ifgreatachieversshareanything,saidSimonton,itisanunrelentingdrivetosucceed.There’satendencytothinkthattheyareendowedwithsomethingsuper-normal,heexplained.Butwhatcomesoutoftheresearchisthattherearegreatpeoplewhohavenoamazingintellectualprocesses.It’sadifferenceindegree.Greatnessisbuiltupontremendousamountsofstudy,practiceanddevotion.HecitedWinstonChurchill,Britain’sprimeministerduringWorldWar2,asanexampleofarisk-takerwhowouldnevergiveup.Thrustintoofficewhenhiscountry'smoralewasatitslowest,ChurchillrosebrilliantlytoleadtheBritishpeople.InaspeechfollowingtheAlliedevacuationatDunkirkin1940,heinspiredthenationwhenhesaid,Weshallnotflagorfail.Weshallgoontotheend...Weshallneversurrender.西蒙頓說(shuō)，如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的話，那就是一種堅(jiān)持不懈地追求成功的動(dòng)力?！巴腥苏J(rèn)為他們具備一些超常非凡的東西，”他解釋道?！暗芯勘砻?，有些偉人并沒(méi)有驚人的智力有的只是程度上的差異而已。偉大是建立在大量的學(xué)習(xí)、實(shí)踐和獻(xiàn)身精神的基礎(chǔ)之上的?！彼e了二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的英國(guó)首相溫斯頓丘吉爾作為永不放棄敢于冒險(xiǎn)的典范。丘吉爾在全國(guó)士氣最為低落的時(shí)候被推上了臺(tái)，并出色地領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了英國(guó)人民。在“我們1940年盟軍敦刻爾克大撤退之后的一次演講中，他的話激勵(lì)了全國(guó)人民，決不會(huì)退縮、永不失敗。我們一定要堅(jiān)持到底......我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)屈服。Unit2Somepersonsrefrainfromexpressingtheirgratitudebecausetheyfeelitwillnotbewelcome.Apatientofmine,afewweeksafterhisdischargefromthehospital,camebacktothankhisnurse.Ididn'tcomebacksooner,heexplained,becauseIimaginedyoumustbeboredtodeathwithpeoplethankingyou.Onthecontrary,shereplied,Iamdelightedyoucame.Fewrealizehowmuchweneedencouragementandhowmuchwearehelpedbythosewhogiveit.Gratitudeissomethingofwhichnoneofuscangivetoomuch.Foronthesmiles,thethankswegive,ourlittlegesturesofappreciation,ourneighborsbuilduptheirphilosophyoflife.

有些人不愿表達(dá)感激之情，因?yàn)樗麄冇X(jué)得這不會(huì)受歡迎。我的一個(gè)病人在“我沒(méi)有早點(diǎn)回來(lái)，出院的后幾個(gè)星期回到醫(yī)院感謝他的護(hù)士?！耙颉彼忉屨f(shuō)，為我猜想你們對(duì)別人的感激一定厭煩得要命?！薄彼卮鹫f(shuō)，“正好相反，“我很高興你來(lái)。很少有人明白我們多么需要鼓勵(lì)，我們從那些鼓勵(lì)我們的人身上獲得了多大的幫助?！蔽覀兯o予的感激永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)過(guò)多。因?yàn)槲覀兩磉叺娜嗽跇?gòu)筑他們的人生哲學(xué)時(shí)所依據(jù)的正是這些微笑，正是我們所表示的感謝以及表示感激的小小的舉動(dòng)。Unit3ThenormalWesternapproachtoaproblemistofightit.Thesaying,“whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughgetgoing,”istypicalofthisaggressiveattitudetowardsproblem-solving.Nomatterwhattheproblemisorthetechniquesavailableforsolvingit,theframeworkproducebyourWesternwayofthinkingisfight.Dr.deBonocallsthisverticalthinking:thetraditional,sequential,Aristotelianthinkingoflogic,movingfirmlyfromonesteptothenext,liketoyblocksisincorrectlyplaced,thenthewholestructurecollapses.Impasseisreached,andfrustrations,tension,feelingoffighttakeover.Laterthinking,Dr.deBonosays,isanewtechniqueofthinkingaboutthings—atechniquethatavoidsthisfightaltogether,andsolvestheprobleminanentirelyunexpectedfashion.Lateralthinkingsoundssimple.Anditis.Onceyouhavesolvedaproblemlaterally,youwonderhowyoucouldeverhavebeenhunguponit.Thekeyismakingthatvitalshiftinemphasis,thatsidesteppingoftheproblem,insteadofattackingithead-on.Dr.A.A.Bridger,psychiatristatColumbiaUniversityandinprivatepracticeinNewYork,explainshowlateralthinkingworkswithhispatients,“Manypeoplecometomewantingtostopsmoking,forinstance,”hesays.“Mostpeoplefailwhentheyaretryingtostopsmokingbecausetheywinduptellingthemselves,’No，Iwillnotsmoke;no,Ishallnotsmoke;no,Iwillnot;no,Icannot...’”It'safightandwhathappensisyouendupsmokingmore.“Soinsteadoflookingattheproblemfromtheoldwayofno,andfightingit,Ishowthemawholenewpointofview—thatyouareyourbody'skeeper,andyourbodyissomethingthoughwhichyouexperiencelife.Ifyoustopthinkingaboutit,there'sreallysomethinghelplessaboutyourbody.Itcandonothingforitself.Ithasnochoice;itislikeababy'sbody.Youbeginthenawholenewwayoflookingatit—‘Iamgoingtotakecareofmyself,andgivemyselfsomerespectandprotection,bynosmoking.’”一般西方人解決問(wèn)題的方法是與之搏斗?！笆虑樵嚼щy，硬漢子就越向前”這句話便代表了這種解決問(wèn)題的積極進(jìn)取的態(tài)度。不管是什么問(wèn)題，或者可以用來(lái)解決問(wèn)題的方法是什么，我們西方人的思維方式產(chǎn)生的基本思路總是搏斗。德博諾博士稱之為縱向思維；即傳統(tǒng)的、按順序的、亞里士多德式的邏輯思維，堅(jiān)定地從一步移到下一步，就象玩具積木一塊搭在另一塊上。當(dāng)然，它們的缺陷是，如果在任何時(shí)刻其中一步?jīng)]有達(dá)到，或者一塊積木沒(méi)有放對(duì)，那么整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)就會(huì)坍塌。事情就會(huì)陷入僵局，沮喪、緊張、和搏斗的情緒就會(huì)籠罩心頭。橫向思維，德博諾博士說(shuō)，是對(duì)事物進(jìn)行思考的一種新方法------一種完全避免這種拼搏，用完全出人意料的方式解決問(wèn)題的方法。在歇洛克福爾摩斯的一個(gè)探案中，他的助手華生醫(yī)生指出有條狗對(duì)案子并不重要，因?yàn)檫@條狗看來(lái)一無(wú)所為。歇洛克福爾摩斯持相反的觀點(diǎn)，他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這條狗一無(wú)所為這一事實(shí)至關(guān)重要，因?yàn)樗鼞?yīng)該有所為，正是在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上他偵破了這個(gè)案子。橫向思維聽(tīng)上去很簡(jiǎn)單。它也的確很簡(jiǎn)單。一旦你橫向地解決了一個(gè)問(wèn)題，你就會(huì)奇怪你以前怎么竟會(huì)為它心神不寧。關(guān)鍵是作出那個(gè)重要的重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移，橫跨一步，避開(kāi)問(wèn)題，而不是正面去解決它。在紐約私人開(kāi)業(yè)的哥倫比亞大學(xué)的精神病學(xué)家AA布里杰博士闡述了橫向思維對(duì)他的病人們?nèi)绾斡杏谩！氨确秸f(shuō)，很多想戒煙的人來(lái)找我，“大多”他說(shuō)。數(shù)人在他們?cè)噲D戒煙時(shí)都失敗了，因?yàn)樗麄冏詈罂倢?duì)自己說(shuō)，‘不，我決不吸煙了；不，我不該吸煙了；不，我決不吸了；不，我不能...’這是一場(chǎng)搏斗，結(jié)果是你吸得更多。”“所以我不再讓他們用這種老的否定方式來(lái)看待這一問(wèn)題并與之搏斗，而是向他們展示了一個(gè)全新的視角------你是你身體的看護(hù)人，你是通過(guò)你的身體來(lái)體驗(yàn)生活的。如果你認(rèn)真思考一下，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你的身體的確有一些無(wú)能為力的東西。它絲毫不能自理。它沒(méi)有選擇，就象一個(gè)嬰兒的身體。于是你就開(kāi)始用全新的方式來(lái)看待它------‘現(xiàn)在我將通過(guò)戒煙來(lái)照顧自己，給自己一’些尊重和保護(hù)。Unit4Whenastudent'sworkdidnotmeasureuptotheteacher'sexpectations,asoftenhappened,thestudentwasnottreatedwithdisappointment,anger,orannoyance.Instead,theteacherassumedthatthiswasanexception,anaccident,abadday,amomentaryslip-andthestudentbelievedherandfeltreassured.Thenexttimearound,hetriedharder,determinedtoliveuptowhattheteacherknewhecoulddo.Theexactpartofcommunicationthattellsachild,“Iexpectthebest,”isdifficulttopinpoint.Inpartitconsistsofaleveltoneshowingassurance,alackofverbalimpatience,anabsenceofnegativequalitiessuchasirony,put-downs,andirritation.Theteacherwhoexpectsthebestasksherquestionswithconviction,knowingtheanswersshegetswillberight,andthechildpicksupthatconviction.

當(dāng)一個(gè)學(xué)生的功課達(dá)不到老師的期望時(shí)，正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣，這個(gè)學(xué)生得到的不是失望、生氣或惱怒的對(duì)待。相反，老師認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)例外，一次意外事件，倒霉的一天，一次暫時(shí)性的失誤而學(xué)生相信了她，并消除了疑慮。下一次功課，他更加努力了，決心做到老師知道他能做到的事。很難精確地找出老師傳達(dá)的信息中到底是哪一部分告訴了孩子：“我期待著最好的成績(jī)?！彼牟糠殖煞职@示著信心的平和聲調(diào)，沒(méi)有言語(yǔ)上的不耐煩，沒(méi)有諷刺、奚落和惱怒等消極因素。期待著最好成績(jī)的老師滿懷信心地提出問(wèn)題，她知道她將得到的答案將是正確的，而孩子也感受到了那種信心。Unit5Ihaveoftenreflecteduponthenewvistasthatreadingopenedtome.Iknewrightthereinprisonthatreadinghadchangedforeverthecourseofmylife.AsIseeittoday,theabilitytoreadawokeinsidemesomelongdormantcravingtobementallyalive.Icertainlywasn'tseekinganydegree,thewayacollegeconfersastatussymboluponitsstudents.Myhomemadeeducationgaveme,witheveryadditionalbookthatIread,alittlebitmoresensitivitytothedeafnessthatwasafflictingtheblackraceinAmerica.Notlongago,anEnglishwritertelephonedmefromLondon,askingquestions.Onewas,”What’syouralmamatter”

Itoldhim,“Books.”YouwillnevercatchmewithafreefifteenminutesinwhichI'mnotstudyingsomethingIfeelmightbeabletohelptheblackman...我經(jīng)常思考閱讀為我打開(kāi)了的新遠(yuǎn)景，我當(dāng)時(shí)在獄中就知道，閱讀已永遠(yuǎn)改變了我的人生歷程。正如今天我明白，閱讀能力喚醒了在我內(nèi)心潛伏已久的對(duì)于活躍思想得渴望。我當(dāng)然不是在追求任何學(xué)位，因?yàn)閷W(xué)位只是大學(xué)附于學(xué)生一種地位象征的方式。我通過(guò)自學(xué)所受到的教育使我每讀到一本新書(shū)就更加意識(shí)到正在折磨美國(guó)黑人的聾、啞、盲。不久前，一位英國(guó)作家從倫敦打來(lái)電話問(wèn)了我?guī)讉€(gè)問(wèn)題，其中之一是，“你的母校是哪”我告訴他：“是書(shū)?！痹谌魏我粋€(gè)空閑的15分鐘里，你都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)我在學(xué)習(xí)一些我覺(jué)得可能有助于黑人的東西。Unit6EQisnottheoppositeofIQ.Somepeopleareblessedwithalotofboth,somewithlittleofeither.Whatresearchershavebeentryingtounderstandishowtheycomplementeachother,howone'sabilitytohandlestress,forinstance,affectstheabilitytoconcentrateandputintelligencetouse.Amongtheingredientsforsuccess,researchersnowgenerallyagreethatIQcountsforabout20%,therestdependsoneverythingfromclasstolucktotheneuralpathwaysthathavedevelopedinthebrainovermillionsofyearsofhumanevolution.情商不是智商的對(duì)立面。一些人有幸兩者都擁有很多，一些人則每一樣都擁有很少。研究者們一直試圖理解的是它們?nèi)绾位パa(bǔ)；比如，一個(gè)人對(duì)付壓力的能力如何影響其集中思想和發(fā)揮才智的能力。研究者們大多同意，在成功的要素中智商約占20；其余則取決于多種因素，從所屬的階級(jí)到運(yùn)氣到在人類進(jìn)化的幾百萬(wàn)年中已在大腦中形成的神經(jīng)通道。Unit7Asachild,IidentifiedsostronglywithmymotherthatIthoughtmyfatherwasjustalong-termhouseguestwithspankingprivileges.SheandIarebookish,introvertedworriers.Myfatherisanoptimistwhohasneverhadasleeplessnightinhislife.Likemostfathersandsons,wefought.Buttherewasnocooling-offperiodbetweenrounds.ItwasacoldwarlastingfromtheonsetofmyadolescenceuntilIwentofftocollegein1973.Ihatedhim.HewasaformernavyfighterpilotwithanIrishtemperandabeliefthatalltheproblemsoftheworld-includinganoverprotectedsonwhoneversawanythingthroughtocompletion-couldbecuredbytheapplicationofmorediscipline.

小時(shí)侯，我和母親特別親，而認(rèn)為父親只是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期住在我家并享有打孩子屁股特權(quán)的客人。母親和我愛(ài)讀書(shū)，性格內(nèi)向，多愁善感。父親則很樂(lè)觀，一生中從來(lái)沒(méi)有睡不著覺(jué)的時(shí)候。像大多數(shù)父子一樣，我們常斗氣。但在各個(gè)回合之間卻沒(méi)有休戰(zhàn)期。這是一場(chǎng)冷戰(zhàn)，從我的青春期開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到1973年我離家去上大學(xué)。我恨他。他以前是一名海軍戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)駕駛員，脾氣火暴，他堅(jiān)信世界上所有的問(wèn)題----包括寵愛(ài)有加、做事一向虎頭蛇尾的兒子----都能通過(guò)嚴(yán)隸法紀(jì)來(lái)解決。Unit8Nowitmustbeobviouswhatallhastodowithyou.Eventuallyliketherestofusyoumustbeononesideortheother.YoumustbeanAthenianoraVisigoth.OfcourseitismuchhardertobeanAthenianforyoumustlearnhowtobeoneyoumustworkatbeingonewhereasweareallinawaynatural-bothVisigoths.ThatiswhytherearesomanymoreVisigothsthanAthenians.AndImusttellyouthatyoudonotbecomeanAthenianmerelybyattendingschooloraccumulatingdegrees.Myfather-in-lawwasoneofthemostcommittedAtheniansIhaveeverknownandhespenthisentireadultlifeasadresscutteronSeventhAvenueinNewYorkCity.OntheotherhandIhaveknownphysicians