SDH(同步數(shù)字體系)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

-1-舊的傳輸技術(shù)(PDH)同步數(shù)字系列(SDH)SDH的速率,幀結(jié)構(gòu)及接口STM-1的基本單元SDH網(wǎng)元SDH的同步結(jié)構(gòu)SDH的監(jiān)測(cè)，維護(hù)及其測(cè)試SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)傳輸技術(shù)未來(lái)趨勢(shì)SDH的基本知識(shí)-2-舊的傳輸技術(shù)-3-LELE電話系統(tǒng)-4-T1T2T3T4T5T6T7時(shí)間音頻信號(hào)抽樣信號(hào)輸出

時(shí)間T1T2T3T4T5T6T7脈幅調(diào)制信號(hào)(PAM)抽樣-5-+V0000XXXX0001XXXX0010XXXX1000XXXX1001XXXX1010XXXX1011XXXX1100XXXX1101XXXX1110XXXX1111XXXX數(shù)字編碼-V符合CCITTA率1/2V1/4V1/8V1/16V1/32V1/64V量化級(jí)別3248648096112非均勻量化編碼-6-每抽樣點(diǎn)8比特x=64kbit/s每秒8000采樣點(diǎn)PCM信號(hào)速率-7-時(shí)分復(fù)用(TDM)-8-2048kbit/s64kbit/sx4x30/31x24x3x7x5x3日本美國(guó)歐洲基群速率2次群3.4.5.32064kbit/sx397728kbit/s397200kbit/sx4x434368kbit/s139264kbit/sx4564992kbit/sx48448kbit/s44736kbit/s274176kbit/sx61544kbit/s6312kbit/sx4世界范圍的PDH系統(tǒng)-9-64kbit/sDataSignals15kHzSoundProgramSignals139264kbit/s(+/-15ppm)12048kbit/s(+/-50ppm)8448kbit/s(+/-30ppm)34368kbit/s(+/-20ppm)64信道容量:64x30=19200.3to3.1kHzAFsignalsDSMX34/140DSMX8/34DSMX2/8130DSMX64k/2130PCMX301PCMX305130414PDH復(fù)用/解復(fù)用-10-Si:保留給國(guó)際使用Sa4:非緊急告警(0=告警)A:遠(yuǎn)端告警(1=緊急告警)Sa4toSa8:空余比特或用于數(shù)據(jù)鏈路信息(點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)應(yīng)用)FAS:幀同步信號(hào)(0011011)NFAS:非幀同步信號(hào)2.048kbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu):32x8bit=256bitin125μs

Si0011011編碼的語(yǔ)音/數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)編碼的語(yǔ)音/數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)信令信息時(shí)隙

Si1ASaSaSaSaSa45678幀同步字節(jié)(frames0,2,4...)非幀同步字節(jié)(frames1,3,5...)(M)0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930312Mbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu)

-11-Si:保留給國(guó)際使用Sa4:非緊急告警(0=告警)A:遠(yuǎn)端告警(1=緊急告警

Y:對(duì)端復(fù)幀告警(1=Alarm)E:CRC誤碼指示(0=Error)Sa4toSa8:空余比特或用于數(shù)據(jù)鏈路信息(點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)應(yīng)用)FAS:幀同步信號(hào)(0011011)NFAS:非幀同步信號(hào)用戶(hù)信令.n用戶(hù)信令.n+152.048kbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu):32x8bit=256bitin125μs

Si0011011編碼的語(yǔ)音/數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)編碼的語(yǔ)音/數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)信令信息時(shí)隙

Si1ASaSaSaSaSa45678幀同步字節(jié)(偶數(shù)幀.)非幀同步字節(jié)(奇數(shù)幀)(M)0000xYxx

abcdabcdMFASNMFAS第0幀第1...15&17...31幀0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930312Mbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu)-12-2.048kbit/s復(fù)幀,ITU-TG.704fr15fr0fr1fr2fr3fr4fr5fr6fr7fr8fr9fr10fr11fr12fr13fr14fr15復(fù)幀子復(fù)幀1子復(fù)幀2用戶(hù)信令.n用戶(hù)信令.n+152.048kbit/sframe:32x8bit=256比特in125μs

Si0011011編碼的語(yǔ)音/數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)編碼的語(yǔ)音/數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)信令信息時(shí)隙

Si1ASaSaSaSaSa45678幀同步字節(jié)(偶數(shù)幀.)非幀同步字節(jié)(奇數(shù)幀)(M)0000xYxx

abcdabcdMFASNMFAS第0幀第1...15&17...31幀0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930312Mbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu)Si:保留給國(guó)際使用Sa4:非緊急告警(0=告警)A:遠(yuǎn)端告警(1=緊急告警

Y:對(duì)端復(fù)幀告警(1=告警)Sa4toSa8:空余比特或用于數(shù)據(jù)鏈路信息(點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)應(yīng)用)FAS:幀同步信號(hào)(0011011)NFAS:非幀同步信號(hào)-13-2.048kbit/s復(fù)幀,ITU-TG.704fr15fr0fr1fr2fr3fr4fr5fr6fr7fr8fr9fr10fr11fr12fr13fr14fr15復(fù)幀子復(fù)幀1子復(fù)幀2Si:保留給國(guó)際使用Sa4:非緊急告警(0=告警)A:遠(yuǎn)端告警(1=緊急告警)Y:對(duì)端復(fù)幀告警(1=告警)E:CRC誤碼指示(0=誤碼)M:復(fù)幀定位信號(hào)(CRC復(fù)幀定位:001011)Sa4toSa8:Sparebitsorusedformessagebaseddatalinks(point-to-pointapplications)FAS:幀同步信號(hào)(0011011)NFAS:非幀同步信號(hào)用戶(hù)信令.n用戶(hù)信令.n+15

Si0011011

Si1ASaSaSaSaSa45678幀同步字節(jié)(偶數(shù)幀.)非幀同步字節(jié)(奇數(shù)幀)(M)0000xYxx

abcdabcdMFASNMFAS第0幀第1...15&17...31幀Timeslot0ofCRCmultiframe:子復(fù)幀1子復(fù)幀22.048kbit/s幀:32x8bit=256bitin125μs編碼的語(yǔ)音/數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)編碼的語(yǔ)音/數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)信令信息時(shí)隙0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930310FAS

C10011011

C40011011

C10011011

C4001101101ASaSaSaSaSa11ASaSaSaSaSa11ASaSaSaSaSa

E21ASaSaSaSaSa1NFAS6FAS7NFAS8FAS9NFAS14FAS15NFAS256X8比特=2048比特256X8比特=2048比特2Mbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu)-14-1c2c3c4c

s1s2s3s41111010000AN1a2a3a4a1b2b3b4b8.448kbit/s;幀長(zhǎng)848bit;100.4us;ITU-TG.742

A:告警比特N:國(guó)內(nèi)空余比特1a:添塞控制比特S:填塞比特1020020820820424444準(zhǔn)同步系列–幀結(jié)構(gòu)-15-1c2c3c4c

s1s2s3s41111010000AN1a2a3a4a1b2b3b4b8.448kbit/s;幀長(zhǎng)度848bit;100.4us;ITU-TG.742

34.368kbit/s;幀長(zhǎng)度1536bit;44.7us;ITU-TG.7511111010000AN

A:告警比特N:留給國(guó)內(nèi)使用的空余比特1a:填充控制比特S:填充比特102002082082042444410372380380376244441c2c3c4c

s1s2s3s41a2a3a4a1b2b3b4b準(zhǔn)同步系列–幀結(jié)構(gòu)-16-A:告警比特

N:留給國(guó)內(nèi)使用的空余比特1a,b,c,d:填充控制比特S:填充比特139.264kbit/s;幀長(zhǎng)度2928bit;21us;ITU-TG.7511a2a3a4a1c2c3c4c1d2d3d4d1b2b3b4b1e2e3e4e

s1s2s3s4111110100000ANNN

124724844844844444484448044準(zhǔn)同步系列–幀結(jié)構(gòu)-17-AISPDH設(shè)備AISPDH設(shè)備LOSLOFAISD-BitBER10-3D-BitBER10-6N-BitPDH維護(hù)信號(hào)-18-OLTU34-1408-342-8OLTU34-1408-342-8OLTU34-1408-342-8OLTU34-1408-342-8主用備用140Mbit/s140Mbit/s線路終端單元線路終端單元上下電路局站1,2.................641,2.................64準(zhǔn)同步設(shè)備上下電路-19-同步數(shù)字系列(SDH)-20-更簡(jiǎn)單的復(fù)用結(jié)構(gòu)(低速SDH信號(hào)能直接從高速SDH信號(hào)中提取)

上,下業(yè)務(wù)通道更簡(jiǎn)單

可兼容北美和歐洲兩大PDH體系SDH對(duì)新業(yè)務(wù)是開(kāi)放的(能夠承載PDH,ATM,HDTV,MAN等業(yè)務(wù))SDH提供TMN(ECCs)

(用于集中式網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制)為什么要引入SDH-21-2Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

STM-4STM-1/STS-3cGatewaytoSONETTMDXCADMADM

ATM

SwitchSTM-4/-162Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sSTM-1LAN2Mbit/sADMSTM-1STM-1,STM-42Mbit/s8Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sADM:分插復(fù)用器DXC:數(shù)字交叉連接設(shè)備TM:終端復(fù)用器DSC:數(shù)字交換中心LAN:局域網(wǎng)DSC同步網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)JTEQ-22-設(shè)備外觀-23-信息包網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話網(wǎng)VC-3VC-4VC-11VC-12VC-2VC-3復(fù)用段層中繼段層物理層......低階通道層高階通道層段層電路層SDH傳送層傳輸媒質(zhì)層SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)分層模型-24-VC-2VC-1VC-2VC-1VC-4VC-3VC-12VC-4VC-3VC-2VC-1VC-4VC-3VC-12VC-4VC-3RegSMXSMX復(fù)用段中繼段高階通道低階通道STM-n中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)STM-n中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)STM-n復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)VC-4/3通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)VC-1/2/3通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)通道定義-25-MUX/DEMUXMUX/DEMUXPDHPDHSDHSDHSDHReg.CCNNINNINNIITU-TRec.:G.707 同步復(fù)用結(jié)構(gòu)G.703 電接口特性G.957 光接口特性網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)接口規(guī)范對(duì)于用于傳送業(yè)務(wù)負(fù)荷的同步數(shù)字網(wǎng)元間的互通是必需的網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)接口(NNI)-26-SDH的比特率，幀結(jié)構(gòu)及接口-27-ATM:149.760kbit/sE4:139.264kbit/sDS3:44.736kbit/sE3:34.368kbit/s

AUG

C-4

TUG-3TU-3VC-3

C-3AU-3x1x3x7x7x3x1

STM-NSTS-3N

AU-4STS-3C

VC-4STS-3CSPESTS-1VC-3STS-1SPE

TUG-2

VTgroupx3xNx1

x4DS1:1.544kbit/sTU-11VC-11

C-11VT-1.5VT-SPEE1:2.048kbit/sTU-12VC-12

C-12

VT-2VT-SPESDHSONETITU-TG.707BELLCOREGR.253

ANSIT1.105ATM:48,384kbit/sDS2:6.312kbit/sTU-2VC-2

C-2

VT-6VT-SPEx1

STM-0

STS-1指針處理復(fù)用定位校準(zhǔn)映射SDHETSISDH與SONET都是國(guó)際性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-28-RSOH:中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)MSOH:復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)Payload:信息傳送區(qū)域一個(gè)字節(jié)的傳送能力:64kbit/s幀容量:270x9x8x8000=155.520Mbit/s幀周期:125μ(字節(jié))19逐行傳送中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)AU指針凈負(fù)荷(傳送能力)STM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)-29-C-4STM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)-30-VC-4C-4VC-4POHSTM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)-31-AUPointerAU-4VC-4C-4VC-4POHSTM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)(字節(jié))19中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)AU-4復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)管理單元指針VC-4VC-4POHC-4STM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)-33-12341234123412....11111222223333344444STM-1#1STM-1#2STM-1#3STM-1#4STM-4STM-4/16/64的比特速率是由STM-1同步傳送模塊比特率的整數(shù)倍.支路側(cè)的頻偏由STM－n的輸出信號(hào)通過(guò)指針調(diào)整來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)B1B2B1B2段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)終結(jié)新的段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)高階SDH比特復(fù)用-34-STM-4段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2J0Z0Z0Z0

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

B1

E1

F1

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

D1

D2

D3

X

D4B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2K1K2

D7

D10

S1M1E2

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XD5D8D11D12D9D5

36字節(jié)B1andB2字節(jié)將被重新計(jì)算.字節(jié)E1,F1,K1,K2,D1toD3和D4toD12由第一個(gè)支路中提取.AU指針凈負(fù)荷#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4STM-4幀結(jié)構(gòu)-35-STM-1的基本網(wǎng)元-36-MUX/DEMUXMUX/DEMUX備用線路PDHPDHSDHSDHSDH復(fù)用段復(fù)用段中繼段中繼段Reg.CC時(shí)鐘時(shí)鐘時(shí)鐘B1B1B3B2B2通道校驗(yàn)字節(jié)F2E1,F1,D1...D3E2,D4...D12普通信道B1中繼段同步網(wǎng)-37-J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1V5J2N2K4AU-PTRVC-3/4通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)VC-11/12/2通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)STM-1段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)與傳輸媒質(zhì)有關(guān)的字節(jié)X國(guó)內(nèi)使用字節(jié)SOH:段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)POH:通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)開(kāi)銷(xiāo)(SOH,POH)用于SDH傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的維護(hù)和管理.RSOHMSOHPayloadPOHPointerA1A1A1A2A2A2J0XX

D1D2D3B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9

D10D11D12S1

M1E2XXB1E1F1XXH1YYH211H3H3H3開(kāi)銷(xiāo)比特-38-奇偶校驗(yàn)(中繼器和復(fù)用器會(huì)各自計(jì)算出B1)

數(shù)據(jù)通信通路(兩個(gè)中繼器之間D1...D3,F1字節(jié)提供)

語(yǔ)聲通路(兩個(gè)中繼器之間的E1字節(jié)提供)幀同步

(A1,A2)

再生段蹤跡

(J0定義了源中繼器)A1A1A1A2A2A2J0

B1E1F1D1D2D3B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2AU–

指針中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)功能-39-奇偶校驗(yàn)(B2)告警信息(K2)遠(yuǎn)端誤碼指示(M1,K2)自動(dòng)保護(hù)倒換(K1,K2字節(jié))數(shù)據(jù)通信通道(兩個(gè)復(fù)用器之間的D4toD12字節(jié))同步狀態(tài)(S1)語(yǔ)聲通路(兩個(gè)復(fù)用器之間的E2字節(jié)提供)A1A1A1A2A2A2J0

B1E1F1D1D2D3B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2AU–指針復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)功能-40-奇偶校驗(yàn)

B3,V5/BIP-2由通道終結(jié)點(diǎn)來(lái)計(jì)算告警及性能信息

(V5,G1)VC的信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)

信號(hào)標(biāo)記字節(jié)：C2復(fù)幀指示字節(jié)(H4)使用者通路在兩個(gè)通道終結(jié)網(wǎng)元之間(F2,F3)通道源識(shí)別(通道標(biāo)記字節(jié)J1,J2)J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K4N1V5J2N2K4VC-3/4POHVC-11/12/2POH通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)功能-41-獨(dú)立網(wǎng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)接口的功能與特性容器(C)承載PDH支路信號(hào)最基本的包與STM-1信號(hào)同步通過(guò)比特填充方式對(duì)支路的速率進(jìn)行適配調(diào)整通過(guò)在特定位置填充比特方式對(duì)支路信號(hào)進(jìn)行同步適配逐比特填充虛容器(VC)容器加上通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)后變?yōu)樘撊萜魈撊萜髯鳛镾DH網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的基本傳輸單位承載多個(gè)虛容器的高階虛容器也有指針區(qū)域-42-支路單元(TU)由虛容器加上指針構(gòu)成支路單元組(TUG)用以構(gòu)成新的虛容器的幾個(gè)支路單元復(fù)用管理單元(AU)由虛容器加上指針構(gòu)成同步傳送模塊等級(jí)1(STM-1)由管理單元組加上段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)構(gòu)成定時(shí)的調(diào)整由指針區(qū)域的正零負(fù)填充來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)逐字節(jié)填充獨(dú)立網(wǎng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)接口的功能與特性-43-A1,A2 幀同步字節(jié)B1,B2 用于中繼段、復(fù)用段傳輸誤碼監(jiān)測(cè)的奇偶校驗(yàn)字節(jié)J0 再生段蹤跡 D1...D3 中繼段DCC通道 D4..D12 復(fù)用段DCC通道E1,E2 公務(wù)通信F1 用于維護(hù)目的使用者通路(數(shù)據(jù),語(yǔ)聲)K1,K2 自動(dòng)保護(hù)倒換通路S1 同步狀態(tài)M1 復(fù)用段遠(yuǎn)端誤碼指示 J1 高階通道蹤跡字節(jié)B3 用于通道誤碼監(jiān)測(cè)的奇偶校驗(yàn)字節(jié)C2 信號(hào)標(biāo)記(標(biāo)記凈荷的構(gòu)成)G1 通道狀態(tài)F2,F3 高階通道使用者通路H4 位置指示K3 自動(dòng)保護(hù)倒換通路N1 網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)營(yíng)者字節(jié)V5 誤碼檢測(cè),通道狀態(tài),信號(hào)標(biāo)記J2 低階通道蹤跡N2 網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)營(yíng)者字節(jié)K4 自動(dòng)保護(hù)倒換通路(APS)段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)VC-3/4通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)VC-1/2通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)字節(jié)功能-44-容器虛容器管理單元同步傳送模塊通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)指針段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)準(zhǔn)同步信號(hào)140Mbit/sC4VC-4AU-4STM-1PDH信號(hào)裝配成STM-1信號(hào)的方法-45-指針技術(shù)提供了一種容納SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)中定時(shí)偏差的手段.指針值指示STM-1幀中凈負(fù)荷的起始位置.AU-指針19TU-

指針VC-4通道開(kāi)銷(xiāo)VC-12

POHVC-12VC-4STM-1指針-46-

H1YYH211H3H3H3負(fù)調(diào)整機(jī)會(huì)(高速率支路)指針值i增加/減少I(mǎi)DIDIDID新數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)志,映射結(jié)構(gòu),指針值增加/減少J1C4凈荷NNNNSSID

IDIDIDIDH1字節(jié)H2字節(jié)0110

1001

1001

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX1001SS1111100000負(fù)調(diào)整機(jī)會(huì)(低速率支路)指針說(shuō)明:新數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)志(NDF)無(wú)效:

新數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)志有效:

AU/TU類(lèi)型AU-4/TU-3:

AU/TU類(lèi)型AU-3/TU-3:

AU-4指針0...782:

TU-3指針0...764:

無(wú)效指針指示(NPI):

AU-4指針區(qū)域的作用,編碼-47-不同的STM-1信號(hào)進(jìn)入網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)時(shí)進(jìn)行的頻率調(diào)整(指針填充)中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)

H1H2H3中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)MSOH

H1H2H319270中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)

H1H2中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)

H1H2H3125μs250μs375μs500μsVC-4起點(diǎn)負(fù)調(diào)整字節(jié)D比特反轉(zhuǎn)新的指針值實(shí)際指針值非同步SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)-48-AU指針中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)9261J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z520x13bytes每行C-4140Mbit/s260C-4傳送能力:260x9x64kbit/s=149.760kbit/s容器C-4用來(lái)承載140Mbit/sPDH支路信號(hào)140Mbit/s的映射-49-W=IIIIIIIIY=RRRRRRRR

X=CRRRROOOZ=IIIIIISRI=信息比特S=調(diào)整機(jī)會(huì)比特R=固定比特填充C=調(diào)整控制比特O=開(kāi)銷(xiāo)比特下圖示出VC-4中的一行96IW96IY96IY96IY96IX96IX96IX96IY96IY96IY96IY96IY96IX96IY96IY96IY96IZ96IY96IX96IYJ1140Mbit/s支路信號(hào)映射進(jìn)VC-4-50-AUPointerRSOHMSOHJ1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5

H1H1H1

H2H2H2

H3H3H3260固定填充ContainerC-4contains3timesa34Mbit/sPDHTributary(ETSIstructure)C-3傳送能力:84X9x64kbit/s=48.384kBit/s84C-3J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5C334Mbit/s9261VC-3#1VC-3#2VC-3#3VC-4POHVC-3POH34Mbit/s信號(hào)的映射-51-中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)AU指針VC-4TUG-3TUG-2TU-12VC-12Tu指針2Mbit/s的映射-52-AU-4PointerRSOHMSOHJ1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z512345678910...........................................261ABCABCAABCSTUFFINGSTUFFING.......186TUG-3(A).......186TUG-3(C).......186TUG-3(B)映射與復(fù)用(1)-53-12345678910...........................................86NPIE3F3G3STUFFINGSTUFFINGA1B1C1D1E1F1G1A2123123123123TU-12#1TUG-2(A)TU-12#3.....123123123123TU-12#1TUG-2(B)TU-12#3.....123123123123TU-12#1TUG-2(G)TU-12#3.....TUG-3NPI:無(wú)效指針指示1001XX1111100000XXXXXXXXTU-12s在每幀占用36字節(jié)映射與復(fù)用(2)-54-V5R32字節(jié)(32x8I)RJ2C1C2OOOORR32字節(jié)(32x8I)32字節(jié)(32x8I)32字節(jié)(32x8I)RK4RN2RC1C2OOOORRS2IIIIIII140字節(jié)35bytesinoneVC-4500μsV5:VC-12PathOverheadR:fixedstuffingbitsJ2:PathTraceC1/2:JustificationcontrolbitO:OverheadbitN2:NetworkOperatorbyteK4:APSS2:JustificationopportunitybitI:Info-bitPayloadVC-4凈負(fù)荷V4XXXXX00PayloadVC-4凈負(fù)荷V1XXXXX01PayloadVC-4凈負(fù)荷V2XXXXX10PayloadVC-4凈負(fù)荷V3XXXXX11PayloadVC-4凈負(fù)荷V4XXXXX00VC-12Structure:H4:IndicatesthenumberofVxV1,V2,V3:TU-12PointerH4H4H4H4H4VC-4POH2Mbit/s的映射(異步方式)-55-AU-4指針復(fù)用段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)中繼段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)STM-4VC-4-4cJ1C2G1F2H4F3K3N1C-4-4c固定填充固定填充固定填充4x9字節(jié)4x261字節(jié)4x261字節(jié)ATM信元第一個(gè)指針指示J1位置，其他指針值設(shè)置成串聯(lián)指示B3VC-4級(jí)聯(lián)-56-ATM交換機(jī)提供VC-4的SDH交叉連接ATM交換機(jī)150Mbit/s600Mbit/s

In

OutOutInOutIn

In

OutVC-4-4cSTM-4cportSTM-4cportSTM-4portSTM-4

port150Mbit/s150Mbit/s150Mbit/s?VC4VC4VC4VC44x不同的VC-4?延時(shí)不同嗎？622Mbit/s622Mbit/s如何在150Mbit/s的SDH上傳送600Mbit/sATM信號(hào)-57-生成端:所有的指針都置為相同值級(jí)連VC-4由同一STM-4來(lái)承載所有級(jí)連VC-4都將被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)級(jí)連VC-4個(gè)體進(jìn)行傳送AU-4PointersMSOHRSOHSTM-4VC-4-4vcJ1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1C-4-4vc4x9字節(jié)4x261字節(jié)4x261字節(jié)ATM信元J1B3C2G1F2F3K3N1H4J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1VC-4級(jí)聯(lián)(生成端)-58-終結(jié)端:級(jí)連VC-4-4vc將被分成不同的VC4，并使用不同的指針值對(duì)每一個(gè)分出的VC－4進(jìn)行定位校準(zhǔn)VC-4-4vcJ1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N14x261字節(jié)ATM信元J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1C-4-4vcJ1B3C2G1F2F3K3N1H4J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1VC-4#1VC-4#2VC-4#3VC-4#4VC-4級(jí)聯(lián)(終結(jié)端)-59-E4:139.264kbit/sDS3:44.736kbit/sE3:34.368kbit/s

AUG

C-4

TUG-3TU-3VC-3

C-3AU-3x1x3x7x7x3x1

STM-NSTS-3N

AU-4STS-3C

VC-4STS-3CSPESTS-1VC-3STS-1SPE

TUG-2

VTgroupx3xNx1

x4DS1:1.544kbit/sTU-11VC-11

C-11VT-1.5VT-SPEE1:2.048kbit/sTU-12VC-12

C-12

VT-2VT-SPESDHSONETITU-TG.707BELLCOREGR.253

ANSIT1.105ATM:149.760kbit/sATM:48,384kbit/sDS2:6.312kbit/sTU-2VC-2

C-2

VT-6VT-SPEx1

STM-0

STS-1SDH與SONET都是國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)-60-

SDH網(wǎng)元-61-SDH中繼器STM-nSTM-n應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合:在點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)和環(huán)型網(wǎng)中應(yīng)用的線路信號(hào)中繼器終端復(fù)用器STM-nPDH&STM-m支路m<n應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合:點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)傳輸系統(tǒng)(STM-1/4/16/64/256)SDH網(wǎng)元-62-STM-1/4STM-1/4支路端口:nx2Mbit/s(34Mbit/s)ADM......西向東向上下電路復(fù)用器-63-16x16x4x4xVC11342

SDH復(fù)用器

VC4VC3VC122.4Gbit/s622Mbit/s2.4Gbit/s622Mbit/s140Mbit/s34(45)Mbit/s2(1.5)Mbit/s140Mbit/s34(45)Mbit/s2(1.5)Mbit/s155Mbit/s155Mbit/sVC12

VC3

140VC4

VC12

VC314022

VC12

VC1222140

VC1222343422

VC12140Mbit/s34Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sVC4140155VC4155Mbit/s同步交叉連接-64-光接收單元同步解復(fù)用4444光傳送單元同步復(fù)用4444通信管理單元服務(wù)信道單元開(kāi)銷(xiāo)處理單元數(shù)據(jù)通道服務(wù)通道PC/TMN(Q)16x140Mbit/s

or

16xSTM-116x140Mbit/s

or

16xSTM-1STM-16STM-16SLX1/16同步線路設(shè)備-65-2Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

STM-4SDHSTM-1/STS-3cGatewaytoSONETTMDXCADMADM

ATM

交換機(jī)STM-4/-162Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sSTM-1LAN2Mbit/sADMSTM-1STM-1,STM-42Mbit/s8Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sADM:上下電路復(fù)用器DXC:數(shù)字交叉連接

TM:終端復(fù)用器連接新舊技術(shù)的混合網(wǎng)-66-本地網(wǎng)STM-4STM-16STM-1STM-1交換局FlexMux用戶(hù)接入網(wǎng)Mux64/2M本地交換干線網(wǎng)1L1干線網(wǎng)L2SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)涓删€網(wǎng)L2-67-SDH的同步結(jié)構(gòu)-68-PRCSSUSSU主時(shí)鐘從時(shí)鐘SDH設(shè)備時(shí)鐘SEC

SDH

Equip.SEC

SDH

Equip.SEC

SDH

Equip.銫鐘(一級(jí)節(jié)點(diǎn))requ:1x10-11

typ:5x10-12

長(zhǎng)期:保持24小時(shí):銣鐘(二級(jí)節(jié)點(diǎn))requ:1.6x10-8,1x10-10

typ:4x10-11,2x10-11

網(wǎng)同步-69-限制:最多網(wǎng)元數(shù).10xG.812TNC最多網(wǎng)元數(shù).60xG.813SEC,

兩個(gè)從時(shí)鐘之間的數(shù)不能超過(guò)20個(gè)G.811

PRCG.812

TNCG.812

TNCG.813

SECG.813

SECG.813

SECSSUSSU同步參考模型-70-同步SDH信號(hào)155Mbit/s

數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)2Mbit/s數(shù)據(jù)信號(hào)2048kHz主控外時(shí)鐘SDH網(wǎng)元Osc.內(nèi)部振蕩器4.6ppmSDH網(wǎng)元的同步-71-相位偏差[ns]觀察時(shí)間間隔[s]0.0111001000010100100010000100000保持模式-72-測(cè)量值界面(TIE)-73-

ITU-T ANSI/Bellcore ETSI

定義 G.810 T1.101/GR-253 ETS300462-1網(wǎng)絡(luò) G.825 T1.105/GR-253 ETS300462-3主時(shí)鐘 G.811 T1.101 ETS300462-6從時(shí)鐘(ST2) G.812 T1.101 ETS300462-4設(shè)備時(shí)鐘(ST3) G.813(G.81s) GR-253 ETS300462-5定義同步網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建議-74-SDH的監(jiān)視，維護(hù)及控制功能-75-LOS 輸入信號(hào)丟失 LOS LossOfSignal

TSE 測(cè)試序列錯(cuò)誤(比特誤碼.) TSE TestSequenceError

LSS 測(cè)試序列同步丟失 ErrorInd.

AU-LOP 管理單元指針丟失

AU-NDF 管理單元指針新數(shù)據(jù)指示

AU-AIS AU告警指示 AU-PJE AU指針調(diào)整

B3 高階通道誤碼 HP-UNEQ 高階通道未裝載 UNEQ-P SPUnequipped

HP-RDI 高級(jí)通道遠(yuǎn)端缺陷指示 RDI-P SPRemoteDeect.Ind.

HP-REI 高階通道遠(yuǎn)端誤碼指示 REI-P SPRemoteERrroInd.

PDI-P SPPayloadDefectInd.

HP-TIM 高階通道通道識(shí)別符失配 TIM-P SPTraceIdent.Mismatch

HP-PLM 高階通道凈負(fù)荷失配 PLM-P SPPayloadLabelMismatch

TU-LOP TU指針丟失 LOP-V VPLossOfPointer

TU-NDF 支路新數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)志 NDF-V VPNewDataFlag

TU-AIS 支路告警指示 AIS-V VPAIS

TU-LOM 復(fù)幀丟失 LOM LossOfMultiframe

BIP-2/B3 低階通道誤碼 UNEQ-V VPUnequipped

LP-RDI 低階通道遠(yuǎn)端缺陷指示 RDI-V VPRemoteDefectInd.

LP-REI 低階通道遠(yuǎn)端誤碼指示 REI-V VPRemoteErrorInd.

LP-RFI 低階通道遠(yuǎn)端失效指示 RFI-V VPRemoteFailureInd.

PDI-V VPPayloadDefectInd.

LP-TIM 低階通道通道識(shí)別符失配

LP-PLM 低階通道凈負(fù)荷失配 復(fù)用段再生段高階通道低階通道LCD LossofCellDelineation I.610HCOR CorrectableHeaderErrorsHUNC UncorrectableHeaderErrorsVP-AIS VirtualPathAIS I.610VP-RDI VirtualPathRemoteDefectIndication I.610VC-AIS VirtualChannelAIS I.610VC-RDI VirtualChannelRemotDefectIndication I.610Vx-AIS VirtualChannelAIS&Virtual,PathAISsimultan. (O.191)Vx-RDI VirtualChannelRDI&Virtual,PathRDIsimultan. (O.191)LOC LossOfContinuity I.610ATMPathSDH事件EVENSSONET-76-再生段復(fù)用段凈負(fù)荷B1:-監(jiān)視整個(gè)STM-1幀-覆蓋傳輸系統(tǒng)的再生段開(kāi)銷(xiāo)B2:-覆蓋復(fù)用段、指針及凈負(fù)荷B3:-覆蓋STM-1凈負(fù)荷區(qū)域再生段復(fù)用段Payload凈負(fù)荷再生段復(fù)用段奇偶校驗(yàn)字節(jié)提供了一種監(jiān)視STM-Nsignal傳輸質(zhì)量的方式凈負(fù)荷AU-PTR奇偶校驗(yàn)字節(jié)檢驗(yàn)的幀區(qū)域-77-發(fā)送側(cè)BIP-8B1第n幀第n+1幀奇偶校驗(yàn)程序-78-奇偶校驗(yàn)程序與發(fā)送側(cè)的值作比較發(fā)送側(cè)BIP-8B1第n幀第n+1幀BIP-8B1接收側(cè)第n+1幀第n幀接收側(cè)重新進(jìn)行奇偶校驗(yàn)-79-BitinterleaveddatafieldstructureoftheareacoveredFieldwidth: BIP-24:24bits (B2) BIP-8:8bits (B1,B3) BIP-2:2bits (V5)Columnbycolumnparitycheckforevennumbersof"1"BIP-2480111111111111111111111110101100011101010001100111001010100111101011001000110111101010110111110101011011010011100101100100001010000010101000123Byte1Byte2Byte3evennumbersof"1"例如:24比特間插奇偶校驗(yàn)(BIP-24)如何構(gòu)造一個(gè)奇偶校驗(yàn)字節(jié)?-80-LOS/LOFRS-TIMBIPErr."1"AISMS-AIS"1"MS-BIPErr.MS-REIMS-RDIAU-AISAU-LOPAIS"1"HP-UNEQHP-TIMHP-BIPErr.HP-REIHP-RDI"1"AISTU-AISTU-LOPLOMHP-PLMLP-UNEQLP-TIMLP-BIPErr.LP-REILP-RDILP-PLM"1""1""1"AISAIS中繼段復(fù)用段高階通道低階通道(J0)(B1)(K2)(B2)(M1)(K2)(C2)(J1)(B3)(G1)(G1)(H4)(C2)(V5)(J2)(V5)(V5)(V5)(V5)SDH維護(hù)信號(hào)的關(guān)系-81-LOS DropofincommingopticalpowerlevelcausesBERof10-3orworseOOF A1,A2incorrectformorethan625usLOF IfOOFpersistsof3msB1Error MismatchoftherecoveredandcomputedBIP-8MS-AIS K2(bits6,7,8)=111for3ormoreframesB2Error MismatchoftherecoveredandcomputedBIP-24MS-RDI IfMS-AISorexcessiveerrorsaredetected,K2(bits6,7,8)=110MS-REI M1:BinarycodedcountofincorrectinterleavedbitblocksAU-AIS All"1"intheentireAUincludingAUpointerAU-LOP 8to10NDFenableor8to10invalidpointersHP-UNEQ C2="0"for5ormoreframesHP-TIM J1:TraceidentifiermismatchHP-SLM C2:SignallabelmismatchHP-LOM H4values(2to10times)unequaltomultiframesequenceB3Error MismatchoftherecoveredandcomputedBIP-8HP-RDI G1(bit5)=1,ifaninvalidsignalisreceivedinVC-4/VC-3HP-REI G1(bits1,2,3,4)=binarycodedB3errors

維護(hù)信號(hào)的定義(1)-82-TU-AIS 單元信號(hào)全部為"1"，包括支路指針TU-LOP 新數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)識(shí)使能或收到無(wú)效指針值LP-UNEQ VC-3:C2被置"0"等于或超過(guò)1幀

VC-12:V5(比特5,6,7)被置000for等于或超過(guò)1幀LP-TIM VC-3:J1失配;VC-12:J2失配LP-SLM VC-3:C2失配;VC-12:V5(bits5,6,7)失配BIP-2Err 接收端計(jì)算出的BIP-2(V5)與發(fā)送端的值不同LP-RDI V5(bit8)=1,若TU-2通道AIS或信號(hào)失效被接收到LP-REI V5(bit3)=1,若檢測(cè)到BIP-2誤碼大于或等于1LP-RFI V5(bit4)=1,若有缺陷發(fā)生縮寫(xiě):AU

管理單元HP

高階通道LOF

幀丟失LOM

復(fù)幀丟失LOP

指針丟失LOS

輸入信號(hào)丟失LP

低階通道OOF

幀失步REI

遠(yuǎn)端誤碼指示(FEBE)RDI

遠(yuǎn)端缺陷指示(FERF)RFI

遠(yuǎn)端失效指示SLM

信號(hào)標(biāo)記失配TIM

通道識(shí)別符TU

支路單元UNEQ

未裝載VC

虛容器C

容器維護(hù)信號(hào)的定義(2)-83-性能參數(shù)ES 差錯(cuò)秒 有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上誤塊的秒SES 嚴(yán)重差錯(cuò)秒誤塊超過(guò)30％或一個(gè)缺陷被檢測(cè)到的秒BBE 背景誤塊與SES不同的誤塊ITU-TG.826ES 誤碼秒 有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上比特誤碼秒SES 嚴(yán)重誤碼秒 平均誤碼率>1x10E-3秒U(xiǎn)AS 不可用秒:時(shí)間10sec10sec<10sec不可用秒檢測(cè)到不可用檢測(cè)到可用ITU-TG.821-84-抖動(dòng)和漂移-85-0123456789...時(shí)間線101101001100比特序列1UI理想信號(hào)(不歸零碼)實(shí)際信號(hào)(帶有抖動(dòng)和漂移)數(shù)字傳輸系統(tǒng)中相位變化(抖動(dòng)或漂移)抖動(dòng)和漂移的定義-86-信號(hào)間的干擾依賴(lài)于信號(hào)類(lèi)型的抖動(dòng)相位噪聲信號(hào)的延遲填充與去除非信息比特帶來(lái)的抖動(dòng)映射抖動(dòng)指針調(diào)整帶來(lái)的抖動(dòng)抖動(dòng)和漂移產(chǎn)生的原因-87-Amplitude/dBFrequency/Hz10HzSTM-1: 500Hz 65kHz 1.3MHz

STM-4: 1kHz 250kHz 5MHz

STM-16: 5kHz 1MHz 20MHz高頻抖動(dòng)包含低頻分量的抖動(dòng)總抖動(dòng)WanderValuesaccordingtoITU-TRec.G.825andG.813Max.JitterAmplitude: 1,5UI 0,15UI抖動(dòng)測(cè)試濾波器-88-抖動(dòng)幅度

(PP)測(cè)試時(shí)間抖動(dòng)/UIpp時(shí)間抖動(dòng)峰峰值幅度的