金融英語完整版

Part1.MultipleChoice(Parti單選DDDADADABD閱讀CDDACDBBD)ThePeople'sBankofChinahasbeendividedintodistrictbankssince1999.A.6B.7C.8D.9ThePBChasoperatedasthecentralbanksince.A.1987B.1986C.1985D.1984(3)Chinaformallyliftedallremainingcurrentaccountrestrictionsin.A.1993B.1994C.1995D.1996remainstheprincipleforeignexchangebank.A.TheBankofChinaB.TheCommercialandIndustrialBankC.TheConstructionBankD.TheAgriculturalBankTheindirectinstrumentssuchashaveemergedasmajormonetarypolicytoolsthatthePBCrelieson.A.requiredreserveratioB.interestrateadjustmentC.openmarketoperationsD.alloftheaboveWithChina'sentryintoWTO,Chinahasdecidedtoimplementaphasedreformof.thewhollystate-ownedcommercialbanksthepolicybanksjoint-equitycommercialbanksthenon-bankfinancialsectorBanksplayauniqueroleintheeconomythrough.mobilizingsavingstransmittingmonetarypolicyprovidingapaymentsystemallofaboveTheevolutionoftheChinesebankingsystemcanbebroadlydividedintophases.A.3B.4C.2D.5Althoughcapitalmarketdevelopmentisexpectedtospeedup,banksinChinacurrentlyprovideaboutpercentofaggregatefinancingintheeconomy.A.65B.75C.50D.80Apartfromtraditionaldeposittakingandlendingbusiness,commercialbanksnowofferabroadrangeofintermediaryservicessuchas.A.internationalsettlementB.bankcardsC.privatebankingD.alloftheabove.TrueorFalseSincetheenactmentoftheLawofthePeople'sBankofChinainMarch1995,thePBChasnolongerplayedtheroleoffinancingfiscaldeficitsinnationalbudgetary.ThePeople'sBankofChinawasmadeasacentralbankin1948.Theindirectpolicyinstrumentsincluderequiredreserveratio,interestrateadjustment,andcreditceiling.Before1979theforeignexchangecontrolwasstrictlyenforced.Thewhollystate-ownedcommercialbanksinChinatodayusedtobeknownasstate-ownedspecializedbanks.Oneoftheimportantgoalsofliberalizingthebankingsectoristogiveforeignbanksnationaltreatment.TheincreaseofthepresenceofforeignbanksinChinaislikelytointroducenewproductsandexpertise.NowChinastillremainssomecurrentaccountrestrictions.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagreatimprovementintheconductofmonetarypolicywithgreatrelianceondirectpolicyinstruments.NowChinaisanArticleWmemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund..ClozeDirections:Readthefollowingparagraphsandthenputthesuitablewordsorphrasesintotheblanks.Thebankingsectorhasplayedanimportantroleintheimplementationofthestabilizationandstructuralmeasuresaswellassustainingstrongeconomicgrowth.Themacroeconomicstabilityandimprovementinturnhaveenabledthebankingsectortovigorously.Althoughcapitalmarketdevelopmentisexpectedtospeedup,banksinChina,whichcurrentlyprovideabout75percentofaggregatefinancingintheeconomy,arelikelytocontinueplayingaroleinfinancingeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentaswellastheeconomicintheforeseeablefuture..facilitating2.reform3.structural4.develop5.dominantInrecentyears,therehasbeenasignificantimprovementintheofmonetarypolicywithgreaterrelianceonpolicyinstruments.Thecentralbankusedtorelyoncreditceilingsforcommercialbanksasamajortoolformonetarypolicy.Thisdirectinstrumenthasbeenabolishedwhilesuchindirectinstrumentsasrequiredreserveratio,interestrateadjustmentandopenmarketoperationshaveasmajormonetarypolicytools.Therequiredreserveaccountandexcessreserveaccountofthecommercialbankswiththecentralbankhavebeenandtheconsolidatedrequiredreserveratiohasbeenreducedfrom13percentto8percent.Since1996,thecentralbankhasinterestratesonmanyoccasionstoreflecttheweakeningdomesticandglobaldemand.Thesepolicymeasureshavehelpedsustainstrongeconomicgrowth1.emerged2.conduct3.lowered4.indirect5.mergedThereformeffortshaveresultedingreateropennessofthebankingsector,integratedfinancialmarkets,increaseddiversificationofbankinginstitutions,strengthenedcompetitionandimprovedefficiencyofallocation.Despitetheseachievements,thebankingsectorinChinaisfacedwithchallenges,includingthehighlevelofloansandtheneedtoprepareforgreatercompetitionfromforeignbanks,asChinabecomesamemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Thesechallengescallforeffortsonthepartoftheauthoritiesininstitutionalbuildingtofacilitategreaterenforceabilityofbankclaims,fastermarketinfrastructuredevelopmentandbetterownershipstructure.Theseeffortshavetobeaccompaniedbyparallelactionsofthebankstoimprovecorporategovernance,particularlystructureandinternalcontrols.ncentive2.non_ensifyingTranslationAlthoughbankssharemanycommonfeatureswithotherprofit-seekingbusinesses,theyplayauniqueroleintheeconomythroughmobilizingsavings,allocatingcapitalfundstofinanceproductiveinvestment,transmittingmonetarypolicy,providingapaymentsystemandtransformingrisks,盡管銀行與其他以盈利為目的的企業(yè)具有許多共同的特征，但它在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中還發(fā)揮著特殊的作用。銀行可以動員儲蓄，為生產(chǎn)性企業(yè)投資調(diào)配資金，傳遞貨幣政策，提供支付體系，轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險。ThepastfewyearshaveseenmarkedaccelerationofChina'sbankingreform,particularlysignificantstrengtheningofthecentralbank'scapacityforsupervisionandmacroeconomicmanagement,substantialimprovementinthemanagementofthecommercialbanks,andgreateropennessofthebankingindustry,在過去的幾年中，中國銀行業(yè)的改革速度顯著加快，特別是強(qiáng)化了中央銀行的監(jiān)管職能和宏觀調(diào)控能力，商業(yè)銀行經(jīng)營管理大有改善，銀行業(yè)對外開放進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。Thegovernmentintroducedacomprehensivepackageofmeasuresaimedatrestoringfinancialorderaswellasaddressingtheinflationarypressureandsignsofoverheating,particularlyintherealestatesectorandthestockmarkets.政府采取了一系列措施以整頓金融秩序，應(yīng)對通貨膨脹的壓力及經(jīng)濟(jì)過熱現(xiàn)象，尤其是房地產(chǎn)和股票市場的過熱現(xiàn)象。TheimplementationofthestabilizationandstructuralmeasureshasbeenamajorfactorunderlyingtheresilienceoftheChineseeconomyinthecontextofthecrisisinAsianfinancialmarketsandtherecentweakeningofglobaleconomicactivity.宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定政策和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整措施，是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)在亞洲金融危機(jī)陰影籠罩和近年來全球經(jīng)濟(jì)疲弱的環(huán)境下，依然保持較快發(fā)展的一個重要因素。ThePBCdidnothaveaclearlegalstatusuntiltheenactmentoftheLawofthePeople'sBankofChinainMarch1995.直到1995年3月《中國人民銀行法》的頒布，中國人民銀行才取得了明確的法律地位ThislawhasstrengthenedthePBC'sindependencebyprohibitingitsfinancingoffiscaldeficitsandinterferenceintheperformanceofitsfunctionsbyanygovernmentagency,non-governmentorganizationorindividual.該法強(qiáng)化了央行的獨立性，禁止其對財政赤字進(jìn)行融資，其行使職能時不受任何政府機(jī)構(gòu)、非政府組織以及任何個人的干預(yù)。ThereformofthefinancialsystemandparticularlythediversificationofbankinginstitutionshaveincreasedcompetitioninthebankingsectorandimprovedfinancialservicesinChina.金融體系的改革，特別是銀行結(jié)構(gòu)的多元化，加強(qiáng)了我國銀行內(nèi)部間的競爭，從而改善了中國金融業(yè)的服務(wù)質(zhì)量。WithtotalassetsamountingtoUSD34.4billion,theforeignbankinginstitutionsaccountfor20percentoftheforeigncurrencyloanmarketinChina.外資金融機(jī)構(gòu)總資產(chǎn)達(dá)到344億美元，占在華外幣貸款市場的20%Chinawillcontinuetopursueasoundmonetarypolicy,andseekrefinementsintheconductofmonetarypolicybyrelyingmainlyonindirectpolicyinstruments.中國將繼續(xù)推行穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策，并主要依靠間接政策工具，以求最佳的效果Againstthebackdropofincreasingglobalization,Chinahasworkedoutapreliminarytimetableforfurtheropeningupthebankingsector..在經(jīng)濟(jì)日益全球化的背景下，中國已經(jīng)擬訂出了銀行業(yè)進(jìn)一步開放的日程表ReadingComprehensionPassageOneTheaimofmonetarypoliciesistomaintainthestabilityofstabilityofthevalueofcurrencyandtherebypromoteeconomicgrowth.ThePeople'sBankofChinashallformulateandimplementmonetarypoliciesandexercisesupervisionandcontroloverthefinancialindustryundertheleadershipoftheStateCouncil.ThePeople'sBankofChinashallreporttotheStateCouncilforapprovalbeforeimplementation.Itsdecisions,concerningtheannualsupplyofbanknotes,interestrates,foreignexchangeratesandothermajorissues,arespecifiedbytheStateCouncil.ThePeople'sBankofChinashallsubmitworkreportstotheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressonmattersconcerningmonetarypoliciesanditsworkofsupervisionandcontroloverthefinancialindustry.ThePBCshall,undertheleadershipoftheStateCouncil,independentlyimplementmonetarypolicies,exerciseitsfunctionsandcarryonitsoperationaccordingtolawandbefreefrominterventionbylocalgovernments,orotheradministrativeorgansatalllevels,publicorganizationsofindividuals.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasignificantimprovementintheconductofmonetarypolicywithgreaterrelianceonindirectpolicyinstruments.Thecentralbankusedtorelyoncreditceilingsforcommercialbanksasamajortoolformonetarypolicy.Thisdirectinstrumenthasbeenabolishedwhilesuchindirectinstrumentsasrequiredreserveratio,interestrateadjustmentandopenmarketoperationshaveemergedasmajormonetarypolicytools.Therequiredreserveaccountandexcessreserveaccountofthecommercialbankswiththecentralbankhavebeenmergedandtheconsolidatedrequiredreserveratiohasbeenreducedto13percentto8percent.Since1996,thecentralbankhasloweredinterestratesonmanyoccasionstoreflecttheweakeningdomesticandglobaldemand.Thesepolicymeasureshavehelpedsustainstrongeconomicgrowth.Thedefinitegoalofmonetarypoliciesis.「A，.，?一，……。….一?！唬輙omaintainthestabilityofpublicorganizationsofindividualstocarryoutfinancialbusiness「八，topromotethedevelopmentofeconomy「一.一tocontroloverthefinancialindustryWhatdoesthePBCdobeforeputtingmonetarypoliciesintopractice?A.Itshallmakedecisionsconcerningtheannualsupplyofbanknotes.B.Itshallexercisesupervisionandcontroloverthefinancialindustry.C.ItshallsubmititsworkreportstotheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.D.ItshallreportitsdecisionstotheStateCouncilforapproval.Inrecentyears,PBCreliesonas(a)majortool(s)formonetarypolicy.A.directpolicyinstrumentsB.creditceilingsforcommercialbanksC.discountingD.indirectpolicyinstrumentsWhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthepassage?A.TherequiredreserveratioisthemostcommonlyusedmonetarypolicytoolbythePBC.B.SomefunctionsofthePBC.C.Thedetailsconcerningmonetarypolicies.i」,D.ThePBChasconsolidatedtherequiredreserveaccountandexcessreserveaccountofthecommercialbanks.PassageTwoChinawillcontinuetopursueasoundmonetarypolicy,andseekrefinementsintheconductofmonetarypolicybyrelyingmainlyonindirectpolicyinstruments.First,openmarketoperationswillbeexpanded,andthequalityoftherelevantdecision-makingwillbeimprovedtooptimizethetimingandscaleofopenmarkettransactions.Transactionfrequencywillbeincreasedandfine-tuningmeasureswillbetakenastheoccasionwarrants.Flexibilitywillbeexercisedinselectingmodesoftransactionsoastogivefurtherplaytotheopenmarketinguidingshort-terminterestrates.Marketinfrastructurewillbestrengthenedthroughimprovementsinthesettlementandclearingsystem.Second,rediscountbusinesswillbefurtherdeveloped.Whileexpandingtherangeofbillse1igiblefordiscount,theceilingondiscountinterestratewillbegraduallyliftedinsupportofthemarket-basedinterestratereform.Thepurposeistoenhancetheroleofrediscountinguidingmarketinterestrateandcommercialbank'sbehavior.Third,therequiredreservesystemwillbefurtherimproved.Thebasisforcalculatingtherequiredreserveswillbeimprovedbyintroducingtheconceptofaveragebalanceintheaccountingperiod.Verificationoftherequiredreservewillalsobeimprovedaccordingly.Fourth,effortswillbemadetograduallyincreasemarketinfluenceoverthedegreetowhichinterestratesvaryaroundthecentralbankrates,withmoneymarketinterestratesasthekeyintermediateratedeterminedbymarketsupplyanddemand.Insequencingofinterestrateliberalization,foreigncurrencyinterestratepolicieswillbereformedbeforethosegoverninglocalcurrencyrates,ruralratesbeforethoseforurbanfinancialinstitutions,andbanklendingratesaheadofdepositrates.Thusthemainelementsofthereformwillinvolverelaxingrestrictionsontheyieldatissueofdomesticenterprisebonds,leavingthesetobedeterminedbythemarket;liftingcontroloverthedepositandloaninterestratesofruralcreditco-operativesandallowingtheseentitiestosettheirinterestratesaccordingtomarketconditionsandtheriskleveloflending;andgraduallyexpandingtheallowablespreadoflendingratesforfinancialinstitutionsinurbanareas,andcontinuingtoexercisecontroloverretaildepositinterestratesandaflexiblemanagementoflarge-amountdepositinterestrates.What'sthemainideaofthispassage?A.Chinawillhaveafurtherbankingreform.B.Chinawillseekrefinementsintheconductofmonetarypolicybyrelyingmainlyoninterestrateliberalization.廣—??一?一?1，一。1??一C.Chinawillimprovetheimplementationofmonetarypolicybyrelyingmainlyonindirectpolicyinstruments.rD.Theoperationoffourindirectpolicyinstruments.Thereformationofopenmarketoperationwillinvolve.A.thefrequencyoftransactionsB.thetimingandscaleoftransactionsC.theflexibilityinselectingmodesoftransactionD.allofaboveWhichsentenceisnottrueaboutrediscountbusiness?rA.Theceilingondiscountinterestratewillbegraduallyabolish.rB.Therediscountreformwillpreventthemarket-basedinterestratereform.C.Therangeofbillseligiblefordiscountwillbeexpanded.-?，?，，，?D.Themainpurposeofrediscountreformistoguidemarketinterestrateandcommercialbankbehavior.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zAfterimprovement,thebasisforcalculatingtherequiredreserveswillbe.Ln一.一一.IA.averagebalanceintheaccountingperiod「n，，一.，.一一?IB.totaldepositsintheaccountingperiodC.totalloansintheaccountingperiodD.bothBandCInsequencingofinterestrateliberalization,.「A。??，，，?…。一。11，A.foreigncurrencyinterestratewillbereformedbeforelocalcurrencyratesB.ruralrateswillbereformedbeforeurbanfinancialinstitutionsC.banklendingrateswillbereformedaheadofdepositratesD.allofabovePart2.MultipleChoice(part2單選CAABCCACCA閱讀CDDDCADDAABDCDB)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zAccordingtoBaselAccordissuedin1988,thecapitaladequacyratioshouldbehigherthan.A.6%B.7%C.8%D.9%(2)BasleAccordissuedin1988dividesthecapitalofabankinto.A.tieroneandtiertwoB.passandspecialmentionC.outstandingandexcellentD.standardandsubstandardInCAMELSsystem,thebestperformanceisratedas.A.1B.passC.5D.outstandingInChina,hasthepowertocarryoutfinancialsupervisionobligation.A.centralbankB.theCBRCC.fiscaldepartmentD.theStateCouncilThe'C'inCAMELSsystemrefersto.A.capacityB.currencyC.capitalD.capabilityTherearekindsofriskweightaboutassetsqualityinBaselAccord.A.3B.4C.5D.6isthecoreofbanklicensingprocess.A.Aninformationpre-filingstageB.TheapplicationstageC.TheorganizingstageD.TheoperationstageThesupervisionauthoritywillnotscrutinizewhenlicensesaproposedbank.A.thequalificationofmanagersB.businesssiteC.thesourceofcapitalD.operationplanTheaimoffinancialsupervisionis.tosavefailingbankstoprotectallsavingsaccounttomaintainreputationoffinancialsystemtocontrolassetqualityInChina,theminimumcapitalrequirementforanational-levelcommercialbankisRMBbillion.A.1B.150C.180D.2002.TrueorFalse(1)Thebankingorganizationsarenotsohighlygearedastheindustrialcompanies.Thelimitonthedepositinsurancecoveragealsoservestominimizemoralhazardonthepartofthedepositors.Bankcharterisusuallygrantedbythecentralbankoraseparatesupervisorybodyofacountry.Banking,byitsnature,entailstakingawidearrayofrisks.Themostimportanttypesofoperationalriskinvolvebreakdownsinexternalcontrolsorcorporategovernance.Reputationriskisparticularlydamagingforbankssincethenatureoftheirbusinessrequiresmaintainingtheconfidenceofdepositors,creditors,andthegeneralmarketplace.Fromthebanksupervisor'sperspective,themostattractiveapproachistotrytoencouragetheassistedmergerofthefailingbankintoasoundinstitution.Ifabankhasalreadylicensed,itneednotinformthesupervisionauthoritythatthedirectorortheseniormanagementhaschanged.Thebankingsupervisionauthorityinacountryhastherighttosuperviseallkindsoffinancialinstitutions.Sellingunprofitableassetsisakindofmeasurestoimprovethebank'scapitallevel.3.ClozeBanksfaceariskoflossesinarisingfrommovementsinexchangerates.Establishedaccountingprinciplescausetheseriskstobetypicallymostinabank'stradingactivities.Banksactas"market-makers"inforeignexchangemarketsbyquotingtotheircustomersandbytakingpositionsinforeigncurrencies.Therisksinherentinforeignexchangebusiness,particularlyinrunningopenforeignexchangepositions,duringperiodsofinstabilityinexchangerates.1.positions2.rates3.visible4.increase5.openUnderCAMELSratingsystem,banksrated"1"areineveryaspect,whilethoserated"5"arelikelytointheabsenceofimmediateandsubstantialcorrectiveactionandexternalsupport.Thecompositeisnotdeterminedbycalculatingasimpleoftheseparatecomponents.Rather,itistheresultofaassessmentbytheexaminer-in-chargeoftheoverallconditionofthebank.Thecompositeincludesadditionalconsiderations,suchasthebank'scompetitiveposition,includingitsfutureprospectsandtrendsinitsfinancialperformance.Thus,thesummaryratingprovidesabroadoftheexaminer'sfindingsregardingabank'prehensiveAkeyingredientofagoodlendingfunctionisastrongandindependentcreditadministrationdepartment.Thisdepartment'sfunctionsindependentanalystschargedwiththereviewandanalysisofborrower'sfinancialconditionandprospects.Thedepartmentalsoevaluatesloanandadherencetoloancovenants,reviewsstatisticaldataandtrendsintheportfolio,andidentifiestopoliciesandprocedures.Muchofthisinformationisregularlysharedwithseniormanagementand,wherenecessary,withtheboardofdirectors.Theinternalreviewshouldalsofocusonthetypesofbeingextended,thelevelofriskconcentrationinparticularareas,thelossexperienceinvarioussegmentsofthe,andtheneedforchangesincreditstandardsandguidelines..credit2.require3.exceptions4.portfolio5.performanceTranslation(1)Effectivesupervisionofbankingorganizationsisanessentialcomponentofastrongeconomicenvironmentinthatthebankingsystemplaysacentralroleinmakingpaymentsandmobilizinganddistributingsavings.有效的銀行監(jiān)管是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)健的重要組成部分。銀行體系在支付、動員儲蓄、資源配置等方面起著中心作用Decidingontheappropriatelevelofsystemicprotectionisbyandlargeapolicyquestiontobetakenbytherelevantauthorities(includingthecentralbank),particularlywhereitmayresultinacommitmentofpublicfunds.確定適當(dāng)?shù)南到y(tǒng)保護(hù)機(jī)制通常是相關(guān)當(dāng)局(包括中央銀行)的一個政策問題，特別是在可能涉及公眾資金的委托事項的時候(確定適當(dāng)?shù)南到y(tǒng)保護(hù)機(jī)制尤為重要Akeyaspectofthelicensingprocessisanevaluationofthecompetence,integrityandqualificationsofproposedmanagement,includingtheboardofdirectors.銀行開業(yè)審批過程中的一個重要內(nèi)容是對提名的包括董事會成員在內(nèi)的管理層在能力、品質(zhì)和資格方面進(jìn)行評估。Iftherewillbeacorporateshareholderwithasignificantholding,anassessmentofthefinancialconditionofthecorporateparentshouldbemade,includingitscapitalstrength.如果銀行的控股股東是法人，監(jiān)管當(dāng)局還應(yīng)審查銀行母公司的財務(wù)狀況，包括其資本實力Thehostauthorityshouldalsoconsiderwhetherthehomecountrysupervisorcapablyperformsitssupervisorytaskonaconsolidatedbasis.監(jiān)管當(dāng)局還應(yīng)該考慮母國監(jiān)管者能否可靠地完成聯(lián)合監(jiān)管的任務(wù)Seriousbankingproblemshavearisenfromthefailureofbankstorecognizeimpairedassets,tocreatereservesforwritingofftheseassets,andtosuspendrecognitionofinterestincomewhenappropriate.如果銀行不能及時識別損失的資產(chǎn)，增加核銷呆賬的準(zhǔn)備金，并在某些情況下停止計息，銀行就會面臨嚴(yán)重的風(fēng)險問題。Banksareparticularlysusceptibletolegalriskswhenenteringnewtypesoftransactionsandwhenthelegalrightofacounterpartytoenterintoatransactionisnotestablished.當(dāng)銀行進(jìn)入一些新的業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域或者交易對手開展新業(yè)務(wù)的合法權(quán)利沒有確立時，銀行很容易遭受法律風(fēng)險Undertheloanclassificationsystem,criteriausedtoassigncreditqualityratingsareprimarilybaseduponthedegreeofriskandthelikelihoodoforderlyrepayment,andtheireffectonabank'ssafetyandsoundness.在貸款分類系統(tǒng)中，貸款的風(fēng)險度、貸款償還的有序性及其對銀行安全性和穩(wěn)健經(jīng)營狀況的影響程度通常是確定貸款等級分類的基礎(chǔ)Pendingfactorsmayincludeaproposedmergeroracquisition,liquidationproceedings,capitalinjection,preferringliensonadditionalcollateral,orrefinancingplans.這些特殊的因素包括：合并或兼并計劃、清算收益、資本注人、增加抵押物或者再融資計劃Bankfailurescanserveausefulpurposebyrewardingstrongmanagementsandpenalizingweakones.銀行倒閉將有利于體現(xiàn)優(yōu)勝劣汰的市場規(guī)律Prudentialrequirementscoverabroadspectrumofbankingactivitiesandplayanimportantpartinassuringtheeffectivenessofthesupervisoryprocess.Ofwhich,therearefivekeyareaswheretheextensiveprudentialpolicieshavebeenimplementedbybankregulatorsofmostcountries,thesearecapitaladequacy,assetconcentrations,loanclassificationsystemandadequacyofloanlossreserves,liquidityandriskmanagementandinternalcontrols.謹(jǐn)慎性要求包含了銀行活動的各個領(lǐng)域，并且在確保銀行監(jiān)管的有效性方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。世界各國銀行在制定和實施銀行制度時都在以下五個方面體現(xiàn)了謹(jǐn)慎性要求：資本充足率、資產(chǎn)集中、貸款分類系統(tǒng)和壞帳準(zhǔn)備金計提的充分性、流動性以及風(fēng)險管理和內(nèi)部控制Bankingsupervisorsrecognizethatbankingisabusinessoftakingrisksinordertoearnprofitandassumesvariedandcomplexrisksthatwarrantarisk-orientedsupervisoryapproach.Consequently,bankregulatorsinmanycountrieshaveadoptedrisk-basedapproachtosupervisebanks.Underthisapproach,supervisorsdonotattempttorestrictrisk-takingbutratherdeterminewhetherbanksidentify,understandandcontroltheriskstheyassume.銀行監(jiān)管人員應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到銀行是一個通過經(jīng)營高風(fēng)險業(yè)務(wù)來獲取利潤的企業(yè)，并且承擔(dān)各種復(fù)雜的風(fēng)險，因此對風(fēng)險源頭必須采取監(jiān)管的方法。目前，許多國家采取以風(fēng)險為基礎(chǔ)的監(jiān)管模式。按照這種方法，監(jiān)管當(dāng)局不約束銀行的風(fēng)險經(jīng)營，而是確定銀行是否識別、了解和控制了他們所面臨的風(fēng)險(13)Supervisorsmustassesstheownershipstructureofbankingorganizationsincludingthebank'sdirectandindirectcontrollingandmajordirectorindirectshareholders.Thisassessmentshouldreviewthecontrollingshareholders'pastbankingandnon-bankingbusinessventuresandtheirintegrityandstandinginthebusinesscommunity,aswellasthefinancialstrengthofallmajorshareholdersandtheirabilitytoprovidefurtherfinancialsupportshoulditbeneeded.Aspartoftheprocessofcheckingintegrityandstanding,thesupervisorshoulddeterminethesourceoftheinitialcapitaltobeinvested.Whereabankwillbepartofalargerorganization,licensingandsupervisoryauthoritiesshoulddeterminethattheownershipandorganizationalstructurewillnotbeasourceofweaknessandwillminimizetherisktodepositorsofcontagionfromtheactivitiesconductedbyotherentitieswithinthelargerorganization.Theotherinterestsofthebank'smajorshareholdersshouldbereviewedandthefinancialconditionoftheserelatedentitiesassessed.監(jiān)管當(dāng)局應(yīng)當(dāng)評估銀行機(jī)構(gòu)的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)，包括銀行的直接和間接的控制者。主要的直接和間接的股東。這項評估應(yīng)該檢查控股股東過去是否在銀行或非銀行業(yè)務(wù)活動中有過度冒險的行為，評估其在商業(yè)活動中的誠信和能力，所有主要股東的資金實力以及在銀行發(fā)展需要的時候提供進(jìn)一步支持的能力。作為檢查銀行誠信和業(yè)務(wù)運作能力的一項主要內(nèi)容，監(jiān)管者要審定申請者投入初始資本的來源。如果銀行是一個大型企業(yè)的一部分，營業(yè)執(zhí)照主管部門和監(jiān)管當(dāng)局還要檢查該企業(yè)的所有權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)和組織結(jié)構(gòu)，要確保銀行和企業(yè)總部的業(yè)務(wù)活動不會形成同一個風(fēng)險源，不會因為企業(yè)組織內(nèi)部其他部門出現(xiàn)問題而將風(fēng)險傳染或轉(zhuǎn)嫁給銀行，應(yīng)該確保這種關(guān)系給存款人帶來的風(fēng)險降至最低。與此同時，監(jiān)管當(dāng)局還需要進(jìn)一步檢查銀行主要股東的其他投資情況，并對銀行關(guān)聯(lián)企業(yè)的財務(wù)狀況進(jìn)行評估。ReadingComprehensionPassageOneBankingorganizationsarehighlygeared,muchmorethancommercialorindustrialcompanies.Theyhavecustodyoflargevolumesofmonetaryitems,whichmakesthemvulnerabletomisappropriationandfraud.Theythereforeneedtoestablishformaloperatingprocedures,welldefinedlimitsforindividualdiscretionandrigoroussystemsofinternalcontrol.Bankingorganizationsengageinalargevolumeandvarietyoftransactions.Thisnecessarilyrequirescomplexaccountingandinternalcontrolsystemsandwidespreaduseofelectronicdataprocessing.Bankingorganizationsoftenassumesignificantcommitmentswithoutanytransferoffunds.Theseitemsmaynotinvolveaccountingentriesandconsequentlythefailuretorecordsuchitemsmaybedifficulttodetect.Andmostimportantly,thefailureofabankunlikemostcommercialfirms,affectsmorethanthefortunesofitsshareholdersandcreditors,andmaydestabilizethewholeeconomy.Effectivesupervisionofbankingorganizationsisanessentialcomponentofastrongeconomicenvironmentinthatthebankingsystemplaysacentralroleinmakingpaymentsandmobilizinganddistributingsavings.Strongandeffectivebankingsupervisionprovidesapublicgoodthatmaynotbereadilyavailableinthemarketplace.Alongwitheffectivemacroeconomicpolicy,itiscriticaltofinancialstabilityinanycountry.Whilethecostofbankingsupervisionisindeedhigh,thecostofpoorsupervisionhasprovedtobeevenhigher.Bankingorganizationsarehighlygeared,muchmorethancommercialorindustrialcompanies.Theimplicationofthissentencemeans.rBankingorganizationsare,innature,companieslikecommercialorindustrialcompanies.Bankingorganizationsareprofit-seekingcompanieslikecommercialorindustrialcompanies.Bankingorganizationscarrymoreliabilitiesthanothercommercialorindustrialcompanies.CBankingorganizationscarryfewerliabilitiesthanothercommercialorindustrialcompanies.Whyisitnecessarytorequireabanktoestablishcomplexaccountingandinternalcontrolsystems?.rBecausebankingorganizationsmaketradebusinesswithothercommercialcompanieseveryday.rBecausebankingorganizationsarelikeothercommercialcompaniesandhavealargenumberofcommercialtransactionseveryday.CBecausebankingorganizationshavethesamebusinesstransactionswithlargercommercialcompanies.rBecausebankingorganizationsengageinalargeamountoffundsandvarietyoffundtransactions.Thefailureofabank.rA.haslittleinfluencetohisshareholdersorcreditors.hasthesameinfluencetohisshareholdersorcreditorswithmostcommercialfirms.maynotdestabilizethecountry'seconomy.Chassubstantialinfluencetohisshareholdersorcreditors.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zStrongandeffectivebankingsupervisionisanessentialcomponentofastrongeconomicenvironmentbecausebankingsystemplaysanimportantrolein.CA.makingpaymentsB.mobilizingsavingsrrC.distributingsavingsD.alloftheaboveWhat'sthemainideaofthispassage?.「一」「一，「Ittellsthatbanksarelikeothercommercialorindustrialcompanies.「「」一Ittellsthatbanksareunlikeothercommercialfirms.Ittellsthatbanksaremuchmoreimportantthanothercommercialfirms.CIttellsthereasonswhybanksneedstrongandeffectivesupervision.PassageTwoCapitalisatthetopofanybanksupervisor'slist.Themostbasicformofcapitalisequitycapital,whichistheshareholder'sfinancialinterestornetworth.Equitycapitalservesseveralpurposes:itprovidesapermanentsourceofrevenuefortheshareholdersandfundingforthebank;itisavailabletobearriskandabsorblosses;itprovidesabaseforfurthergrowth;anditgivestheshareholdersreasontoensurethatthebankismanagedinasafeandsoundmanner.Minimumcapitaladequacyratiosarenecessarytoreducetheriskoflosstodepositors,creditorsandotherstockholdersofthebankandtohelpsupervisorspursuetheoverallstabilityofthebankingindustry.TheBasleCommittee's"CorePrinciplesforEffectiveBankingSupervision"requiresthatsupervisorssetprudentandappropriateminimumcapitaladequacyrequirementsandencouragebankstooperatewithcapitalinexcessoftheminimum.Whenitappearsappropriateduetotheparticularriskprofile,uncertaintiesregardingtheassetquality,riskconcentrationsorotheradversecharacteristicsofabank'sfinancialcondition,considerationsofrequiringhigherthanminimumcapitalratiosareencouraged.Ifabank'sratiofallsbelowtheminimum,bankingsupervisorswillacttoensurethatithasrealisticplanstorestoretheminimuminatimelyfashion,ormayconsiderputtingadditionalrestrictionsonthebank'soperations.(1)Howdoesthebanksupervisorconcernthecapitalofacommercialbank?Banksupervisorputsthecapitaltothemostimportantplaceofhisconcerns.Banksupervisorcareslessaboutthecapitalofacommercialbank.Banksupervisorliststhecapitalinthefirstlineofhisnotebook.Banksupervisordoesnotconcernthecapitaltoomuch.WhichisNOTtrueaboutequitycapitalofabank?Itcanbringincomeforitsshareholders.Itcanprovidefinancialsupporttoabank.Itcanimprovethedevelopmentofabank.Itcannotindicatewhetherabankismanagedinasafeorsoundmanner.What'stheuseofminimumcapitaladequacyratioforabank?Theratioisused.tomeasurewhetherabankismanagedinasafeway.toreduceriskstodepositorsandcreditorsofabank.tohelpsupervisorspursuethestabilityofbankingindustry.alloftheabove(4)Supervisorsusuallyencouragecommercialbankstooperatewithcapitaltheminimumstandard.A.aboveB.belowC.withinD.equalto(5)Thispassagetellsusabouttheimportanceof.A.capitaladequacyB.minimumcapitalratioC.equitycapitalD.CorePrinciplesforEffectiveBankingSupervisionPassageThreeFromaproceduralstandpoint,itisnotnecessaryforexaminerstoanalyzeeverysinglecreditonthebooksofthebank,sinceafairlyreliablepicturecanbeobtainedbyanalyzingthebank'slargestandmostimportantcredits.Ingeneral,examinersaimtoevaluateaminimumof50percentofthevalueofabank'sloanportfolio,generallythecommercialloanportfolio.Atbankswithrecognizedproblems,ahigherlevelofcoverage,perhapsupto80percent,wouldbesought.Toachievetheappropriatelevelofcoverage,aminimumvalueofaloantoanindividualborrowerorgroupofborrowersisestablished,andthisminimumiscalledthe"linelimit".Itnormallywouldequall/2percenttolpercentofthebank'stotalcapitalfunds.Oncethelinelimitisestablished,examinerswillreadandevaluateallloansatoroverthatminimumamount.Inaddition,allpreviouslyidentifiedproblemloansandallhighriskcredits,includingthoseseriouslypastdueordelinquent,wouldalsobeevaluated.Incaseswherebankexaminershaveconfirmedthatabankhasawell-developedandeffectiveinternalloanreviewfunction,theyalsoemployastatisticalsamplingprogram.Inthisprogram,arandomsampleofcreditsinthebank'sloanportfolioisconsidered;thissampleissufficientlylargetoprovideahighdegreeofconfidencethatitisrepresentativeoftheentireloanportfolio.Thecreditsarethenreadandtheexaminers'ratingofeachloaniscomparedwiththebank'sinternalriskratingforthesamecredits.Iftheexaminers'ratingsagreewiththebank's,thenexaminerswillusethebank'sinternalriskreviewstoroundouttheir