2018考研英語一新題型全精講

2018考研英語強(qiáng)化編講商主講介紹人。15年來他獨(dú)創(chuàng)的“考研英語背詞班”和“考研英語作文班”，幫助超過600萬的考研英語學(xué)渣變考霸，使眾多考生逆襲名對(duì)學(xué)生用心負(fù)責(zé)，授課風(fēng)趣幽默，富有，飽含心靈雞湯，內(nèi)主編的考研英語搶分系列輔導(dǎo)（考研英語藍(lán)皮書，被學(xué)生推考研英語不選擇商歐巴，就是考研最大的！撥開考研迷霧打破英語瓶頸揭示致命誤區(qū)鋪就 閱讀理解B部分是在2005年才設(shè)置的，之前在考研英語試卷上沒有這種題型，所以這種題型被稱為新題型。也就是說，迄今為止，新題型一共只考過13年。其中英語一共考過13次（2005年到2017年、英語二共考過8次（20102017年值得一提的是：英語二8年中2010年考過的新題型是：根據(jù)一篇課文的內(nèi)容，判斷幾個(gè)句子是正確還是錯(cuò)誤（trueorfalse。后來新大綱規(guī)定，2011年后這種題型不再考。所以英語二的不用復(fù)習(xí)英語二2010年中的這種新題型了，中的這一篇也不用做一、大綱對(duì)閱讀理B部分的要本分1篇5000共5題,10主要體結(jié)構(gòu)和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。實(shí)際上就是《大綱》對(duì)考生閱讀理解八項(xiàng)技能要求中的第六項(xiàng)(考生應(yīng)能)理解文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)以及單句之間、段落之間的關(guān)系本部分有4種備選題型，實(shí)際考試時(shí)將從中僅選擇一種進(jìn)行命題。需要注意的一只3種。而英語二只考其中的后2種題型一：試題內(nèi)容是一篇文章中有5個(gè)空白處。每個(gè)空白處本應(yīng)有一個(gè)或一組句子。6-7段文字，要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從6-7字中選出能放進(jìn)文章中每個(gè)空白處文章內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)將所列段落(6--7重新排序1-2個(gè)段落在文章中的位置已給出。此英語一的13年中有4年考了這種段落排序題，分別是2010年、2011年2014年以題型三：在一篇長度約500詞的文章前有6～7個(gè)概括句或小標(biāo)題。這些文字或標(biāo)題別是對(duì)文章中某一部分的概括或段落主旨。要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，從這6～7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選5英語一的13年中僅2007年和2016年考過這種題英語二的8年 英語二的8年中2011年、2012年、2014年、2017年都是考的這類題二、閱讀理解B部分題規(guī)1、考查考生對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)和段落結(jié)構(gòu)的總體2、考查考生對(duì)語篇、語段特征的理①一致性?！耙恢滦浴敝溉膰@一個(gè)；每一個(gè)段落也只有一個(gè)。文章或段落的可能是顯性的有鮮明的句（topic sentence),也可能是隱性的之可能②連貫性。構(gòu)上及三、怎么復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解B部分才能拿到高二個(gè)辦法考生在平常的細(xì)讀課文過程中子之間的關(guān)系。這就必須借研英語藍(lán)皮書《搶分精講》系列上對(duì)考研英語所有考生在做有針對(duì)性的習(xí)題時(shí)解題思四、具體考點(diǎn)、知識(shí)點(diǎn)，以及做題思路規(guī)律對(duì)2001到207這17年題列套典、新商志老師編寫的全部考研英語輔導(dǎo)資料以及考研英語藍(lán)皮書《搶分精講》系列（含英語一、英語二；含詞匯、語法、作文、、模擬題請(qǐng)?jiān)谏讨纠蠋?接五、商志老師為指導(dǎo)考研并的各種困惑和疑問的唯一方式是：新浪商志考研英語。Part 樣

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsomemls.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41. Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thekindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundlsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenofthentsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate. .Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepinrocksformedbywateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmls,birds,andinsectsofwhichweknownothing. .Therewerealsocrab-likecreatures,whosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet. .Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveascomposedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast. About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themlsquicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermls,thoughnowextinct,wereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.sfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsaress,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandsshavebeenpintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecanltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyfirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andinthebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesea-lilies,relationsofthestar-fishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.ananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,ors,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesor eembeddedandp.factorscaninfluencehowfossilsarep inrocks.Remainsofanorganismmayberecedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.附錄1：對(duì)題型一的補(bǔ)就近尋找信息線上出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)；they以及它們的賓格，所有格；here,there等的指代關(guān)系，找出它們?cè)诳涨耙痪渲邢嗪魬?yīng)；it可指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或整個(gè)句子；theythem指代前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞；one指代前面的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；that指代前面的不可數(shù)名詞或句子；this指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或句子；次；附錄2：大綱樣題分——我們可以見到的化石的最早動(dòng)物，水生殼類動(dòng)物，脊椎類動(dòng)物——逐一加以介紹41．[答案[分析]物之間的關(guān)系7個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有]][][G]四項(xiàng)提到了ock”)”einc”和”nodescedan”acuae”和”uh”則為肯定意義的表達(dá)，]42．[答案[分析]本題具有相當(dāng)?shù)碾y度。由于]開始就有“howosarep”，與上文[G]項(xiàng)后面講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織“oan"可能轉(zhuǎn)化成的幾種形式，而本題空白處后面的內(nèi)容則告訴我們“Neayalofheoshatenowerepnocsoredbyaeraco”(巖石中幾乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而保存下來的)，因此兩部分彼此不相吻合。只有]項(xiàng)——水沖泥沙對(duì)于化石保存下來所起的作——43．[答案44．[答案45．[答案析的地“bout75ionearsaoheeofepesasoer”到過渡作用的段落，因此只有]項(xiàng)符合這一條件。另外，epe”]。

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA--Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeencedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)"Ijustdon'tknowhowtomotivatethemtodoabetterjob.We’reinabudgetcrunchandIhaveabsoluynofinancialrewardsatmydisposal.Infact,we’llprobablyhavetolaysomepeopleoffinthenearfuture.It'shardformetomakethejobinterestingandchallengingbecauseitisn’tit’sboring,routinepaperwork,andthereisn’tmuchyoucandoaboutit."Finally,Ican’tsaytothemthattheirpromotionswillhingeontheexcellenceoftheirpaperwork.Firstofall,theyknowit’snottrue.Iftheirperformanceisadequate,mostaremorelikelytogetpromotedjustbystayingonthe acertainnumberofyearsthanforsomespecificoutstandingact.Second,theyweretrainedtodothejobtheydooutinthestreets,nottofilloutforms.Allthroughtheircareeritisthearrestsandinterventionsthatgetnoticed."I'vegotarealproblemwithmyofficers.Theycomeontheasyoung,inexperiencedmen,andwesendthemoutonthestreet,eitherincarsoronabeat.TheyseemtolikethecontactTheyalsolikehelpeopleoutatfires,accidents,andotheremergencies."Somepeoplehavesuggestedanumberofthingslikeusingconvictionrecordsasaperformancecriterion.However,weknowthat’snotfair toomanyotherthingsareinvolved.Badpaperworkincreasesthechancethatyouloseincourt,butgoodpaperworkdoesn’tnecessarilymeanyou’llwin.Wetriedsettingupteamcompetitionsbasedontheexcellenceofthereports,buttheguyscaughtontothatprettyquickly.Noonewasgettinganytypeofrewardforwinningthecompetition,andtheyfiguredwhyshouldtheylaborwhentherewasnopayoff."Theproblemoccurswhentheygetbacktothestation.Theyhatetodothepaperwork,andbecausetheydislikeit,thejobisfrequentlyputoffordoneinadequay.Thislackofattentionhurtsuslateronwhenwegettocourt.Weneedclear,factualreports.Theymustbehighlydetailedandunambiguous.Assoonasonepartofareportisshowntobeinadequateorincorrect,therestofthereportis.Poorreportingprobablycausesustolosemorecasesthananyotherfactor."SoIjustdon’tknowwhattodo.I’vebeengrointhedarkinanumberofyears.AndIhopethatthisseminarwillshedsomelightonthisproblemofmineandhelpmeoutinmyfuturework."Alargemetropolitancityernmentwasputtingonanumberofseminarsforadministrators,managersand/orexecutivesofvariousdepartmentsthroughoutthecity.Atoneofthesesessionsthetopictobediscussedwasmotivationhowwecangetpublicservantsmotivatedtodoagoodjob.Thedifficultyofacaptainbecamethecentralfocusofthediscussion.F→ F[試題分 接著，我們看A到E段，哪一段像發(fā)言的起始段呢?這就要看是哪一段把討論的話題引arealproblemwithmyofficers”，而且與首段的最后一句連接自然，所以我們可以斷定41題空[CEC]hepobemocushenheyetbackoheaonheyhaeodohepapero去解決的呢?他的解決方式是否奏效?順著這個(gè)思路，我們可以找出下兩段的順序是[A]項(xiàng)和[B[DYouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutintheacademiccommunity.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41--45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)WhattodoasaIdeasshouldalwaysbeIgnorancecanbeisequivalenttotheftTheconsequencesofScholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanother’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.Simplystated,is"thewrongfulappropriationorpurloining,andpublicationasone’sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother." Thepenaltiesforvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfrombyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandlirycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentionto ationoftheirsources. Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars'ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofasitisrevealedinstudents'inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyarebyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention. byaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished. throughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesforation-note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography,areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem,thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged. Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisbyintention.Thewriter,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofbyTheoppositeofisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseasdeveloscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytoallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityand[試題分在不同情況下會(huì)受到不同的處罰。在6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，[F]項(xiàng)(的)最貼切。下1段又說到，學(xué)生們應(yīng)該避免。而造成又可以分為3種情況：偶然、無知和故意。接下來的幾段就是對(duì)這3種情況的進(jìn)一步介紹。了解了這些段落的大意，考生就可選出剩下的答案在43和44到44題所處段落中有“noance[D]。但是該段強(qiáng)調(diào)的是作者都應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)標(biāo)注的來源，如果沒有標(biāo)注，免不了要受到抨擊。43題所處段落中說，這種的情況是最輕的一種，是可以饒恕的，所以]選項(xiàng)最展題型一展[2005[2005 Canada'ss(theleadersofprovincialernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercominingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare――tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts―― mendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.But“national”doesn'thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial――provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince――oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince――negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalf31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReview beincluded.Predictablyandregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewsaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn'tgoneanywherewhiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.slovetoquoteMr.Romanow'sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovideernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertotrytoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”SowhenthesgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.Quebec'stoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec'sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskywithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby'sreport:“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsurancenstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies” Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirby mendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthanernmentrevenues.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingyedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers,theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.[2006[2006 OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(acewheregamblinggamesareyed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximay$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a“FunCard”,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseewhathecallselectronic .In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesyedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams’sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams’sgamblers.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthe“medical/psychological”natureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being. TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:“Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit”.Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-numberforcounselingfromthenaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams’ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling”,intentionallyworkedto“l(fā)ure”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill”well. TheeditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays“pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthethrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall..Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsas alitydisordersakintophysical Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependentonyoumightsayaddictedtorevenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers’dollarshas intense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghasographyastheWeb’smostprofitableAlthoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino’smarketingdepartmenttopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingItisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldGamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocial:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisernment.DavidWilliams’ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon’tbetonItisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexinedasweaknessofwill.Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButeveniftheernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsforng[2015[2015 Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrr.(41) Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:Whoismakingtheutnce,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.Thisdoesn’t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,cesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage–includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns–debatesabouttextscanyanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.HowwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingSuchdimensionsofreadingsuggest–asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo–thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn’tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroveralllicy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualArewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywill erelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity–inferencesthatformthebasisofaalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.Inys,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinctionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext’sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.題型二展[2010[2010 Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkincesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definiynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimaybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirgiganticscale,existinginfrastructure,andprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketinginligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretoosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon’teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca”:hos,restaurantsandcafés.Overall,Europe’swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescameto$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamics