09年3月中口真題

09年3月中口真題LtDPartA:SpotDictationYoumightthinkthathamburgerswereinventedintheUnitedStates,butthatisnottotallytrue.These________(1),orpatties,actuallycamefromGermanyinthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.

TheywerebroughttotheUnitedStatesby________(2)whocamefromthecityofHamburg.Thatis

why________(3)was"hamburgersteak'However,peopleinotherplace________(4)that'theyinventedthehamburger.Perhapswe'llneverhavea________(5).thethere'snoquestionthatthehamburgerwasa________(6).Why?Perhapsbecauseatthattime,industrywasgrowingandakindoffoodwasneed_________(7)forworkers.Thehamburgerbecameevenmorepopular_________(8)whenthefirstchainoffastfoodrestaurantswasstarted.Thischainwascalled“WhiteBynow,Thehamburgerwasreadyto_______(12)theworld.AndthishappenedwithMcDonald’s,whichwasactuallya_________(13)atfirst.Butbytheearly1950sthehotdogwasreplacedbythehamburger.McDonald’sandotherfastfoodrestaurants________(14)aroundtheworldthroughouttherestofthetwentiethcentury.McDonald’salonehas________(15)foreveryonepersonintheworld.Theimportanceofthehamburgerto_________(16)remainssignificant.About_______(17)ofallsandwichesthatareeatenarehamburgers.Accordingtosomesources,_________(18)ofcurrentworkersintheUnitedStateshadtheirfirstjobatMcDonald’s.Butthefaceofthehamburgerischanging_______(19).Nowadaysitispossibletobuyachickenburger,aturkeyburger,________(20),orveggieburger.PartB:ListeningComprehension1.Statementsl.(A)Weweremetbytheheadofthecompanyattheairport.(B)WehawMrs.Joneswasthepresidentofthecompany,.(C)Mrs.Jonesusedtobethesecretaryofthecompany(D)Therewerehomemadefreshvegetablesandfruitsinthefactoryl2.(A)Youarespecial.

(B)Youarenatural.(C)Youarestupid.

(D)Youaredumbl3.(A)Tobetterexplainhowtousethatproduct.(B)Tohelpreducethepromotioncostofthatproduct.(C)Toinducemorefamouspeopletousethatproduct.(D)TogetTVviewerstorememberthatproduct.l4.(A)Beeasilyaffectedbyotherproducts.(B)Beawareofthesamekindofproduct.(C)Sticktothatparticularproduct.-(D)Strikeabargainforotherproducts.Questions15--18l5.(A)Aflightovertimezones.

(B)Alossofone'scharacters.(C)Asymptomoflegproblems.

(D)Aconditionofsleepdisorders.l6.(A)Sixhours.

(B)Sevenhours.(C)Eighthours

(D)Ninehours.l7.(A)Avoidjunkfood,saltyfoods,caffeineandalcohol.(B)Drinkaslittlewateraspossiblebetweenmeals(C)TakedrinkswithlessSugar,carbonationorcaffeine(D)Alwayshaveotherfluidontheplane.l8.(A)Sleepassoonaspossible.(B)Napevenduringdaytime.(C)Getagoodnight'ssleep.(D)Relaxyourselfinacafe.Questions19--22l9.(A)Heisoverweight.

(B)Heisseriouslyill(C)Heisdownwithcold.

(D)Heishaleandhearty20.(A)Two

(B)Ten.(C)twenty

(D)Thirty2l.(A)Itisthebest

(B)Itisnutritious.(C)Itisnotenough

(D)Itisnohealthy.22.(A)themanisaheavysmoker(B)Themanisrathershort.'(C)Themandrivesacar(D)Themanworkswithacomputer.''Questions23--2623.(A)ChainmanoftheAfricanClub.(B)ChainmanoftheInternationalClub.(C)ChainmanoftheIrishClub.(D)ChainmanoftheFolkMusicClub.24.(A)Onceaweek

(B)Onceamonth(C)Onceasemester

(D)Onceayear25.(A)Theminutesofthelastmeeting.(B)Thetreasurer'sreport.(C)TheScottishandIrishFolkDances.(D)TheInternationalDisplayWeek.26.(A)tohelpthestudentsfromthesamecountriesovercometheirhomesicknessandotherproblems.(B)Tosetupboothsdecoratedwithpicturesandthingsofinterestintherespectivecountries.(C)Torecruitanyonewhocansewtohelpmakecostumessothateveryclubmembercanweartheirnationalcostume.(D)ToteachtheAmericanstudentsScottishandIrishfolkdancesduringthespecialevenofthedisplay.Que8tions27--3027.(A)InBath

(B)InLondon.(C)InYork

(D)Inthesuburbs.28.(A)Studentsliveinhallsresidencearoundtheuniversitybuildings.(B)Studentsareencouragedtoconducttheirindependentresearchproject(C)Studentsfirstliveinhallsofresidenceandthenareallowedtomoveout.(D)Studentscansharethecommonroomswithfacultymembers.29.(A)Shecouldn'tfindaroomintheresidentialhall.(B)Shecouldsavemoneytopayforherstudies.(C)Shecouldmixwellwiththelocalpeople.(D)Shecouldliveinacomfortablehouse.30.(A)Givehersomeadviceonhowtostrikeabargain.(B)Introducehertothelocalpeople(C)Helpherwiththevolunteerwork.(D)ShowheraroundtheancientcathedralcityPartC:ListeningandTranslationSECTION2:STUDYSKILLS(45minutes)Questions1--5Icameacrossanoldcountryguidetheotherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthecountry,anditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwereavailableonone'sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside.NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEng1andmightconcludethattheonlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtotheinhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Nevertheless,thiswouldreallybeafalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce,bulitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer'sshop,forexample,isactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsinthenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnewswhi1edoingtheirshopping,insteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket.Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersona1servicehasasubstantialcashvalue.HisPricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown,buhewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingofbicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheesetoanoldagepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwhohappenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshoppinglistsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlytohintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocerared-facedfigure,instantlyobtainsitforthem..Thevillagegainsfromthissortofenterprise,ofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactorybecauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodestindividualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothebigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.MostofthevillageshopkeepersIknow,atanyrate,aredecidedlyindividualistintheirways.Forexample,ourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-set,irritablemanwhomchildrentreatwithmarkedrespect,knowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovokeanangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap,mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothis,heseemstobesaying,thathe,acraftsman,shouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash?Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakesbeautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuchluxury.1.Theservicesavailableinvillagesnowadaysarenormally_________.(A)fewerbutstillveryactive(B)lesssuccessfulthanearlierbutmanagingtosurvive(C)activeinprovidingfoodforthevillageandtourists(D)surprisinglyenergeticconsideringthelittledemandforthem2.Thelocalgrocer’sshopisexpandingeventhough________.(A)townshopsaremoreattractive(B)townshopsarelargerandlesswell-known(C)peopleliketoshopwheretheyarelesswell-known(D)peoplegetextraserviceintownshops3.Howdothevillagegrocer’sassistantsfeelaboutdeliveringgoods?(A)Theytendtoforgetit.

(B)Theywillnotconsiderit.(C)Theytakeitforgranted.

(D)Itdoesnotseemworththeirwhile4.Anotheraspectofpersonalserviceavailableinthevillageshopisthat_________.(A)thereisawiderangeofgoosavailable(B)goodsnotinstockcanbeobtainedwhenevertheyareneeded(C)specialattentionisgiventotheneedsofwealthiercustomers(D)goodsarealwaysrestockedbeforetheyrunout5.Inwhatwayisthevillageshoemakera“formidablefigure”?(A)Heseemstopaylittleattentiontopublicopinion.(B)Herefusestomendcheap,mass-producedshoes.(C)Hehasaveryroughtemper.(D)Hehasveryhighstandardsofworkmanship.Questions6--10DriversontheBasingstokeby-passusedtohavetheirattentiondivertedbyasignthatread—A

MOMENT'SINATTENTIONCAUSESACCIDENTS.Thisself-defeatingwarninghasnowbeenremoved,butitsmessageisstillverymuchtothepoint.Almostanytingcancauseanaccident.Apartfrommomentaryinattention,itmightbeaminormiscalculation,asuddenfitofcoughing,abopontheheadwithateddy-bearfromachildinthebackseat,anargumentwiththewife,fog,fallingasleepatthewheel,badeyesight,aglaringsun,ice,rain,wind,orsnow—a1lthesecanmakethedifferencebetweenatragichitandaluckymiss.Althoughhumanerrorplaysitspart,itisbynomeanstheonlycauseofaccidends.Theremustbesomecauseotherthansimplehumanerror.Roadconstructionplaysitspart:researchershavefoundthatitisnotattheobviousdangerspot—sharpcorners,cross-roads,narrowlanes—thataccidentshappen.Itisonthoseroadswheretherearesubtlevisualtraps,unexpectedchangesintheshapeorsurfaceofthe.road,oreveninsufficientorbadly-placedsigns.Whereverthereisa'blackspot',itmeansthatsomethingisseriouslywrongwiththeroad.Whyelsedidthecarelessdrivingofsomanycomeoutatthatparticularspot?WhatthelawrequireswhenyouhaveanaccidentThereare,firstlythelegalformalitiesofexchangingnamesandaddresseswithothersinvolvedinanaccidentand,incertaincases,informingthepolice.However,youarerequiredbylawtostopafteranaccidentonlyif:lSomebodyotherthanyourselfinoroutsideyourcarhasbeeninjured.2Avehiclenotyourownhasbeendamaged.3Anyhorse,cow,donkey,sheep,ordoghasbeeninjured.Ithasbeensaidthatifadrivercontinuesunawareofcausinginjuryhemustbeacquitted.Butthecourtsarewaryofthatexcuse.Furthermore,thedriverhimselfmustwaitatthescene;itisnotenoughforhimtoleavehischauffeurorafriendtoattendtotheboringformalitieswhilehegoesoffonmoreimportantbusiness.Ifyouhavebeeninvolvedinanaccidentandhavestopped,youmustgiveyourname,address,andregistrationnumbertoanyonewhohasagoodreasonforrequestingit;thismeansanyoneaffectedbytheaccident.Iftheseformalitiesarecompliedwithitisnotnecessarytowaitforthearrivalofthepolice.Itis,however,oftenwisetodoso.Thepoliceareexpertatdrawingplans,takingmeasurementsandphotographsandgatheringotherevidence.Inyourabsencethepolicecouldbegivenabiasedstoryagainstyou;andyouyourselfmighwamtopointoutcertainfeaturesoftheaccidenttothepolice.6.AMOMENT'SINATTENTIONCAUSESACCIDENTS'(para.l)isaselfdefeatingWarningbecause______.(A)itwillmakeadriverwaitatthescene(B)itwilldistractthedriver'sattention(C)itistoodifficulttounderstand(D)itistoolongtobereadbydrivers7.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?(A)Afteranaccidentyouhavetogiveyournametoanyonewhoasksforit.(B)DriversontheBasingstokeby-passusedtoignorethesign.(C)Roadconstructionproblemscanbeamajorcauseofaccidents.(D)A'blackspot'isapartoftheroadwheretherearenosigns.8.'Subtlevisualtraps'(para.3)are______.(A)placeswherethepolicehideinordertotrapmotorists(B)partsoftheroadwhicharedeceptivetothedriver'seye(C)dangerspotssuchassharpcornersandcross-roads(D)placeswheretherearemanroad-signs9.Asrequiredbythelaw,youmuststopafteranaccident,if______.(A)youhavebeeninjuredbysomebody.(B)yourcarhasbeendamaged.(C)youhaveinjuredsomebodyelse(D)youhavewitnessedtheaccidentl0.Afteranaccidentitisrecommendedthatyouwaitforthepolicebecause_________.(A)itisagainstthelawtodriveoff(B)theyhavetoexamineyourlicenceandinsurancecertificate(C)theyhavetonotothepositionofyourcar(D)somebodymaygivethemafalseaccountoftheaccidentQuestions11--15Justaswordoilscarcityisalreadycausingintemationalconflicts,sowillthescarcityofwaterreachapointwherewarswillbreakout.Thestatisticsonwaterarealreadyscary.Alreadywelloverlbillionpeoplesufferfromwatershortagesand30countriesgetmorethanathirdoftheirwaterfromoutsidetheirborders—anobvioussourceofdisputesandinstabilityespeciallyastheclimatechanges.Thewholeofthesub-SaharanAfrica,mostofSouthAsiaandwesternSouthAmericaaremostatrisk.Thereason:therapidmeltingofglaciersduetoglobalwarning.Atthemeetingofthecoalitionof27Intemaionalcharitieslastmonth,GarethThomas,ministerofIntenatonalDevelopmentoftheBritishgovernment,wrotetoprimeministerGordonBrowndemandingactiontoensurefreshwaterto1.1billionpeoplewithpoorsupplies."Ifwedonotactnow,therealityisthatwatersuppliesmaybecomethesubjectofinternationalconflictintheyearsahead.Weneedtoinvestnowtopreventushavingtopaythatpriceinthefuture",Thomassaid.Thedepartmentwarnedthattwo-thirdsoftheword'spopulationwillliveinwater-stressedcountriesby2025.Thecoalitionofcharitieshasappealedforaglobalefforttobringrunningwatertothedevelopingworldandsupplysanitationtoafurther2.6billionpeople.Itsaidthatinternationalinvestmentisneedednowtopreventcompetitionforwatertodestabilizecommunitiesandescalateintoconflicts.TacklingthewaterandsanitationcrisisisessentialiftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalCalltoActionistobeasuccess.Otherwise,progressonhealth,education,andenvironmentsustainabilitywillbeundermined.Eachyear443millionschooldaysarelostgloballytodiarrheaand1.8millionchildrendiefromthesediseases.Infact,itisoftennotrealizedthainvestinginsanitationandwaterbrillgsthegreatestpublichealthgains,morethananyothersingledevelopmentinterventionanddeliversenormouseconomicgains.Already,someAsiancountrieshaveputtacklingtheseissuesattheforefrontoftheirdevelopmentefforts.TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsaimtohalvetheproportionofpeoplewithoutaccesstosafedrinkingwaterby20l5.Toachievethaturgentactionneedstobetaken.Thereisnodoubtthatclimatechangeispotentiallythemostimportantfactoraffectingwatershortage.This,compoundedwithagrowingandincreasinglyurbanizedglobalpopulationwillputpressureonfoodandwater.Foratemperatureriseof2°C,whichislikelytohappenby2050,therewouldbeacatastrophic2to3billionpeoplesufferingfromwaterstress.11.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisprimarilyresponsibleforwatershortagesintheworld?(A)Climatechance.

(B)Borderdispute.(C)Worldcompetition.

(D)Politicalinstability12.AccordingtoGarethThomas,_______isthepricewehavetopayforwatershortageifwedonottakeimmediateaction.(A)sanitationcrisis

(B)intemationalconflict(C)globalwarming

(D)over-urbanization13.Whatcanthecoalitionofcharitiesdotopreventcompetitionforwater?(A)Appealingforinternationalinvestment.(B)Bringingrunningwatertothedevelopingworld.(C)Supplyingsanitationtobillionsofwater-stressedpeople.(D)Enhancingworldenvironmentsustainability13.TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsaimto_______inthenearfuture.(A)tacklethewaterandsanitationcrisis(B)yieldeconomicgainsaswellaspublichealthgains(C)makprogressonhealth,educationandenvironmentsustainability(D)providemorepeoplewithcleandrinkingwater15.Accordingtothepassage,whatwilladdtowatershortage?(A)Oilscarcity.(B)Adropintemperature(C)Agrowingpopulation.(D)ReducedfoodsupplyQuestions16.-20Parentingwasneverapieceofcakeinanyage,butprobablythegreatestsourceofheadacheforparentstodayinJapanistheubiquitouscellphone.Today,96percentofseniorhighschoolstudentsand58percentofjuniorhighschoolstudentshavecellphones.Evenamongprimaryschoolchildren,3lpercenthavethem.Byenablingyoungsterstostayconnectedwiththeirparentsatalltimes,thesegadgetshelptokeepchildrensafe.Forthekids,theyarefuntoys,too,thatletthemtexttoorchatwiththeirpalswhenevertheywat,playIntemetgames,andenjoybloggingfortheirownprofileanddiarypurposes.Butterribledangerslurkbeneathallthatfunandconvenience.Everyyearaboutl,000childrenbecomeinvolvedinrapeandothercrimesthroughdatingservicesites.Violentandobsceneimagesareonlyacoupleofclicksaway.Ongakkourasaito,orso-calledunofficialschoolwebsiteswherekidscanpostwhatevertheywant,anyonecanfallvictimtobrutal''verbalmoblynching"bytheirpeers.Amidtoday'surgentneedtoaddresstheseproblems,thegovernment’sMeetingonEducationRebuildinghasissuedareport.InresponsetothePrimeMinister'srecentcomments---“Icarmotthinkofonegoodreasonfor(lettingyoungsters)haveacellphone"and"Iwouldlikeeveryonetodiscusswhethercellphonesarereallynecessary:"----thereportrecommendedthat"parents,guardians,schoolsandallpartiesconcernedshouldcooperateamongthemselves,sothatelementaryschoolpupilsandjuniorhighschoolstudentsdonothaveacellphoneunlessthereisacompellingreasonforthemtodoso."Butsincemanyparentsbelieveinthenecessityofcellphonesasasafetytool,itisunrealistictoexpecteveryonetodoawaywiththem.Rather,itwouldmakemoresenseforguardians,schoolsandcellphonecompaniestoconsider,fromtheirrespectivestandpoints,howcellphonesshouldbeusedbychildren.Wesuggestthatparentssitdownwiththeiroffspringandtalkabouttheir“houserules”forcellphoneuse.Forinstance,sctthehoursallowed,sothekidswon'tbetextingtotheirfriendslateintothenight,remindthemnevertogiveawaypersonalinformationonline,andsoon..Buttherearelimitstowhatindividualfamiliescando,andthisiswherewealsosuggestthatschoolsshouldeducatetheirpupilsonthedangersofcellphoneuse.Onewaytogoaboutthis,for

instance,maybeforeachclasstosetitsownrulesonsendinge-mailmessages.16.Theword"ubiquitous"(para.l)isclosestinmeaningto________.(A)updated

(B)sophisticated(C)prevalent

(D)obsolete17.Manyparentslettheirkidshavecellphonesbecausethey________.(A)wanttheirkidstokeepupwiththeITWorld(B)can'tthinkofanythingbetterfortheirkidstohavefun(C)don'twanttheirkidstomiss'whatotherkidshave(D)believecellphonesendblethemtostayconnected18.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthepotentialriskkidsmayfacewhenusingcellphones?(A)Involvementinrape-relatedcrime(B)Exposuretoviolentandobsceneimages(C)Fallingvictimtobrutalcurses.(D)Beingtrackeddownbyunofficialschoolwebsites.19.Thereportissuedbythegovernment’sMeetingonEducationRebuilding______.(A)recommendedminimizingtheuseofcellphonesamongkids(B)suggestedsetting“houserules”forcellphoneuse(C)urgedparentstoremindtheirchildrenaboutce1lphoneuse(D)pressedschoolstoeducatetheirpupilsonthedangersofcellphoneuse20.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?(A)Parentsneglecttoprotecttheirkidsfromcellphones.(B)Parentingwithcellphonesisasourceofheadache.(C)Cellphonesshouldbebannedfromcampus.(D)KidsneedlessonsontheusesofcellphonesQuestion21--25ExtractIAstylishdiningroomwithcreamwallsandcurtainsandblackcarpetasperfectfoiltoaneclecticarrayoffurniture.Manyofthepiecesareclassicsoftheirparticularera,anddemonstratehowoldandnewdesignscanbehappilymixedtogetherThcprototypechairintheforegroundhasyettoproveitsstayingpowerandwasthoughtupbytheflat'soccupant.HeispicturedinhislivingroomwhichhasthesamedecorativethemeandislinkedtothediningroombyahighMedieval-styledarchwaywherewasoncearedundantanduninspiringfireplace.Extract2Oldbathroomsoftencontainagreatdealofuglypipeworkinneedofdisguising.Thiscaneitherbedonebyboxingintheexposedpipes,orbyfittingwoodpanelingoverthem.Aswoodpanelingcanbesecuredoveralmostanyting---includingoidceramictilesandchippedwalls---isaneffectivewayofdisguisingpipeworkaswellasbeinganattractiveformofdecoration.Thepanelingcanbevertical,horizontalordiagonal.Analternativewaytoapproachtheproblemofexposedpipesistoactuallymakethemafeatureoftheroombypickingthepipeworkoutinbrightstrongcolours.Extract3Cookingtakessecondplaceinthischarmingroomwhich,withitsdeeparmchairs,ismoreofasittingroomthanakitohen,andth6ntwRaybUmstoveasagoodchoice,asitblendsinwellwiththeoldbrickandbeamedfireplace.Therearenofittedunitsorbuilt-inappliances,soallfoodpreparationisdoneatthebigfarmbousetableintheforeground;andthechina,potsandpanshavebeendeliberatelyleftonshowtomakeanattractivedisplay.Whataboutthekitchensink?It'shiddenawaybehindanarchwaywhichleadsintoasmallscullery.Herethere'sasecondcookerand---inthebestfarmhousetradition---ahugewalk-inlarderforallfoodstorage.2l.WhyisthecolourofthecarpetdescribedinExtractlaparticularadvantage?(A)Itlivensupthecolourinanotherwisedullroom.(B)Itprovidesacontrasttothefurniture.(C)Itblendsinwiththetonesofthefurniture.(D)Itgivestheroomaclassicalstyle.22.WhatisthepurposeofthearchwaydescribedinExtract1

?(A)Tohideanunattractivefireplace.(B)Togivetheroomanexoticeastemstyle.(C)Tojointhediningroomwiththesittingroom(D)Tomakeroomfortheunusualseatingarrangements.23.Extract2isprobablytakenfrom________.(A)anarchitect'sblueprint(B)aplumber’smanual(C)ahomerenovationmagazine(D)anadvertisementfornewbathrooms24.Extracts2and3dealwith_________.(A)oldandclassicfurniture(B)attractivecolourschemes(C)cheapimprovementschemes(D)homedecoration25.ComparedwithExtractltheroomdescribedinExtract3appearsto_______.(A)bemorecomfortable(B)bemorecolourful(C)containmorefurniture(D)posspssagreatervarietyofstyleQuestions26--30,.Largepartsoftheworldhavenotenjoyedtheremarkaleglobalprogressinhealthconditionsthathavetakenplaceoverthepastcentury.Indeed,millionsofdeathsinimpoverishednationsareavoidablewithpreventionandtreatmentoptionsthattherichworldalreadyuses.Thisyear,l0millionchildrenwilldieinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Ifchilddeathrateswerethesameasthoseindevelopedcountriesthisfiguerwouldbelowerthan1million.Conversely,ifchilddeathrateswerethoseofrichcountriesjust100yearsago,thefigurewouldbe30million.Today'stoolsforimprovinghealtharesopowerfulandinexpensivethathealthconditionscouldbereasonablygoodeveninpoorcountriesifpolicymakersspentevenrelativelylittleintherightplaces.RecentresearchfortheCopeghagenConsensusidenifiesseveralhighlycost-effectiveoptionsthatwouldtacklesomeoftheplanet'smosturgenthealthproblems.Themostpromisinginvestmentisintuberculosistreatment.Some90percentofthel.6milliontuberculosisdeathsin2003occurredinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Becausetuberculosisaffectsworking-agepeople,itcanbeatriggerofhouseholdpoverty.Thecomerstoneofcontrolisprompttreatmentusingfirst-linedrugs,whichdoesn'trequireasophisticatedhealthsystem.Spending$lbillionontuberculosistreatmentinayearwouldsavelmillionlives.Becausegoodhealthaccompanieshigherlevelsofnationaleconomicwelfareinthelongrun,theeconomicbenefitsareworth$30billion.Thesecondmostcost-effectiveinvestmentistacklinghewtdisease.Heartdiseasemighnotseemlikeapressingissueforpoornations,butitrepresentsmorethanaquarteroftheirdeathtoll.Measurestoreduceriskfactorsotherthansmoking--highintakeorsaturatedanimalfat,obesity,bingedrinkingofalcohol,physicalinactivity,andlowfruitandvegetableconsumption--havehadlittlesuccess.Treatingacuteheartattackswithinexpensivedrugsis,however,cost-effective.Spending$200millioncouldavertseveralhundredthousanddeaths,yieldingbenefitsthatare25timeshigherthancosts.Thethirdoptionispreventionandtreatmentofmalaria.Abilliondollarswouldexpandtheprovisionofinsecticide-treatedbed-netsandfacilitateprovisionofhighlyeffectivetreatment.Thiswouldsavemorethanamillionchilddeathsandproduceeconomicbenefitsworth$20billion.Thefourthaltermativeforpolicymakersistofocusonchildhealthinitiatives.Thebestmeasuresarefamiliaronesexpandingimmunizationcoverage,promotingbreasfeeding,increasingtheuseofsimpleandcheaptreatmentsfordiarrheaandchildhoodpneumonia,andsoon.Evenifthecostso