創(chuàng)新思維與方法總結(jié)

創(chuàng)新的思維和方法創(chuàng)新的概念和范圍創(chuàng)新(innovation),起源于拉丁語(yǔ).包含三層含義:一是更新;二是創(chuàng)造新東西;三是改變.它是利用已存的自然資源或者社會(huì)要素創(chuàng)造新事物的行為,是以新思維,新發(fā)明和新描述為特征的一種概念化過(guò)程.創(chuàng)新一詞聽(tīng)起來(lái)比較模糊和抽象,但是創(chuàng)新其實(shí)離我們生活并不遠(yuǎn),它已經(jīng)融進(jìn)了我們的生活,它無(wú)處不在,處處可見(jiàn),時(shí)時(shí)可見(jiàn),事事可見(jiàn).創(chuàng)新不是科學(xué)家,專家,技術(shù)人員的專利,它是屬于全人類,人人都可以創(chuàng)新.創(chuàng)新的思維創(chuàng)新思維是指人類在探索未知領(lǐng)域的過(guò)程中,不受常規(guī)的,現(xiàn)成的思路約束,尋求對(duì)問(wèn)題的全新的獨(dú)特的解決方法的思維過(guò)程.創(chuàng)新思維的障礙人類在從事思維活動(dòng)時(shí),容易受一些因素的影響,從而會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些偏差,阻礙了我們完成創(chuàng)新活動(dòng).這種創(chuàng)新思維障礙主要有二大類,一類是偏見(jiàn)思維;一類是定時(shí)思維.偏見(jiàn)思維我們?cè)谟^察事物過(guò)程中,只觀察到它的一些側(cè)面,無(wú)法或者沒(méi)有觀察它的全貌,我們?cè)诳紤]問(wèn)題的解決方法時(shí)就會(huì)產(chǎn)生偏差.偏見(jiàn)有多種形式,主要有經(jīng)驗(yàn)偏見(jiàn),利益偏見(jiàn),位置偏見(jiàn),封閉思維.偏見(jiàn)是一種心理現(xiàn)象,一種無(wú)意識(shí)的現(xiàn)象,不是人主觀故意而為,而是在不經(jīng)意間形成的.偏見(jiàn)源于經(jīng)驗(yàn),經(jīng)驗(yàn)很重要,一定的經(jīng)驗(yàn)會(huì)有利于創(chuàng)新,我們要超越偏見(jiàn),就要超越我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)思考問(wèn)題.2.1.2定勢(shì)思維定勢(shì)思維也是依據(jù)某一問(wèn)題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)形成的一種心理狀態(tài),這種心理狀態(tài)影響和決定后續(xù)類似活動(dòng)的思維.這種定勢(shì)思維主要表現(xiàn)為慣性思維,線形思維和惰性思維等.2.2創(chuàng)新思維的形式2.2.1收斂思維和發(fā)散思維收斂思維是指從信息的某個(gè)狀況一步步地推演到另外一個(gè)狀況,或從眾多可能的解決的方案中挑選最佳解決方案的思維方式.其思維過(guò)程是從現(xiàn)有的信息出發(fā),按照所給定的信息出發(fā),按照給定的信息和線索,以所需研究的對(duì)象為中心,通過(guò)比較,篩選,組合,論證等深化思考,挑選出最佳的解決方案.發(fā)散思維是指大腦在思維的時(shí)候,呈現(xiàn)多維發(fā)散狀態(tài)的思維模式.它有眾多表現(xiàn)形式,例如,結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)散,因果發(fā)散,屬性發(fā)散,關(guān)系發(fā)散,功能發(fā)散等多種形式.收斂思維和發(fā)散思維不同.收斂思維為解決某個(gè)問(wèn)題,從眾多的現(xiàn)象,線索信息中圍繞所要解決的問(wèn)題,根據(jù)已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),得出最好的解決辦法.發(fā)散思維則是為了解決某個(gè)問(wèn)題,總是追求更多的解決辦法.收斂思維與發(fā)散思維的區(qū)別和特點(diǎn)如下:收斂思維發(fā)散思維特點(diǎn)選擇性創(chuàng)造性分析性觸發(fā)性序列式跳動(dòng)式逐步修正信馬由韁排出無(wú)關(guān)項(xiàng)目迎接突如其來(lái)的想法邏輯所控制任由心靈所想一個(gè)目標(biāo)不斷前行多個(gè)目標(biāo)并發(fā)收斂思維和發(fā)散思維看似矛盾,但兩者又是統(tǒng)一的.發(fā)散思維用于創(chuàng)造新點(diǎn)子和新想法,提供更多的選擇,形成更多的方案,經(jīng)過(guò)收斂思維的加工整理,形成最佳的解決方案.兩者相輔相成,結(jié)合使用創(chuàng)造出新的解決方案.2.2.2逆向思維逆向思維是不采用通常思考問(wèn)題的思路,從相反的方向去思考問(wèn)題.通常逆向思維能出奇制勝,取得突破性解決問(wèn)題的方法.2.2.3顛倒思維顛倒思維和逆向思維比較想像,它是把對(duì)象的整體\部分或性能顛倒過(guò)來(lái),包括上下顛倒,里外顛倒,性質(zhì)顛倒,因果顛倒等.一個(gè)比較經(jīng)典的案例就是居室載船,一人想用小船運(yùn)石,巨石放入傳中,船承受不了巨石重力,會(huì)沉入水中.所以采用把巨石吊在船底,由于巨石在水中的浮力抵消部分重力,從而成功運(yùn)走巨石.2.2.4側(cè)向思維側(cè)向思維是一種將注意力引向外側(cè)其他領(lǐng)域和事物,從而受到啟發(fā),找到超出限定條件以外的新思路.2.2.5組合思維組合思維是把兩種和兩種以上的物體\技術(shù)\方法和原理現(xiàn)象結(jié)合起來(lái)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新思維的方法.例如,我們用的紅藍(lán)鉛筆,帶橡皮的鉛筆,或者香水鋼筆,這些都是由組合思維產(chǎn)生的.聯(lián)想思維2.2.6聯(lián)想思維是指將一種事物和另外一種事物聯(lián)系起來(lái).探究他們之間共同的或者類似的規(guī)律,以解決問(wèn)題的思維方法.創(chuàng)新方法3.1創(chuàng)新方法定義創(chuàng)新方法是科學(xué)思維,科學(xué)方法和科學(xué)工具的總稱.3.2創(chuàng)新方法的分類創(chuàng)新方法有很多,例如創(chuàng)新趨勢(shì)分析法,創(chuàng)新思維技巧,創(chuàng)新評(píng)價(jià)方法,研究開(kāi)發(fā)方法等.3.2.1創(chuàng)新趨勢(shì)分析法創(chuàng)新趨勢(shì)分析法又分為頭腦風(fēng)暴法和SWOT分析法等.頭腦風(fēng)暴法其實(shí)就是集思廣益.SWOT分析法是一種結(jié)構(gòu)化工具，包括優(yōu)勢(shì)，劣勢(shì)，機(jī)會(huì)和威脅四個(gè)方面.3.2.2研究方法研究開(kāi)發(fā)是主要的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)，其核心是產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā).他有很多很多開(kāi)發(fā)方法，其中用的最多的是和田十二法.它遵循12種思路，即:”加一加，減一減，擴(kuò)一擴(kuò)，縮一縮，變一變，改一改，拼一拼，學(xué)一學(xué)，代一代，搬一搬，反一反，定一定”.加一加，把物體加大一點(diǎn)，加高一點(diǎn)，功能加多一點(diǎn)，在尺寸形態(tài)上，功能上，尺寸上有所變化.減一減，把一件物品減小一點(diǎn)，減輕一點(diǎn)，降低一點(diǎn)，減短一點(diǎn).擴(kuò)一擴(kuò)，把物品擴(kuò)大一點(diǎn)，放寬一點(diǎn)，使功能產(chǎn)生明顯變化.縮一縮，使一個(gè)物品體積縮小一點(diǎn)，長(zhǎng)度縮短一點(diǎn).變一變，改變形狀，尺寸，顏色，印象，滋味.改一改，對(duì)一個(gè)物品原來(lái)的形狀結(jié)構(gòu)性能改進(jìn)，使之呈現(xiàn)出新的形態(tài)，新的功能.拼一拼，把一個(gè)物體和其他物體拼合起來(lái).學(xué)一學(xué)，通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)模仿別的物品，事物的形狀，結(jié)構(gòu)，色彩，性能，規(guī)格，功能，動(dòng)作等.代一代，材料，方法，工具和商品的代用.搬一搬，把某個(gè)部件搬動(dòng)一下，使之形成一種新的物品，產(chǎn)生新的功能.反一反，把某種物品形狀，性質(zhì)，功能反一反，做出新的創(chuàng)造.定一定,按照人類社會(huì)活動(dòng)規(guī)范來(lái)創(chuàng)造發(fā)明新事物.3.3運(yùn)用創(chuàng)新方法發(fā)展核心技術(shù)創(chuàng)新不一定全部是新技術(shù)的發(fā)明,他可以是新方法,新技術(shù),也可以是核心技術(shù)的發(fā)展和延伸.ThethinkingandmethodsofinnovationTheScopeandconceptofinnovationThewordofinnovationderivesfromLatin.Ithasthree-layermeanings:updating,creatinganewthingandchanging.Itisanactionthatcreatesanewthingthroughusingpresentresourcesorsocialelements.Itisalsoaconceptualizationprocessthathasthefeaturesofnewthinking,newinventionandnewdescription.Itsoundsthatinnovationisabstractandfuzzy,andfarfromourlife.Actually,innovationisinourlife,wecanfinditanywhere,anytimeandanything.Itnotonlybelongstoscientists,engineers,butalsotoallpeople.InnovativethinkingInnovativethinkingisathoughtprocessthatseeksthenewanduniquesolutionforproblemsinhumandiscoveringunknownfields.Itisnotconstrainedbyconventionalandpresentthinking.ThebarriersofinnovativethinkingIninnovativethinking,peoplewillbeaffectedbysomefactors,makesomedeviation,sowillnotfinishtheinnovation.Therearetwomajorbarriersininnovativethinking;theyareprejudicethinkingandassumptionthinking.PrejudicethinkingIntheprocessofobservation,wejustseetheonesideofthething,butnotall.Wewillmakeaone-sideddecisionwhenweconsiderthesolutionofproblem.Therearemanyformsofprejudicethinking,theyareexperienceprejudice,profitprejudice,positionprejudiceandclosedthinking.Prejudiceisjustapsychologicalphenomenon,oranunconsciousphenomenon.Itisalsoanactionthatpeopledosomethingunconsciously.Actually,prejudiceisfromexperience,innovationneedsexperiencetosupport,butmoreexperiencewillblockourinnovativethinkingsometimes.Soweneedtothinkbeyondprejudiceandourexperiencewhenweareengagingininnovation.Takeanexample:Justforstationeryinchinamarketing,therearetwodifferentpointsofview.Onethinksthatthereisnomarketinchina,becausetherehavebeensomanystationeryproductsinchina,justnoroominmarketshare.Theotherthinksthatthecertainbrand'sproducthaven'toccupiedChina'smarket,sotherewillbeabigroomtodevelopinmarketshare.Inmyopinion,thesetwoviewsareveryone-side.AssumptionthinkingAssumptionthinkingisalsoapsychologicalstatethatisformedbysomeproblem'sexperience.Thispsychologicalstatewillaffectanddecidethesimilarthingthathappensafter.Therearethreeformsofassumptionthinking:theyareinertialthinking,linearthinkingandinertthinking.Takeanexample:

Assumptionthinking:youshouldthinkofthefunctionofthewritingwhenwetalkaboutapen.Innovativethinking:ifthepenisforalady,itshouldbeaneyebrowpencilorapenfullofperfume.TheformsofinnovativethinkingConvergentthinkinganddivergentthinkingConvergentthinkingisathinkingmodethatinfersinformationfromcertainstatetoanotherstatestepbystep,andthenchoosesthebestsolutionfrommanypossiblesolutions.Theprocessisasfollows:tokeeptheresearchobjectasthecenter,tostartfromtheexistinginformationaccordingtothegiveninformationandclues,thentothinkdeeplyinsomemethodslikecomparing,sifting,combinationandargument,andpickoutthebestsolution.Divergentthinkingisathinkingmodethathasmultidimensionaldirection.Therearemanyformsofdivergentthinking,suchasdivergentinstructure,causality,attribute,relation,function,andsoon.Theyhavedifferenceinthewayofsolvingproblem.Thepurposeofconvergentthinkingistosolvetheproblem,getthebestsolutionbasedonthepresentinformation,knowledgeandexperience.Divergentthinkingalwayscollectsmoremethodstosolvetheproblem.fundicfifundicfibnrtooiihjinciiWStunrthfiiS抨xluct~~~Tj \|newpfodiiclimlormattanla1Hifcrmsuon^iinibnTiiatwn^■tunc!i?in3^jmdHsnSdlrvergenlOianMnpcnnvargeiYlEhnkngThefeatureanddifferenceofconvergentanddivergentthinkingareasfollows:ConvergentthinkingDivergentthinkingFeatureanddifferenceSelectivityCreativityAnalyticityTriggerSequentialityJumpingModifystepbystepWildimaginationRemoveirrelevantofobjectReceivethesuddenideaControlbylogicThoughtswithwingsForonetargetMultipletargetsConvergentanddivergentthinkingalwaysshouldbeusedtogether.Divergentthinkingsupplynewideasandnewthinkingforgettingasolution.Andthentheseideasandthinkingareintegratedandprocessedinconvergentthinking,finallydesignergetthebestsolution.Theytwoexistsaninnerrelationshipofsupplementandinfluencingeachother.ConversethinkingConversethinkingisathinkingthatconsiderproblemwithoppositeway,anditalsocangetagoodsolution.ReversethinkingReversethinkingissimilartoconversethinking.Itconsiderstheproblemthroughusingthemethodlikereversingtheobject,orreservingthepart,orreservingthefunction.Thesereversalsincludeupsidedown,insideout,cartbefore,reversinginpropertiesandsoon.Takeanexample:onepeoplewantedtoshipbigstonewithaboattoanotherside,butthestonewasveryheavy,theshipwouldsinkifthestonewasintheboat.Atlast,theyhungthebigstoneatthebottomofboat,carriedawaythebigstonesuccessfullybecausethepartofgravitywasoffsetbythebuoyancy.LateralthinkingLateralthinkingisathinkingthatguidestheattentiontootherfieldsorotherobjectswhenpeoplearethinkingtheproblem.Hewillbespiredbythem,thenfindsthenewsolutionbeyondassumedconditions.CombinationthinkingCombinationthinkingisathinkingmodethatconsiderstheproblemthroughcombiningtwooraboveobjects,technology,methods,theoryandsoon.Takeanexample:suchasapenwithtwocolors,apencilwitheraser,apenfullofperfume.AssociativethinkingAssociativethinkingisathinkingmodethatsolvestheproblemthroughconnectingonethingwithanotherthingandfindingtheirsameandsimilar.InnovativemethodsDefinitionInnovativemethodsincludescientificthinking,scientificmethodandscientifictool.TheclassificationsofinnovativemethodsTherearemanywaystoinnovate,liketheanalyticalmethodofinnovationtendency,theskillsofinnovativethinking,theevaluationmethodologyofinnovation,themethodofresearchanddevelopmentandsoon.Heremainlydiscussabouttheanalyticalmethodofinnovationtendencyandthemethodofresearchanddevelopment.3.2.1TheanalyticalmethodofinnovationtendencyTheanalyticalmethodofinnovationtendencyisdividedintoafewmethods,likebrainstorm,SWOTandsoon.Brainstormisamethodthatmainlycollectseveryone'sideainthemeeting;SWOTisastructuralanalyticaltool.Itincludesstrengthsanalysis,weaknessanalysis,opportunitiesanalysis,andthreatsanalysis.ThemethodofresearchanddevelopmentThemethodofresearchanddevelopmentisthemajorinnovationinenterprise.Productdevelopmentisitscore.Hetiantwelvemethodisverypopularinsomanydevelopmentmethods.Theyare:adding,decrease,enlarging,shrinkage,changing,improvement,combination,imitating,replacing,move,reversing,fixing.Adding:addthedimensionandfunctionoftheobject.Decrease:decreasethedimensio