八世貿(mào)組織中英單詞對照

八世貿(mào)組織中英單詞對照漢英口譯分類詞匯(08)--世貿(mào)組織詞匯(補(bǔ)貼協(xié)議)可訴補(bǔ)貼Actionablesubsidy(紡織品與服裝、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)一體化進(jìn)程Integrationprocess (服務(wù)貿(mào)易)境外消費(fèi)Consumptionabroad(服務(wù)貿(mào)易)跨境交付Crossbordersupply(服務(wù)貿(mào)易)商業(yè)存在Commercialpresence(服務(wù)貿(mào)易)自然人naturalperson(服務(wù)貿(mào)易)自然人流動(dòng)Presenceofnaturalperson(解決爭端)調(diào)查結(jié)果Findings (解決爭端)上訴Appeal(利益的)喪失和減損Nullificationandimpairmentsupport(農(nóng)產(chǎn)品)綜合支持量AMS(AggregateMeasurementofSupport)(農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國內(nèi)支持)黃箱措施AmberBoxmeasures(農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國內(nèi)支持)藍(lán)箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions(農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國內(nèi)支持)綠箱措施GreenBoxmeasuresMultifunctionality(歐盟)共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策CommonAgriculturePolicy(爭端解決)專家組Panel(知識產(chǎn)權(quán))地理標(biāo)識Geographicalindications識產(chǎn)權(quán)的公約)ParisConvention《巴塞爾公約》(有關(guān)危險(xiǎn)廢棄物的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定)BaselConvention(NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement)《瀕危物種國際貿(mào)易公約》ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies《伯爾尼公約》(有關(guān)保護(hù)文學(xué)和藝術(shù)作品版權(quán)的公約)BerneConvention(MultifibreAgreement)(AgreementonTextilesandClothing)(GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices)《關(guān)于爭端解決規(guī)則與程序的諒RulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes)Protocol《里斯本條約》(有關(guān)地理標(biāo)識及其國際注冊)LisbonAgreement大氣臭氧層的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定)MontrealProtocol《農(nóng)產(chǎn)品協(xié)議》特殊保障SSG(SpecialSafeguard)《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議》中關(guān)于反補(bǔ)貼的和《生物多樣性公約》CBD(ConventiononBiologicalDiversity)(InformationTechnologyAgreement)WTO最不發(fā)達(dá)國家高級別會議HLM(WTOHigh-levelMeetingforLDCs)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)產(chǎn)品生命周期分析LCA(LifeCycleAnalysis)ymance垂直兼并verticalmerger電子商務(wù)ElectronicCommerce東部和南部非洲共同市場COMESA(CommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica)ASEANFreeTradeArea生檢疫措施SPS(SanitaryandPhytosanitaryStandard)反補(bǔ)貼稅Countervailingduty反傾銷措施anti-dumpingmeasuresagainst…反向通知Counter-notification非配額產(chǎn)品quota-freeproducts非生產(chǎn)性投資investmentinnon-productiveprojects非洲、加勒比和太平洋國家集團(tuán)(洛美協(xié)定)ACP(African,CaribbeanandPacificGroup)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理/評估riskmanagement/assessment關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定，世界貿(mào)易組織的前身GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)(InternationalTextileandClothingBureau)(InternationalMonetaryFund)(InternationalLaborOrganization)(InternationalTradeCenter)(InternationalTradeOrganization)ICITO(InterimCommissionfortheInternationalTradeOrganization)國際清算internationalsettlement國際收支balanceofinternationalpayments/balanceofpayment款BOP(Balance-of-payments)ProvisionsOfficeofEpizooticstroduction海關(guān)估價(jià)Customsvaluation海關(guān)完稅價(jià)值Customsvalue橫向兼并horizontalmerger環(huán)保型技術(shù)EST(Environmentally-soundtechnology)eyareameasuresretentionscheme貨幣貿(mào)易理事會CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)基礎(chǔ)稅率Basetarifflevel交叉報(bào)復(fù)Crossretaliation進(jìn)口差價(jià)稅Importvariableduties進(jìn)口附加稅Importsurcharge進(jìn)口環(huán)節(jié)稅importlinkagepenetrationsubstitutionlicensingdeposits濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織OECD(OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment)垃圾融資junkfinancing聯(lián)合國環(huán)境署UNEP(UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram)聯(lián)合國開發(fā)計(jì)劃署UNDP(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram)聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織FAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedStates)聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會議UNCTAD(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)oodsecurity慢性蕭條chronicdepression貿(mào)易和投資自由化和便利化TILF(TradeandInvestmentLiberalizationandFacilitation)貿(mào)易與發(fā)展委員會CommitteeonTradeandDevelopment貿(mào)易與環(huán)境委員會CommitteeonTradeandEnvironment南方共同市場(或稱南錐體共同市場)MERCOSUR(SouthernCommonMarket)南亞區(qū)域合作聯(lián)盟SAARC(SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalcooperation)(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)配額調(diào)整條款modulationofquotaclause瓶頸制約'bottleneck'restrictions全球配額globalquota申報(bào)制度reportingsystem;incomedeclarationsystem生產(chǎn)補(bǔ)貼Productionsubsidy實(shí)行國民待遇grantthenationaltreatmenttoMaterialinjury食品法典委員會CAC(CodexAlimentariesCommission)世界海關(guān)組織WCO(WorldCustomsOrganization)世界貿(mào)易組織WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織WIPO(WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization)市場準(zhǔn)人的行政管理措施AAMA(AdministrativeAspectsofMarketAccess)sationobligation拉圭回合UruguayRound消費(fèi)膨脹inflatedconsumption協(xié)調(diào)制度(商品名稱及編碼協(xié)調(diào)制度)HS(HarmonizedCommodityandCodingSystem)許可費(fèi)Licensefee有秩序的市場安排OrderlySettlementBody政府采購Governmentprocurement知識產(chǎn)權(quán)IPRs(Intellectualpropertyrights)Directpayment諸邊協(xié)議Plurilateralagreement專門的營銷機(jī)構(gòu)Marketboards轉(zhuǎn)基因生物GMOs(GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms)祖父條款grandfatherclause最不發(fā)達(dá)國家LDCs(Least-developedcountries)最初談判權(quán)(初談權(quán))INRs(InitialNegotiatingRights)marketarrangements最惠國待遇(現(xiàn)通常稱'正常貿(mào)易關(guān)系')MFN(most-favored-nation)treatment最惠國貿(mào)易地位(待遇)MFNrednation)(Treatment)WTOGeneralGATT—GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichhasbeensupersededasaninternationalorganizationbytheWTO.AnupdatedGeneralAgreementisnowoneoftheWTO’sagreements.GATT1947—Theold(pre-1994)versionoftheGATT.GATT1994—ThenewversionoftheGeneralAgreement,incorporatedintotheWTO,whichgovernstradeingoods.Members—WTOgovernments(firstlettercapitalized,inWTOstyle).MFN—Most-favoured-nationtreatment(GATTArticleI,GATSArticleIIandTRIPSArticle4),theprincipleofnotdiscriminatingbetweenone’stradingtreatment—Theprincipleofgivingothersthesametreatmentasone’sownnationals.GATTArticleIIIrequiresthatimportsbetreatednolessfavourablythanthesameorsimilardomestically-producedgoodsoncetheyhavepassedcustoms.GATSArticleXVIIandTRIPSArticle3alsodealwithnationaltreatmentforservicesandintellectualpropertyprotection.TPRB,TPRM—TheTradePolicyReviewBodyisGeneralCounciloperatingunderspecialproceduresformeetingstoreviewtradepoliciesandpracticesofindividualWTOmembersundertheTradePolicyReviewMechanism.transparency—Degreetowhichtradepoliciesandpractices,andtheprocessbywhichtheyareestablished,areopenandpredictable.UruguayRound—MultilateraltradenegotiationslaunchedatPuntadelEste,UruguayinSeptember1986andconcludedinGenevainDecember1993.SignedbyMinistersinMarrakesh,Morocco,inAprilTariffsbinding,bound—see“tariffbinding”electroniccommerce—Theproduction,advertising,saleanddistributionofproductsviatelecommunicationsnetworks.free-rider—Acasualtermusedtoinferthatacountrywhichdoesnotmakeanytradeconcessions,profits,nonetheless,fromtariffcutsandconcessionsmadebyothercountriesinnegotiationsunderthemost-favoured-nationprinciple.HarmonizedSystem—AninternationalnomenclaturedevelopedbytheWorldCustomsOrganization,whichisarrangedinsixdigitcodesallowingallparticipatingcountriestoclassifytradedgoodsonacommonbasis.Beyondthesixdigitlevel,countriesarefreetointroducenationaldistinctionsfortariffsandmanyotherpurposes.ITA—InformationTechnologyAgreement,orformallytheMinisterial-DeclarationonTradeinInformationTechnologyProducts,underwhichparticipantswillremovetariffsonITproductsbytheyear2000.ITAII—NegotiationsaimedatexpandingITA’sproductcoverage.nuisancetariff—Tariffsolowthatitcoststhegovernmentmoretocollectitthantherevenueitgenerates.scheduleofconcessions—Listofboundtariffrates.tariffbinding—Commitmentnottoincreasearateofdutybeyondanagreedlevel.Oncearateofdutyisbound,itmaynotberaisedwithoutcompensatingtheaffectedparties.tariffescalation—Higherimportdutiesonsemi-processedproductsthanonrawmaterials,andhigherstillonfinishedproducts.Thispracticeprotectsdomesticprocessingindustriesanddiscouragesthedevelopmentofprocessingactivityinthecountrieswhererawmaterialsoriginate.tariffpeaks—Relativelyhightariffs,usuallyon“sensitive”products,amidstgenerallylowtarifflevels.Forindustrializedcountries,tariffsof15%andabovearegenerallyrecognizedas“tariffpeaks”.tariffs—Customsdutiesonmerchandiseimports.Leviedeitheronanadvalorembasis(percentageofvalue)oronaspecificbasis.$7per100kgs.).Tariffsgivepriceadvantagetosimilarlocally-producedgoodsandraiserevenuesforthegovernment.WCO—WorldCustomsOrganization,amultilateralbodylocatedinBheformofincreasedNon-tariffmeasuresdutiestooffsetsubsidiesanti-dumpingduties—giventoproducersorArticleVIoftheGATT1994exportersintheexportingpermitstheimpositionofcountry.anti-dumpingdutiesagainstdumping—Occurswhengoodsdumpedgoods,equaltotheareexportedatapricelessdifferencebetweentheirthantheirnormalvalue,exportpriceandtheirgenerallymeaningtheyarenormalvalue,ifdumpingexportedforlessthantheycausesinjurytoproducersaresoldinthedomesticofcompetingproductsinthemarketorthird-countryimportingcountry.markets,oratlessthancircumvention—Measuresproductioncost.takenbyexporterstoevadeNTMs—Non-tariffmeasuresanti-dumpingorsuchasquotas,importcountervailingduties.licensingsystems,sanitarycountervailingmeasures—regulations,prohibitions,Actiontakenbytheetc.importingcountry,usuallypriceundertaking—Undertakingbyanexportertoraisetheexportpriceoftheproducttoavoidthepossibilityofananti-dumpingduty.PSI—Preshipmentinspection—thepracticeofemployingspecializedprivatecompaniestocheckshipmentdetailsofgoodsorderedoverseas—.price,quantity,quality,etc.QRs—Quantitativerestrictions—specificlimitsonthequantityorvalueofgoodsthatcanbeimported(orexported)duringaspecifictimeperiod.rulesoforigin—Laws,regulationsandadministrativeprocedureswhichdetermineaproduct’scountryoforigin.Adecisionbyacustomsauthorityonorigincandeterminewhetherashipmentfallswithinaquotalimitation,qualifiesforatariffpreferenceorisaffectedbyananti-dumpingduty.Theserulescanvaryfromcountrytocountry.safeguardmeasures—Actiontakentoprotectaspecificindustryfromanunexpectedbuild-upofimports—governedbyArticleXIXoftheGATT1994.subsidy—Therearetwogeneraltypesofsubsidies:exportanddomestic.Anexportsubsidyisabenefitconferredonafirmbythegovernmentthatiscontingentonexports.Adomesticsubsidyisabenefitnotdirectlylinkedtoexports.tariffication—Proceduresrelatingtotheagriculturalmarket-accessprovisioninwhichallnon-tariffmeasuresareconvertedintotariffs.tradefacilitation—Removingobstaclestothemovementofgoodsacrossborders.simplificationofcustomsprocedures).VRA,VER,OMA—Voluntaryrestraintarrangement,voluntaryexportrestraint,orderlymarketingarrangement.Bilateralarrangementswherebyanexportingcountry(governmentorindustry)agreestoreduceorrestrictexportswithouttheimportingcountryhavingtomakeuseofquotas,tariffsorotherimportcontrols.TextilesandclothingATC—TheWTOAgreementonTextilesandClothingwhichintegratestradeinthissectorbacktoGATTruleswithinaten-yearperiod.carryforward—Whenanexportingcountryusespartofthefollowingyear’squotaduringthecurrentyear.carryover—Whenanexportingcountryutilizesthepreviousyear’sunutilizedquota.circumvention—Avoidingquotasandotherrestrictionsbyalteringthecountryoforiginofaproduct.CTG—CouncilforTradeinGoods—overseesWTOagreementsongoods,integrationprogramme—ThephasingoutofMFArestrictionsinfourstagesstartingon1January1995andendingon1January2005.ITCB—InternationalTextilesandClothingBureau—Geneva-basedgroupofsome20developingcountryexportersoftextilesandclothing.MFA—MultifibreArrangement(1974-94)underwhichcountrieswhosemarketsaredisruptedbyincreasedimportsoftextilesandclothingfromincludingtheATC.anothercountrywereabletonegotiatequotarestrictions.swing—Whenanexportingcountrytransferspartofaquotafromoneproducttoanotherrestrainedproduct.TMB—TheTextilesMonitoringBody,consistingofachairmanplustenmembersactinginapersonalcapacity,overseestheimplementationofATCcommitments.transitionalsafeguardmechanism—Allowsmemberstoimposerestrictionsagainstindividualexportingcountriesiftheimportingcountrycanshowthatbothoverallimportsofaproductandimportsfromtheindividualcountriesareenteringthecountryinsuchincreasedquantitiesastocause—orthreaten—seriousdamagetotherelevantdomesticindustry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda2000—EC’sfinancialreformplansforstrengtheningtheunionwithaviewtoreceivingnewmembers.IncludesreformoftheCAP(seebelow).borderprotection—Anymeasurewhichactstorestrainimportsatpointofentry.BSE—Bovinespongiformencephalopathy,or“madcowdisease”.box—Categoryofdomesticsupport.—Greenbox:supportsconsiderednottodistorttradeandthereforepermittedwithnolimits.—Bluebox:permittedsupportslinkedtoproduction,butsubjecttoproductionlimitsandthereforeminimallytrade-distorting.—Amberbox:supportsconsideredtodistorttradeandthereforesubjecttoreductioncommitments.CairnsGroup—Groupofagriculturalexportingnationslobbyingforagriculturaltradeliberalization.Itwasformedin1986inCairns,AustraliajustbeforethebeginningoftheUruguayRound.Currentmembership:Argentina,Australia,Bolivia,Brazil,Canada,Chile,Colombia,CostaRica,Guatemala,Indonesia,Malaysia,NewZealand,Paraguay,Philippines,SouthAfrica,ThailandandUruguay.CAP—CommonAgriculturalPolicy—TheEU’scomprehensivesystemofproductiontargetsandmarketingmechanismsdesignedtomanageagriculturaltradewithintheEUandwiththerestoftheworld.CodexAlimentarius—FAO/WHOcommissionthatdealswithinternationalstandardsonfoodsafety.distortion—Whenpricesandproductionarehigherorlowerthanlevelsthatwouldusuallyexistinacompetitivemarket.deficiencypayment—Paidbygovernmentstoproducersofcertaincommoditiesandbasedonthedifferencebetweenatargetpriceandthedomesticmarketpriceorloanrate,whicheveristheless.EEP—Exportenhancementprogramme—programmeofUSexportsubsidiesgivengenerallytocompetewithsubsidizedagriculturalexportsfromtheEUoncertainexportmarkets.foodsecurity—Conceptwhichdiscouragesopeningthedomesticmarkettoforeignagriculturalproductsontheprinciplethatacountrymustbeasself-sufficientaspossibleforitsbasicdietaryernalsupport—Encompassesanymeasurewhichactstomaintainproducerpricesatlevelsabovethoseprevailingininternationaltrade;directpaymentstoproducers,includingdeficiencypayments,andinputandmarketingcostreductionmeasuresavailableonlyforagriculturalproduction.InternationalOfficeofEpizootics—Dealswithinternationalstandardsconcerninganimalhealth.multifunctionality—Ideathatagriculturehasmanyfunctionsinadditiontoproducingfoodandfibre,.environmentalprotection,landscapepreservation,ruralemployment,etc.Seenon-tradeconcerns.non-tradeconcerns—Similartomultifunctionality.ThepreambleoftheAgricultureAgreementspecifiesfoodsecurityandenvironmentalprotectionasexamples.Alsocitedbymembersareruraldevelopmentandemployment,andpovertyalleviation.peaceclause—ProvisioninArticle13oftheAgricultureAgreementsaysagriculturalsubsidiescommittedundertheagreementcannotbechallengedunderotherWTOagreements,inparticulartheSubsidiesAgreementandGATT.Expiresattheendof2003.reformprocess/program—TheUruguayRoundAgricultureAgreementstartsareformprocess.Itsetsoutafirststep,intheprocess,.aprogramforreducingsubsidiesandprotectionandotherreforms.CurrentnegotiationslaunchedunderArticle20areforcontinuingthereformprocess.SPSregulations—SanitaryandPhytosanitaryregulations—governmentstandardstoprotecthuman,animalandplantlifeandhealth,tohelpensurethatfoodissafeforconsumption.variablelevy—Customsdutyratewhichvariesinresponsetodomesticpricecriterion.IntellectualpropertyBerneConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionoftherightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks.CBD—ConventiononBiologicalDpulsorylicensing—Forpatents:whentheauthoritieslicensecompaniesorindividualsotherthanthepatentownertousetherightsofthepatent—tomake,use,sellorimportaproductunderpatent.apatentedproductoraproductmadebyapatentedprocess)—withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.AllowedundertheTRIPSAgreementprovidedcertainproceduresandconditionsarefulfilled.Seealsogovernmentuse.counterfeit—Unauthorizedrepresentationofaregisteredtrademarkcarriedongoodsidenticalorsimilartogoodsforwhichthetrademarkisregistered,withaviewtodeceivingthepurchaserintobelievingthathe/sheisbuyingtheoriginalgoods.exhaustion—Theprinciplethatonceaproducthasbeensoldonamarket,theintellectualpropertyownernolongerhasanyrightsoverit.(AdebateamongWTOmembergovernmentsiswhetherthisappliestoproductsputonthemarketundercompulsorylicences.)Countries’lawsvaryastowhethertherightcontinuestobeexhaustediftheproductisimportedfromonemarketintoanother,whichaffectstheowner’srightsovertradeintheprotectedproduct.Seealsoparallelimports.geographicalindications—Placenames(orwordsassociatedwithaplace)usedtoidentifyproducts(forexample,“Champagne”,“Tequila”or“Roquefort”)whichhaveaparticularquality,reputationorothercharacteristicbecausetheycomefromthatplacegovernmentuse—Forpatents:whenthegovernmentitselfusesorauthorizesotherpersonstousetherightsoverapatentedproductorprocess,forgovernmentpurposes,withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.Seealsoellectualpropertyrights—Ownershipofideas,includingliteraryandartisticworks(protectedbycopyright),inventions(protectedbypatents),signsfordistinguishinggoodsofanenterprise(protectedbytrademarks)andotherelementsofindustrialproperty.IPRs—Intellectualpropertyrights.LisbonAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofgeographicalindicationsandtheirinternationalregistration.MadridAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortherepressionoffalseordeceptiveindicationsofsourceongoods.mailbox—ReferstotherequirementoftheTRIPSAgreementapplyingtoWTOmemberswhichdonotyetprovideproductpatentprotectionforpharmaceuticalsandforagriculturalchemicals.Since1January1995,whentheWTOagreementsenteredintoforce,thesecountrieshavetoestablishameansbywhichapplicationsofpatentsfortheseproductscanbefiled.(Anadditionalrequirementsaystheymustalsoputinplaceasystemforgranting“exclusivemarketingrights”fortheproductswhosepatentapplicationshavebeenfiled.)parallelimports—Whenaproductmadelegally.notpirated)abroadisimportedwithoutthepermissionoftheintellectualpropertyright-holder.thetrademarkorpatentowner).Somecountriesallowthis,othersdonot.ParisConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofindustrialintellectualproperty,.patents,utilitymodels,industrialdesigns,etc.piracy—Unauthorizedcopyingofmaterialsprotectedbyintellectualpropertyrights(suchascopyright,trademarks,patents,geographicalindications,etc)forcommercialpurposesandunauthorizedcommercialdealingincopiedmaterials.RomeConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,UNESCOandILO,fortheprotectionoftheworksofperformers,broadcastingorganizationsandproducersofphonograms.TRIPS—Trade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights.UPOV—InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNewVarietiesofPlantsWashingtonTreaty—Treatyfortheprotectionofintellectualpropertyinrespectoflay-outdesignsofintegratedcircuits.WIPO—WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization.Investmentexport-performancemeasure—Requirementthatacertainquantityofproductionmustbeexported.FDI—Foreigndirectinvestment.local-contentmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestorpurchaseacertainamountoflocalmaterialsforincorporationintheinvestor’sduct-mandating—Requirementthattheinvestorexporttocertaincountriesorregion.trade-balancingmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestoruseearningsfromexportstopayforimports.TRIMS—Trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures.DisputesettlementAppellateBody—Anindependentseven-personbodythat,uponrequestbyoneormorepartiestothedispute,reviewsfindingsinpanelreports.automaticity—The“automatic”chronologicalprogressionforsettlingtradedisputesinregardtopanelestablishment,termsofreference,compositionandadoptionprocedures.DSB—DisputeSettlementBody—whentheWTOGeneralCouncilmeetstosettletradedisputes.DSU—TheUruguayRoundUnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes.nullificationandimpairment—Damagetoacountry’sbenefitsandexpectationsfromitsWTOmembershipthroughanothercountry’schangeinitstraderegimeorfailuretocarryoutitsWTOobligations.panel—Consistingofthreeexperts,thisindependentbodyisestablishedbytheDSBtoexamineandissuerecommendationsonaparticulardisputeinthelightofWTOprovisions.accountingrate—Intelecoms,thechargemadebyonecountry’stelephonenetworkoperatorforcallsoriginatinginmercialpresence—Havinganoffice,branch,orsubsidiaryinaforeigncountry.GATS—TheWTO’sGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices.generalobligations—Obligationswhichshouldbeappliedtoallservicessectorattheentryintoforceoftheagreement.Initialcommitments—TradeServicesliberalizingcommitmentsinserviceswhichmembersarepreparedtomakeearlyon.modesofdelivery—Howinternationaltradeinservicesissuppliedandconsumed.Mode1:crossbordersupply;mode2:consumptionabroad;mode3:foreigncommercialpresence;andmode4:movementofnaturalpersons.multi-modal—Transportationusingmorethanonemode.IntheGATSnegotiations,essentiallydoor-to-doorservicesthatincludeinternationalshipping.nationalschedules—TheequivalentoftariffschedulesinGATT,layingdownthecommitmentsaccepted—voluntarilyorthroughnegotiation—byWTOmembers.naturalpersons—People,asdistinctfromjuridicalpersonssuchascompaniesandorganizations.offer—Acountry’sproposalfortocols—AdditionalagreementsattachedtotheGATS.TheSecondProtocoldealswiththe1995commitmentsonfinancialservices.TheThirdProtocoldealswithmovementofnaturalpersons.prudence,prudential—Infinancialservices,termsusedtodescribeanobjectiveofmarketregulationbyauthoritiestoprotectinvestorsanddepositors,toavoidinstabilityorcrises.schedule—“ScheduleofSpecificCommitments”—AWTOmember’slistofcommitmentsregardingmarketaccessandbindingsregardingnationaltreatment.specificcommitments—See“schedule”.Regionalism/tradeanddevelopmentACP—African,CaribbeanandPacificcountries.Groupof71countrieswithpreferentialtradingrelationwiththeEUundertheformerLomTreatynowcalledtheCotonouAgreement.AndeanCommunity—Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,PeruandVenezuela.APEC—AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationforum.ASEAN—AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ThesevenASEANmembersoftheWTO—Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand—oftenspeakintheWTOasonegroupongeneralissues.TheotherASEANmembersareLaosandVietnam.Caricom—TheCaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarketcomprises15countries.CTD—TheWTOCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentCustomsunion—Membersapplyacommonexternaltariff.theEC).EC—EuropeanCommunities(officialnameoftheEuropeanUnionintheWTO).EFTA—EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation.free