2024屆高考英語閱讀理解題解題技巧之細節(jié)題講義

細節(jié)題解題一、解決三個問題第一個：順序問題先題后文還是先文后題利弊分析先文后題先題后文利于把握主旨&態(tài)度不利于把握主旨閱讀速度較慢解題效率高不利于對內(nèi)容作預測適合事實細節(jié)題孰優(yōu)孰劣根據(jù)個人情況和試題特點而定如果詞匯基礎好閱讀速度不錯可以先文后題如果詞匯基礎弱閱讀障礙大可以先題后文一般來說試題先后順序和文章段落先后順序一致即題文同序不過有的主旨題比較特殊需要對全文進行歸納得出養(yǎng)成標示文章自然段習慣12345方便題文對照建議：不但細節(jié)題其他題也最好是先閱讀題干再帶著問題去閱讀文章這樣閱讀就有針對性第二個：文章信息分布不均衡問題文章信息分布并不均等而關鍵信息才是解題的關鍵有以下幾種信息需要優(yōu)先關注即先讀重點八大關鍵信息出處分布情況①首尾句首尾段及各段首尾句或第二句②因果轉折but,yet,however,though,instead,still,infact,asamatteroffact...because,as,for,since,dueto,resultfrom,asaresult,resultin,thanksto,so,thus,therefore,consequently,cause,leadto,contributeto...,now③正反對比unlike,bycontrast,incomparison,becomparedwith,however,unfortunately,now④人觀事論Dr.xxsay,..thereportsuggeststhat...thestudyshowsthat....⑤事例前后forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,具體數(shù)據(jù)...⑥特殊標點:解釋或總結——解釋或補充說明?設問看答案;反問看本身⑦修飾修辭重復、倒裝句、強調(diào)句...⑧特殊句式特別提示以上重要信息出處對所有題型都有效不僅僅是細節(jié)題要保持對以上關鍵信息標志詞或短語的敏感度關鍵信息處指的是80%往后看20%往前看最好是前后都要關注但重點關注后面第三個：兩大技能技能一：信息定位：從問題題干中篩選重要信息標記出關鍵詞作為定位詞便于后續(xù)回原文定位關鍵詞定位定位詞專有名詞用題干中首字母大寫的人名地名組織機構名年份等主題名詞用題干中能體現(xiàn)該句主題或中心的名詞主題動詞用題干中能體現(xiàn)該句主題或中心的動詞生詞難詞用題干中出現(xiàn)的生詞、難詞、長詞縮略詞用題干中的縮略詞（一般會大寫）時間數(shù)字用題干中表示時間的詞或數(shù)字序數(shù)詞特殊符號用題干中帶引號或連字符號的詞形容詞、副詞用題干中形容詞、副詞及最高級題文同序根據(jù)題干與段落出現(xiàn)先后順序一致性進行模糊定位關鍵詞的優(yōu)先等級為：專有名詞及數(shù)字（大寫人名、地名、機構名等）>普通名詞、動詞>形容詞、副詞要保持對以上關鍵信息標志詞或短語的敏感度做題五大步驟：第一步讀題干找定位信息第二步回原文定位第三步長難句分析第四步排除錯誤答案第五步選定正確答案第1篇①WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshavetakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).②ln1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N."Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresident.FranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.③About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem-afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgrammehasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogrammeseverinitiated.(2021全國I卷C篇]WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.What無效，無法幫助定位Cause低效，概括性太強，極易為隱藏信息Waterfowl高效，顯眼,極小概率被替換Population有效，可能被具體數(shù)量替換Decline有效，可能被同義替換NorthAmerica高效，顯眼,極小概率被替換①WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshavetakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.不但要定位到某一段還要定位到這一段的某一句或某幾句要運用題干中的定位詞來定位當然還有一個關鍵信息詞unfortunately表明前后對比，說明重要信息在后邊①WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshavetakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.如果你的詞匯量只有初中水平可以使用排除法一一排除答案A還可以直面硬剛通過信息處理直接得出答案這就需要用到技能二了技能二信息處理：實質就是對復雜長難句進行句子成分結構分析目的是找出主干獲得關鍵信息（關鍵信息處）表轉折Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadesto狀語形主謂間賓狀形直賓定從decimatealargepartoftheseresources主語（不定式短語/非謂語動詞短語）不定式形賓后定（介賓短語）介形賓Ittakessbsometimetodosth從初中開始學校老師就告訴你這是固定搭配讓你死記非也介賓短語=介詞+賓語非謂語動詞短語=非謂語動詞+賓語不但句子從句可以進行成分分析短語也可以進行成分分析著重從標點符號、從句引導詞、非謂語動詞、介詞短語處拆分句子Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly主語謂語地點狀語（抽象）（介賓短語）ambitioussportsmen.介賓后置定語（介賓短語）Bekilledatthehand/handsof...死于...之手BofA就是A的BMillionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,主語謂語目的狀語（不定式短語）不定式形賓greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).狀語結果狀語（現(xiàn)在分詞短語）現(xiàn)在分詞賓前后形成了因果關系1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers.D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.經(jīng)過對以上信息處理我們就可以直接從最后一句得出答案A當然出題者依然使用套路來迷惑大家在正確答案上繞了一個彎我們要對正確答案和答案特征做到心里有數(shù)注意：對于長難句，如果看一眼就能讀懂，分清主干和枝葉，就不需要浪費時間去分析成分；如果這個長難句是答案來源你又看不懂，最好還是分析一下成分，找出主干獲得關鍵信息二、總結:㈠、信息定位三原則夠顯眼：時間/地點/大寫/數(shù)字/生僻詞...找實詞：名、動、形少重復：文中各處反復出現(xiàn)詞無從定位無效㈡、解題步驟三步曲第一步：找關鍵定位詞從題干中標出關鍵詞作為定位詞回原文定位第二步：回原文定位①回文定位到句：即用題中關鍵詞回文定位相對簡單，直接定位到了某一句話也可以留意一下定位句的上一句和下一句，去看看有沒有相關的人物觀點或事件結論（人觀事論）來進行解釋說明②回文定位到段/幾句：即用題中關鍵詞回文定位范圍較大，無法直接定位到某句話，而是幾句話甚至是一個段落第三步：比對答案句和四個選項，排除錯誤選項，選出正確選項㈢、正誤選項特征1、正確選項會有以下兩種形式：①信息改寫也就是正確選項會對原文進行改寫，改寫的方式包含以下三種，有時候這幾種情況同時出現(xiàn)：同義詞替換、前后語序調(diào)整、詞性改寫。②信息概括這種相對較難，正確選項是對原文的概括總結或者正話反說。一般是針對回文定位到幾句或者一整段的題。2、錯誤選項類型如下：無中生有：原文找不到相匹配對象以偏概全：原文和選項的范圍不一致擴大范圍：選項范圍大于原文偷換概念：原文和選項的對象不一致答非所問：選項信息本身正確，但和題目無關正反混淆：原文和選項信息方向相反南轅北轍因果顛倒：原因和結果互換位置東拼西湊：在原文截取不同句子的部分信息進行拼湊練習應用第2篇Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills".Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.1.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.ltreferstoaperson'spositivequalities.首先找出題干里的定位詞1.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?根據(jù)定位詞回到原文定位并且要對關鍵信息標志詞敏感Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills".Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.1.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.ltreferstoaperson'spositivequalities.如果你詞匯量只有初中水平最好用排除法Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills".Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.1.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.ltreferstoaperson'spositivequalities.A選項與原文相反；B選項無中生有原文沒有提及C選項以答非所問本身是正確理解的而非誤解那么答案就是D還可以直面硬剛通過信息處理直接得出答案介Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableina定主狀謂賓賓補（介賓短語）介狀賓后定地狀（介賓短語）介person'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,定賓定從主謂狀語（介賓短語）介賓confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills".desirable/d?'za??r?b(?)l/adj.

可取的,值得擁有的,合意的somethingthatisconsideredafavorableoutcome,seee.g.

\o"Bestresponse"bestresponsemakeup組成構造延伸為性格天性含義把emotionalintelligence誤解成everythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupsuchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills"通過desirablecharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills"得知這些都是積極的因素所以選D出題者的套路彎彎繞又來了：正確選項是對原文的概括總結或者正話反說第3篇1.Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.2.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport'srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.lt'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.3."Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,"shesays.Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.4."However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,"Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.5.Asaresult,"shesays,"someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner'sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers."Butthesport'sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,"shesays.Ittakessomepractice.[2020全國I卷C篇]Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It'smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It'slesschallengingphysically.C.lt'smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.lt'slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.從題干尋找定位詞1.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.1.Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.2.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport'srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.lt'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.3."Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,"shesays.Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.4."However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,"Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.5.Asaresult,"shesays,"someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner'sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers."Butthesport'sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,"shesays.Ittakessomepractice.[2020racewalkers在文中反復出現(xiàn)如果是主旨題這就是關鍵詞主題詞但對于細節(jié)題來說就是無效的定位詞那只能是conditionedatheletes來定位從而定位到第2段Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport'srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.lt'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.1.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C,Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.如果你有初中詞匯量只能用排除法了A選項答非所問并沒有指出原因B選項無中生有原文并未提及D.偷換概念原文說要swinglegs但并沒有說begoodat通過排除法得出答案C還可以直面硬剛通過信息處理直接得出答案Butthesport'srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswing定主謂賓從1定主謂賓方式狀語（介賓短語）介賓后定（介賓短語）介賓andonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.賓從2主系表（介賓短語）時狀（介賓短語）介賓后定（介賓短）介賓lt'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity定定主強調(diào)句謂賓定定賓補ThisstrangeformmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivityItis+被強調(diào)部分+that+其余部分（英語寫作中的高分句）C選項specialrules與原文的rulesrequire相呼應我們來看第二題2.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It'smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It'slesschallengingphysically.C.lt'smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.lt'slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.從題干中找定位詞Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning根據(jù)題文同序原則第1和2段不要找要去345這三段去找并且找的是racewalking比running優(yōu)勢的地方這時要結合關鍵信息八大定位來處理3."Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,"shesays.Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.4."However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,"Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.5.Asaresult,"shesays,"someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner'sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers."Butthesport'sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,"shesays.Ittakessomepractice三段都出現(xiàn)了定位詞和關鍵信息標志詞因為橫跨三個段跨度較大需要進一步概括和信息處理"Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,"shesays.觀點1比狀（介賓）主系狀表介賓Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburn原因狀語（介賓短語）主后定（現(xiàn)在分詞短語）謂短語介詞定賓非謂語狀語（介賓短語）副連about800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburn狀定賓方狀（介短）非限制性定語從句主系狀表狀定比較狀語從句walking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecalories非限制性定語從句perhour.數(shù)據(jù)來說明觀點1主狀謂狀定賓方狀概括大意：觀點是racewalking和running都要消耗體力，但消耗的卡路里不同并且racewalking比running消耗的少顯然這不是優(yōu)勢as...as的知識點同級比較和...一樣（在英文寫作中也是高分句）Sheisasfatasme副形介SheisasfatasIam副形連4."However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,"Dr.Norbergsays.觀點2主