《大數(shù)據(jù)專業(yè)英語教程（第1版）》參考試卷

《大數(shù)據(jù)專業(yè)英語教程》（機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社）參考試卷命題人：張強(qiáng)華司愛俠參考試卷一、寫出以下單詞的中文意思（每小題0.5分，共10分）1accumulate11authentication2operation12malware3complexity13ransomware4filtering14vulnerability5leakage15process6engine16validity7recovery17interpretation8storage18classification9ensure19element10accumulate20executable二、根據(jù)給出的中文意思，寫出英文單詞（每小題0.5分，共10分）1n.元數(shù)據(jù)11n.并發(fā)（性）2n.特性；屬性12n.數(shù)據(jù)庫3n.服務(wù)器13adj.程序的，過程的4n.推薦引擎；推薦系統(tǒng)14n.倉庫；貯藏室5n.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)格15vt.收集；采集6adj.定性的16n.聚集；集成；集結(jié)7n.登記，注冊(cè)17adj.跨平臺(tái)的8n.備份18vt.取得，獲得；實(shí)現(xiàn)9n.容量；性能19n.體系結(jié)構(gòu)；（總體、層次）結(jié)構(gòu)10n.冗余；過多，過剩20v.擔(dān)保；確保n.保證；保修單1dataflow2datamart3datamining4datasharing5datadefinition6datastorage7datavisualization8operatingsystem9semi-structureddata10sampledata四、根據(jù)給出的中文意思，寫出英文短語（每小題1分，共10分）1非結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)2層次數(shù)據(jù)模型，分級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)模型3文本分析4數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)5數(shù)據(jù)收集6自治數(shù)據(jù)庫7數(shù)據(jù)倉庫8混合云9機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)10非關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫五、寫出以下縮略語的完整形式和中文意思（每小題1分，共10分）縮略語完整形式中文意思1AI2BDF3CMS4API5DDL6DML7DQL8ELT9JVM10SLA六、閱讀短文，回答問題（每小題2分，共10分）TheImportanceofClusteringandClassificationinDataScienceThepurposeofclusteringandclassificationalgorithmsistomakesenseofandextractvaluefromlargesetsofstructuredandunstructureddata.Ifyou’reworkingwithhugevolumesofunstructureddata,itonlymakessensetotrytopartitionthedataintosomesortoflogicalgroupingsbeforeattemptingtoanalyzeit.Clusteringandclassificationallowsyoutotakeasweepingglanceofyourdataenmasse,andthenformsomelogicalstructuresbasedonwhatyoufindtherebeforegoingdeeperintothenuts-and-boltsanalysis.Intheirsimplestform,clustersaresetsofdatapointsthatsharesimilarattributes,andclusteringalgorithmsarethemethodsthatgroupthesedatapointsintodifferentclustersbasedontheirsimilarities.You’llseeclusteringalgorithmsusedfordiseaseclassificationinmedicalscience,butyou’llalsoseethemusedforcustomerclassificationinmarketingresearchandforenvironmentalhealthriskassessmentinenvironmentalengineering.Therearedifferentclusteringmethods,dependingonhowyouwantyourdatasettobedivided.Thetwomaintypesofclusteringalgorithmsare:Hierarchical:Algorithmscreateseparatesetsofnestedclusters,eachintheirownhierarchallevel.Partitional:Algorithmscreatejustasinglesetofclusters.Youmighthaveheardofclassificationandthoughtthatclassificationisthesamethingasclustering.Manypeopledo,butthisisnotthecase.Inclassification,beforeyoustart,youalreadyknowthenumberofclassesintowhichyourdatashouldbegroupedandyoualreadyknowwhatclassyouwanteachdatapointtobeassigned.Inclassification,thedatainthedatasetbeinglearnedfromislabeled.Whenyouuseclusteringalgorithms,ontheotherhand,youhavenopredefinedconceptforhowmanyclustersareappropriateforyourdata,andyourelyupontheclusteringalgorithmstosortandclusterthedatainthemostappropriateway.Withclusteringtechniques,you’relearningfromunlabeleddata.Tobetterillustratethenatureofclassification,though,takealookatTwitteranditshash-taggingsystem.Sayyoujustgotholdofyourfavoritedrinkintheentireworld:anicedcaramellattefromStarbucks.You’resohappytohaveyourdrinkthatyoudecidetotweetaboutitwithaphotoandthephrase“ThisisthebestlatteEVER!#StarbucksRocks.”Well,ofcourse,youinclude“#StarbucksRocks”inyourtweetsothatthetweetgoesintothe#StarbucksRocksstreamandisclassifiedtogetherwithalltheothertweetsthathavebeenlabeledas#StarbucksRocks.YouruseofthehashtaglabelinyourtweettoldTwitterhowtoclassifyyourdataintoarecognizableandaccessiblegroup,orcluster.Whatisthepurposeofclusteringandclassificationalgorithms?Whatareclustersintheirsimplestform?Whatareclusteringalgorithms?3.Howmanymaintypesofclusteringalgorithmsarethere?Whatarethey?4.Whatdoyoualreadyknowinclaasification?5.Howcanyoubetterillustratethenatureofclassification?將下列詞填入適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢茫吭~只用一次）。（每小題10分，共20分）填空題1供選擇的答案:uniquehierarchicalprocessesincludeacceptableinvolvesaccuracyhackerslinkedissuesTypesofDataIntegrityTherearetwotypesofdataintegrity:physicalintegrityandlogicalintegrity.Bothareacollectionofprocessesandmethodsthatenforcedataintegrityinboth___1___andrelationaldatabases.PhysicalintegrityPhysicalintegrityistheprotectionofdata’swholenessand___2___asit’sstoredandretrieved.Whennaturaldisastersstrike,powergoesout,orhackersdisruptdatabasefunctions,physicalintegrityiscompromised.Humanerror,storageerosion,andahostofother___3___canalsomakeitimpossiblefordataprocessingmanagers,systemprogrammers,applicationsprogrammers,andinternalauditorstoobtainaccuratedata.LogicalintegrityLogicalintegritykeepsdataunchangedasit’susedindifferentwaysinarelationaldatabase.Logicalintegrityprotectsdatafromhumanerrorand___4___aswell,butinamuchdifferentwaythanphysicalintegritydoes.Therearefourtypesoflogicalintegrity.2.1EntityintegrityEntityintegrityreliesonthecreationofprimarykeys,or___5___valuesthatidentifypiecesofdata,toensurethatdataisn’tlistedmorethanonceandthatnofieldinatableisnull.It’safeatureofrelationalsystemswhichstoredataintablesthatcanbe___6___andusedinavarietyofways.2.2ReferentialintegrityReferentialintegrityreferstotheseriesof___7___thatmakesuredataisstoredanduseduniformly.Rulesembeddedintothedatabase’sstructureabouthowforeignkeysareusedensurethatonlyappropriatechanges,additions,ordeletionsofdataoccur.Rulesmay___8___constraintsthateliminatetheentryofduplicatedata,guaranteethatdataisaccurate,and/ordisallowtheentryofdatathatdoesn’tapply.2.3DomainintegrityDomainintegrityisthecollectionofprocessesthatensuretheaccuracyofeachpieceofdatainadomain.Inthiscontext,adomainisasetof___9___valuesthatacolumnisallowedtocontain.Itcanincludeconstraintsandothermeasuresthatlimittheformat,type,andamountofdataentered.2.4User-definedintegrityUser-definedintegrity___10___therulesandconstraintscreatedbytheusertofittheirparticularneeds.Sometimesentity,referential,anddomainintegrityaren’tenoughtosafeguarddata.Often,specificbusinessrulesmustbetakenintoaccountandincorporatedintodataintegritymeasures.填空題2供選擇的答案:programsarchitecturelayerhandlingcreatecenterinfrastructurenetworksstoragemachinesBigDataCloudReferenceArchitectureThecloudarchitectureforbigdataisefficienttomanagecomplicatedcomputingscalability,storage,andnetworkinginfrastructure.Theinfrastructureasserviceprovidersmainlydealswithservers,___1___,inadditiontostorageapplicationsandoffersfacilitiessuchasvirtualization,basicmonitoringandsafety,operatingsystem,serverinadata___2___,andstorageservices.Thefourlayersofbigdatacloudarchitecturearediscussedbelow:BigDataAnalytics-SoftwareasaService(BDA-SaaS):Theanalyticsofbigdataofferedasservicegivesusersthecapabilitytoquicklyworkonanalyticswithoutspendingon___3___andpayforthefacilitiesused.Thefunctionsofthislayerare:?Arrangementofsoftwareapplicationsrepository?Software___4___deploymentontheinfrastructure?Resultdeliverytotheusers.BigDataAnalytics-PlatformasaService(BPaaS):Thisisthesecondlayerofthe___5___.Itisthecorelayerthatprovidesplatform-relatedservicestoworkwithstoredbigdataandcomputing.Datamanagementtools,schedulers,andprogrammingenvironmentsfordata-intensiveanddataprocessingtasks,whichareconsideredasmiddlewaremanagementtoolsresideinthisregion.This___6___responsiblefordevelopingsoftwaredevelopmentkitsandtoolsnecessaryforanalytics.BigDataFabric(BDF):Thisisthefabriclayerofbigdata,responsibleforaddressingtoolsandAPIsthatsupportthe___7___ofdata,datacomputation,andaccesstodifferentapplicationservices.ThislayercomprisesAPIsandinteroperableprotocoldesignedtoconnectthespecifiedmultiplecloudinfrastructuralstandards.CloudInfrastructure(CI):Thecloudinfrastructureisresponsiblefor___8___theinfrastructurefordatastorageandcomputationasservices.TheservicesofferedbyCIlayerareasfollows:●Tocreatelarge-scaleelasticinfrastructureforbigdatastorage,capableofon-demanddeployment.●Tosetupdynamicvirtual___9___.●Togenerateson-demandstoragefacilitiesthatrelatetobigdatamanagementforfile,block,andobject-based.●Toenableseamlesspassageofdataacrossthestoragerepositories.●To___10___virtualmachinesandtomountthefilesystemwiththecomputenode.短文翻譯（每小題10分，共20分）翻譯題1DataCleaningWhatisdatacleaning?Datacleaningistheprocessoffixingorremovingincorrect,corrupted,incorrectlyformatted,duplicate,orincompletedatawithinadataset.Datacleaning,whichisalsoreferredtoasdatacleansinganddatascrubbing,isoneofthemostimportantstepsforyourorganizationifyouwanttocreateaculturearoundqualitydatadecision-making.Datacleaningisnotsimplyabouterasinginformationtomakespacefornewdata,butratherfindingawaytomaximizeadataset’saccuracywithoutnecessarilydeletinginformation.Datacleaningincludesmoreactionsthanremovingdata,suchasfixingspellingandsyntaxerrors,standardizingdatasets,andcorrectingmistakessuchasemptyfields,missingcodes,andidentifyingduplicatedatapoints.Mostimportantly,thegoalofdatacleaningistocreatedatasetsthatarestandardizedanduniformtoallowbusinessintelligenceanddataanalyticstoolstoeasilyaccessandfindtherightdataforeachquery.Whatisthedifferencebetweendatacleaninganddatatransformation?Datacleaningistheprocessthatremovesdatathatdoesnotbelonginyourdataset.Datatransformationistheprocessofconvertingdatafromoneformatorstructureintoanother.Transformationprocessescanalsobereferredtoasdatawrangling,ordatamunging,transformingandmappingdatafromone"raw"dataformintoanotherformatforwarehousingandanalyzing.BenefitsofdatacleaningHavingcleandatawillultimatelyincreaseoverallproductivityandallowforthehighestqualityinformationinyourdecision-making.Thebenefitsinclude:●Removaloferrorswhenmultiplesourcesofdataareatplay.●Fewererrorsmakeforhappierclientsandless-frustratedemployees.●Abilitytomapthedifferentfunctionsandwhatyourdataisintendedtodo.●Monitoringerrorsandbetterreportingtoseewhereerrorsarecomingfrom,makingiteasiertofixincorrectorcorruptdataforfutureapplications.●Usingtoolsfordatacleaningwillmakeformoreefficientbusinesspracticesandquickerdecision-making.翻譯題2DataVisualization??Datavisualizationisthepracticeoftranslatinginformationintoavisualcontext,suchasamaporgraph,tomakedataeasierforthehumanbraintounderstandandpullinsightsfrom.Themaingoalofdatavisualizationistomakeiteasiertoidentifypatterns,trendsandoutliersinlargedatasets.Thetermisoftenusedinterchangeablywithothers,includinginformationgraphics,informationvisualizationandstatisticalgraphics.Datavisualizationisoneofthestepsofthedatascienceprocess,whichstatesthatafterdatahasbeencollected,processedandmodeled,itmustbevisualizedforconclusionstobemade.Datavisualizationisalsoanelementofthebroaderdatapresentationarchitecture(DPA)discipline,whichaimstoidentify,locate,manipulate,formatanddeliverdatainthemostefficientwaypossible.Datavisualizationisimportantforalmosteverycareer.Itcanbeusedbyteacherstodisplaystudenttestresults,bycomputerscientistsexploringadvancementsinartificialintelligence(AI)orbyexecutiveslookingtoshareinformationwithstakeholders.Italsoplaysanimportantroleinbigdataprojects.Asbusinessesaccumulatedmassivecollectionsofdataduringtheearlyyearsofthebigdatatrend,theyneededawaytoquicklyandeasilygetanoverviewoftheirdata.Visualizationtoolswereanaturalfit.Visualizationiscentraltoadvancedanalyticsforsimilarreasons.Whenadatascientistiswritingadvancedpredictiveanalyticsormachinelearning(ML)algorithms,itbecomesimportanttovisualizetheoutputstomonitorresultsandensurethatmodelsareperformingasintended.Thisisbecausevisualizationsofcomplexalgorithmsaregenerallyeasiertointerpretthannumericaloutputs.Datavisualizationprovidesaquickandeffectivewaytocommunicateinformationinauniversalmannerusingvisualinformation.Thepracticecanalsohelpbusinessesidentifywhichfactorsaffectcustomerbehavior;pinpointareasthatneedtobeimprovedorneedmoreattention;makedatamorememorableforstakeholders;understandwhenandwheretoplacespecificproducts;andpredictsalesvolumes.Otherbenefitsofdatavisualizationinclude:●theabilitytoabsorbinformationquickly,improveinsightsandmakefasterdecisions;●anincreasedunderstandingofthenextstepsthatmustbetakentoimprovetheorganization;●animprovedabilitytomaintaintheaudience'sinterestwithinformationtheycanunderstand;●aneasydistributionofinformationthatincreasestheopportunitytoshareinsightswitheveryoneinvolved;●eliminatingtheneedfordatascientistssincedataismoreaccessibleandunderstandable;and●anincreasedabilitytoactonfindingsquicklyand,therefore,achievesuccesswithgreaterspeedandlessmistakes.

參考試卷答案一、寫出以下單詞的中文意思（每小題0.5分，共10分）1accumulatev.堆積，積累11authenticationn.身份驗(yàn)證；認(rèn)證2operationn.操作；運(yùn)算12malwaren.惡意軟件，流氓軟件3complexityn.復(fù)雜性13ransomwaren.勒索軟件4filteringn.過濾14vulnerabilityn.弱點(diǎn)；脆弱性5leakagen.漏出；泄露15processvt.加工；處理6enginen.引擎，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)16validityn.有效性，合法性7recoveryn.恢復(fù)，復(fù)原17interpretationn.解釋，說明8storagen.貯存18classificationn.分類，歸類9ensurevt.確保19elementn.元素；要素；原理10accumulatev.堆積，積累20executableadj.可執(zhí)行的；實(shí)行的二、根據(jù)給出的中文意思，寫出英文單詞（每小題0.5分，共10分）1n.元數(shù)據(jù)metadata11n.并發(fā)（性）concurrency2n.特性；屬性property12n.數(shù)據(jù)庫database3n.服務(wù)器server13adj.程序的，過程的procedural4n.推薦引擎；推薦系統(tǒng)recommender14n.倉庫；貯藏室repository5n.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)格standard15vt.收集；采集gather6adj.定性的qualitative16n.聚集；集成；集結(jié)aggregation7n.登記，注冊(cè)registration17adj.跨平臺(tái)的cross-platform8n.備份backup18vt.取得，獲得；實(shí)現(xiàn)achieve9n.容量；性能capacity19n.體系結(jié)構(gòu)；（總體、層次）結(jié)構(gòu)architecture10n.冗余；過多，過剩redundancy20v.擔(dān)保；確保n.保證；保修單guarantee1dataflow數(shù)據(jù)流2datamart數(shù)據(jù)集市3datamining數(shù)據(jù)挖掘4datasharing數(shù)據(jù)共享5datadefinition數(shù)據(jù)定義6datastorage數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)7datavisualization數(shù)據(jù)可視化8operatingsystem操作系統(tǒng)9semi-structureddata半結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)10sampledata樣本數(shù)據(jù)四、根據(jù)給出的中文意思，寫出英文短語（每小題1分，共10分）1非結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)unstructureddata2層次數(shù)據(jù)模型，分級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)模型hierarchicaldatamodel3文本分析textanalysis4數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)datapoint5數(shù)據(jù)收集datacollection6自治數(shù)據(jù)庫autonomousdatabases7數(shù)據(jù)倉庫datawarehouse8混合云hybridcloud9機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)machinelearning10非關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫nonrelationaldatabase五、寫出以下縮略語的完整形式和中文意思（每小題1分，共10分）縮略語完整形式中文意思1AIArtificialIntelligence人工智能2BDFBigDataFabric大數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)3CMSContentManagementSystem內(nèi)容管理系統(tǒng)4APIApplicationProgrammingInterface應(yīng)用程序編程接口5DDLDataDefinitionLanguage數(shù)據(jù)定義語言6DMLDataManipulationLanguage數(shù)據(jù)操作語言7DQLDataQueryLanguage數(shù)據(jù)查詢語言8ELTExtract,Load,Transform提取、加載、轉(zhuǎn)換9JVMJavaVirtualMachineJava虛擬機(jī)10SLAServiceLevelAgreement服務(wù)等級(jí)協(xié)議，服務(wù)級(jí)別協(xié)議六、閱讀短文，回答問題（每小題2分，共10分）Thepurposeofclusteringandclassificationalgorithmsistomakesenseofandextractvaluefromlargesetsofstructuredandunstructureddata.Intheirsimplestform,clustersaresetsofdatapointsthatsharesimilarattributes,andclusteringalgorithmsarethemethodsthatgroupthesedatapointsintodifferentclustersbasedontheirsimilarities.Therearetwomaintypesofclusteringalgorithms.Theyarehierarchicalalgorithmsandpartitionalalgorithms.Inclassification,beforeyoustart,youalreadyknowthenumberofclassesintowhichyourdatashouldbegroupedandyoualreadyknowwhatclassyouwanteachdatapointtobeassigned.Tobetterillustratethenatureo