英語(yǔ)知識(shí)應(yīng)用講義

第一部分英語(yǔ)知識(shí)應(yīng)用

完形填空

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(lOpoints)

Passagel(1994年)

Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.In

speaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminate

onesourceof42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords

43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44

unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,the

transmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.

46inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistenerto

understandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecific

wordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina50thatcanbe

understoodbyhislisteners.

41.[A]of[B]at[C]fbr[D]on

42.[A]inaccessible[B]timely[C]likely[D]invalid

43.[A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroy[D]offers

44.[A]passout[B]takeaway[C]backup[D]stirup

45.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what

46.[A]Moreover[B]However[C]Preliminarily[D]Unexpectedly

47.[A]that[B]it[C]so[D]this

48.[A]speech[B]sense[C]message[D]meaning

49.[A]obscure[B]difficult[C]impossible[D]unable

50.[A]case[B]means[C]method[D]way

參考答案：ACBDCABCDD

Passage!(1995年)

Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovements

anddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwell

understood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.The

purposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44

forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggest

fascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.

Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is100percentfataltorats,yet,

47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow

48themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,

50theirimmunesystems—theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases——hadcrashed.

41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any

42.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred

43.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful

44.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded

45.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]fbrthepurpose

46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction

47.[A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with

48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton

49.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce

50.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonly

參考答案：BCCBDCADAB

Passage3（1996年）

Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormal

growthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.

Theydonotprovideenergy,41dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyare

neededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,

andif43ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes44.

Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelementsusuallycarbon,hydro-gen,

oxygen,and45nitrogen.Theyaredifferent46theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,

andeachvitamin47oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.

48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor

49vitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingonthensafeside*1andthustakeextra

vitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody'svitaminneeds.

41.[A]either[B]so[C]nor[D]never

42.[A]shifting[B]transferring[C]altering[D]transforming

43.[A]any[B]some[C]anything[D]something

44.[A]serious[B]apparent[C]severe[D]fatal

45.[A]mostly[B]partially[C]sometimes[D]rarely

46.[A]inthat[B]sothat[C]suchthat[D]exceptthat

47.[A]undertakes[B]holds[C]plays[D]performs

48.[A]Supplying[B]Getting[C]Providing[D]Furnishing

49.[A]exceptional[B]exceeding[C]excess[D]external

50.[A]nevertheless[B]therefore[C]moreover[D]meanwhile

參考答案：CDABCADBCA

Passage4（1997年）

ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.

Everymorning,itspeople41intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday's

workforaday'spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsand

IBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedin

Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.

44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganation

ofpart-timesandtemporaryworkers.This045Hworkforceisthemostimportant46

inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeople

andtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayfbrcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive

48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,

healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsand

senseof50thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.

41.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[D]slip

42.[A]For[B]Because[C]As[D]Since

43.[A]from[B]in[C]on[D]by

44.[A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]Ifonly[D]Providedthat

45.[A]durable[B]disposable[C]available[D]transferable

46.[A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion[D]trend

47.[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally[D]sufficiently

48.[A]but[B]while[C]and[D]whereas

49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated[D]confined

50.[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm[D]importance

參考答案：ACDABDCBAD

Passages（1998年）

UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They

41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42

man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850were

widespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45

contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla

46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.

Thisview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48history

andeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50

bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactually

improvedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.

41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted

42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean[D]normal

43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant[D]iiTiinediate

44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude

45.[A]On[B]With[C]For[D]By

46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally[D]completely

47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore[D]moreover

48.[A]at[B]in[C]about[D]for

49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated

50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked

參考答案：ABDADDABCD

Passage6（1999年）

Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheir

safetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42and

active.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished

44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.

Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertain

aspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafe

workpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotional

appealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramif

maximumresultsaretobeobtained.

Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpoint

alone,safety48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman'sinsurance

rate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.

41.[A]at[B]in[C]on[D]with

42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile[D]diverse

43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance[D]requirement

44.[A]where[B]how[C]what[D]unless

45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift[D]distinguish

46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing[D]justifying

47.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even[D]Still

48.[A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff[D]holdsup

49.[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations[D]proclamations

50.[A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest[D]aprofit

參考答案：DABABCDCAD

Passage7（2000年）

Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionand

hisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrain

immediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesa

surplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43

theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto

44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemay

alsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifno

surplusisavailable,afannercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor

48extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49

ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.

41.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof[D]morethan

42.[A]onlyif[B]muchas[C]longbefore[D]eversince

43.[A]for[B]against[C]Of[D]towards

44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose

45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise

46.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels

47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained

48.[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek

49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio

50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequently

參考答案：CABACDBDCD

Passage8（2001年）

Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeople

involvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.

Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,

willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34and

willstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.

InalettertoGeraldKaufinan,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,

LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulation

didnot38sufficientcontrol.

39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmedia

protestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbeleftto

judges42toParliament.

TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43the

EuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybody

was45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesand

theirfamilies.

"Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges,nhesaid.

Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin

1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriesto

newspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheir

storiesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.

31.[A]asto[B]fbrinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas

32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening

33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]eliminary[D]draft

34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper

35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity

36.[A]since[B]if[C]before[D]as

37.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed

38.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest[D]indicate

39.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing[D]Exposure

40.[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare[D]flash

41.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition[D]demonstration

42.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan

43.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets[D]turns

44.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining[D]sustaining

45.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled[D]qualified

46.[A]with[B]to[C]from[D]by

47.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference[D]issue

48.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said[D]told

49.[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]that

50.[A]assure[B]confide[C]ensure[D]guarantee

參考答案：DADBACDBBABCBACADCDC

Passage9（2002年）

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthe

diffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21Aswas

discussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominant

pre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24ofthe

periodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginning

withtransport,therailway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,and

motionpictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryone

seesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20th

century,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychanged

theprocess.31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.Astimewentby,

computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame"personal"too,aswellas33,

withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,

35_generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.

ItwaswithinthecomputeragethatthetermMinformationsociety11begantobewidelyusedto

describethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38

bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen

39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications."BenefitsHhavebeen

weighed40"harmful"outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

21.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later

22.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until

23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure

24.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form

25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked

26.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off

27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into

28.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]perspective

29.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore

30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized

31.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although

32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible

33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental

34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty

35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith

36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller

37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory

38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected

39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational

40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]with

參考答案：ADCBBADDCBDAACBDACBC

Passage10（2003年）

Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoung

adultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbest22

suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23,butnotjustinwaysthat

emphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostof

newintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe

25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare26

byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatit

wouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,

publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,and

sponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunities

forleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsis

extremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindof

organizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.

Intheseactivities,isimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave34attention

spans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveas

longastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingthe

otherparticipants37.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.

38theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39forrolesthatare

withintheir40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.

21.[A]thought[B]ideal[C]opinion[D]advice

22.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance

23.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure

24.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because

25.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance

26.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed

27.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise

28.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample[D]inasense

29.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging

30.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple

31.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation

32.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security

33.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely

34.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short

35.[A]ifonly[B]nowthat[C]sothat[D]evenif

36.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something

37.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone

38.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage[C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheotherhand

39.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking

40.[A]capabilities[B]responsibilities[C]proficiency[D]efficiency

參考答案：ABCDCBDCADADBDCDBACA

Passagell（2004年）

Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency（crimescommittedbyyoung

people）focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories

21_ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenot

sufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough

23withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietythatchildrencommitcrimesin24

totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus25asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.

Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,

26thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommit

crimes27lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare

28tocriticism.

Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly29juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,

changesintheeconomythat30tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrising

unemployment31makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresulting

discontentmayin32leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.

Familieshavealso33changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparent

householdsortwoworkingparents;34,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome

35_wascommoninthetraditionalfamily36.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthought

tobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other37causesofoffensiveactsinclude

frustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased38ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing_39

ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachild

committingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.

21.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering[D]cementing

22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because

23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation

24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response

25.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse

26.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting[D]discarding

27.[A]on[B]in[C]fbr[D]with

28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject

29.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock[D]reflect

30.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount

31.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength

32.[A]case[B]short[C]turn[D]essence

33.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced

34.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously

35.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as

36.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage

37.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible

38.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation[D]availability

39.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity

40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing

參考答案：CDADABCDABACDBABBDAC

Passage12（2005年）

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellers

comparedwithanimals,]thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.This

meansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4

themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,

6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhen

theseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.

Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9

othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothave

thegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecells

whichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeople

insensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toit

oftenenough.

Theexplanationfbrinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit14tokeepall

smellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16

explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Weare

not17oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe18newsmellswhenwevisit

someoneelse's.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeep