腫瘤放射治療常用英文縮寫

腫瘤放射治療常用英文縮寫

RT

Radiotherapy,RadiationTherapy

放療，放射治療

放射治療是利用放射線治療腫瘤的一種方法，是當今治療腫瘤的三大手段之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，大約有60～70%惡性腫瘤患者需要接受放射治療。有些惡性腫瘤通過放療可以得到根治，并可能獲得同類同期腫瘤的手術(shù)治療的療效，且可保存所在的器官及其功能。

IMRT

IntensityModulatedRadiationTherapy

調(diào)強放射治療

調(diào)強放射治療與以往放射治療技術(shù)不同，它通過調(diào)節(jié)各個方向照射野的野內(nèi)射線的強度產(chǎn)生非均勻照射野，達到腫瘤的高劑量三維適形分布和危及器官的低劑量分布，從而提高腫瘤的照射劑量，盡可能地減少危及器官和正常組織的受量，最終提高腫瘤局部的控制率，改善腫瘤患者的生存質(zhì)量。

MLC

MultiLeafCollimator

多葉準直器，多葉光柵

MLC最初設(shè)計主要是用于替代射野擋鉛，后來發(fā)展成了IMRT的基礎(chǔ)，控制葉片運動可實現(xiàn)靜態(tài)MLC和動態(tài)MLC調(diào)強。

QA&QC

QualityAssurance&QualityControl

質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制

放射治療的QA是指經(jīng)過周密計劃而采取的一系列必要的措施，保證放射治療的整個服務(wù)過程中的各個環(huán)節(jié)按國際標準準確安全的執(zhí)行。這個簡單的定義意味著質(zhì)量保證有兩個重要內(nèi)容：質(zhì)量評定，即按一定標準度量和評價整個治療過程中的服務(wù)質(zhì)量和治療效果；質(zhì)量控制，即采取必要的措施保證QA的執(zhí)行，并不斷修改服務(wù)過程中的某些環(huán)節(jié)，達到新的QA級水平。

－－摘自胡逸民主編《腫瘤放射物理學(xué)》p612。

AAPM

AmericanAssociationofPhysicistsinMedicine

美國醫(yī)學(xué)物理學(xué)家協(xié)會

AAPMFACTSHEET

TheAAPM:

Ascientific,educational,andprofessionalorganizationofmorethan4,700medicalphysicists.HeadquartersarelocatedattheAmericanCenterforPhysicsinCollegePark,MD,withastaffof20,Annualbudgetisover$5M.Publicationsincludeascientificjournal("MedicalPhysics"),technicalreports,andsymposiumproceedings.

MedicalPhysics:

Anappliedbranchofphysicsconcernedwiththeapplicationoftheconceptsandmethodsofphysicstothediagnosisandtreatmentofhumandisease.Itisalliedwithmedicalelectronics,bioengineering,andhealthphysics.

MedicalPhysicists:

MosthaveanMSorPh.D.inmedicalphysics,physics,radiationbiology,orarelateddiscipline,andtraininginclinicalmedicalphysics.Clinicaltrainingmaybeobtainedthrougharesidencytraineeshiporapostdoctoralprogramofoneortwoyearsinahospital.Clinicalmedicalphysicistsareemployedinmedicalschools,hospitalsorclinics,orareinprivatepractice.Thesephysicistsdividetheirtimebetweenclinicalserviceandconsultation,researchanddevelopment,andteaching.Somemedicalphysicistsworkinindustrialorresearchpositions,andhavenoclinicalresponsibilities.

MedicalPhysicist'sRole:

Medicalphysicistscontributetotheeffectivenessofradiologicalimagingproceduresbyassuringradiationsafetyandhelpingtodevelopimprovedimagingtechniques(e.g.,mammographyCT,MR,ultrasound).Theycontributetodevelopmentoftherapeutictechniques(e.g.,prostateimplants,stereotacticradiosurgery),collaboratewithradiationoncologiststodesigntreatmentplans,andmonitorequipmentandprocedurestoinsurethatcancerpatientsreceivetheprescribeddoseofradiationtothecorrectlocation.

MedicalphysicistsareresponsibleforensuringthatimagingandtreatmentfacilitiesmeettherulesandregulationsoftheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionandvariousStateHealthDepartments.

MedicalPhysicistCredentials:

TheAmericanBoardofRadiologycertifiesmedicalphysicists,asdoestheAmericanBoardofMedicalPhysics.Medicalphysicistscontributetotheeducationandcertificationofradiologistsandradiationoncologists.ManyaremembersofphysicianorganizationssuchastheAmericanCollege因素引起的擴大照射的組織范圍，以確保CTV得到規(guī)定的治療劑量。

GTV和CTV是根據(jù)患者的腫瘤分布情況、腫瘤行為在靜態(tài)影像上確定的，沒有考慮到器官的運動并與所采用的內(nèi)外照射方式無關(guān)。采用不同定位技術(shù)和治療技術(shù)，PTV大小是不同的。

這幾個概念看似簡單易懂，但國內(nèi)放療界對這幾個概念的具體理解和應(yīng)用卻可能并非如此，這對于常規(guī)照射可能影響不大，但這些概念對3DCRT、SRT(SRS)和IMRT等新技術(shù)卻有著一定的指導(dǎo)和參考意義，希望能規(guī)范使用。

Gy

Gray

戈瑞

吸收劑量D（absorbeddose）的單位，1Gy=1J/kg，1Gy=100cGy。曾用單位為拉德（rad），1Gy=100rad，現(xiàn)已放棄使用。D定義為電離輻射給予質(zhì)量為dm的介質(zhì)的平均授予能dε。

比釋動能K（kineticenergyreleasedinmaterial，kerma）的單位也是Gy。其定義為不帶電電離粒子在質(zhì)量為dm的介質(zhì)中釋放的全部帶電粒子的初始動能之和。它只適用于間接致電離輻射，但適用于任何介質(zhì)。

當帶電粒子損失于軔致輻射的能量可以忽略時，介質(zhì)內(nèi)一點的比釋動能與吸收劑量相等。

TCP

TumourControlProbability

腫瘤控制概率

TCP是消滅腫瘤細胞的概率，隨劑量的變化而變化。達到95%的TCP所需要的劑量，定義為腫瘤致死劑量TCD95。

NTCP

NormalTissueComplicationProbability

正常組織并發(fā)癥概率

NTCP是正常組織放射并發(fā)癥的概率，隨劑量的變化而變化。正常組織放射并發(fā)癥是指經(jīng)過照射后造成器官或組織的某種損傷如放射性肺炎、眼失明、心包炎等。產(chǎn)生5%或50%相應(yīng)損傷的NTCP所需要的劑量，定義為正常組織的耐受劑量TD5/5，TD50/5。

臨床和實驗證明，TCP和NTCP隨劑量的變化呈“S”型曲線，兩條曲線相距越遠，治療比越大，對治療就越有利。

最近國外正在開發(fā)基于TCP和NTCP的計劃評估技術(shù)，但這需要大量的臨床數(shù)據(jù)。

IAEA

InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency

國際原子能機構(gòu)

IAEA在1987年和1997年發(fā)表第277號技術(shù)報告和其修訂版，歸納和總結(jié)了當前在這一領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的技術(shù)發(fā)展，制定了統(tǒng)一、簡明、并易于執(zhí)行的有關(guān)X（γ）射線和電子束的高能電離輻射吸收劑量測量規(guī)程（也簡稱IAEA方法），向各成員國推薦實施。

ARTICLEIEstablishmentoftheAgency

ThePartiesheretoestablishanInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(hereinafterreferredtoas"theAgency")uponthetermsandconditionshereinaftersetforth.

ARTICLEIIObjectives

TheAgencyshallseektoaccelerateandenlargethecontributionofatomicenergytopeace,healthandprosperitythroughouttheworld.Itshallensure,sofarasitisable,thatassistanceprovidedbyitoratitsrequestorunderitssupervisionorcontrolisnotusedinsuchawayastofurtheranymilitarypurpose.

ARTICLEIIIFunctions

A.TheAgencyisauthorized:

1.Toencourageandassistresearchon,anddevelopmentandpracticalapplicationof,atomicenergyforpeacefulusesthroughouttheworld;and,ifrequestedtodoso,toactasanintermediaryforthepurposesofsecuringtheperformanceofservicesorthesupplyingofmaterials,equipment,orfacilitiesbyonememberoftheAgencyforanother;andtoperformanyoperationorserviceusefulinresearchon,ordevelopmentorpracticalapplicationof,atomicenergyforpeacefulpurposes;

2.Tomakeprovision,inaccordancewiththisStatute,formaterials,services,equipment,andfacilitiestomeettheneedsofresearchon,anddevelopmentandpracticalapplicationof,atomicenergyforpeacefulpurposes,includingtheproductionofelectricpower,withdueconsiderationfortheneedsoftheunder-developedareasoftheworld;

3.Tofostertheexchangeofscientificandtechnicalinformationonpeacefulusesofatomicenergy;

4.Toencouragetheexchangeoftrainingofscientistsandexpertsinthefieldofpeacefulusesofatomicenergy;

5.Toestablishandadministersafeguardsdesignedtoensurethatspecialfissionableandothermaterials,services,equipment,facilities,andinformationmadeavailablebytheAgencyoratitsrequestorunderitssupervisionorcontrolarenotusedinsuchawayastofurtheranymilitarypurpose;andtoapplysafeguards,attherequestoftheparties,toanybilateralormultilateralarrangement,orattherequestofaState,toanyofthatState'sactivitiesinthefieldofatomicenergy;

6.Toestablishoradopt,inconsultationand,whereappropriate,incollaborationwiththecompetentorgansoftheUnitedNationsandwiththespecializedagenciesconcerned,standardsofsafetyforprotectionofhealthandminimizationofdangertolifeandproperty(includingsuchstandardsforlabourconditions),andtoprovidefortheapplicationofthesestandardstoitsownoperationaswellastotheoperationsmakinguseofmaterials,services,equipment,facilities,andinformationmadeavailablebytheAgencyoratitsrequestorunderitscontrolorsupervision;andtoprovidefortheapplicationofthesestandards,attherequestoftheparties,tooperationsunderanybilateraloemultilateralarrangements,or,attherequestofaState,toanyofthatState'sactivitiesinthefieldofatomicenergy;

7.Toacquireorestablishanyfacilities,plantandequipmentusefulincarryingoutitsauthorizedfunctions,wheneverthefacilities,plant,andequipmentotherwiseavailabletoitintheareaconcernedareinadequateoravailableonlyontermsitdeemsunsatisfactory.

B.Incarryingoutitsfunctions,theAgencyshall:

1.ConductitsactivitiesinaccordancewiththepurposesandprinciplesoftheUnitedNationstopromotepeaceandinternationalco-operation,andinconformitywithpoliciesoftheUnitedNationsfurtheringtheestablishmentofsafeguardedworldwidedisarmamentandinconformitywithanyinternationalagreementsenteredintopursuanttosuchpolicies;

2.EstablishcontrolovertheuseofspecialfissionablematerialsreceivedbytheAgency,inordertoensurethatthesematerialsareusedonlyforpeacefulpurposes;

3.Allocateitsresourcesinsuchamannerastosecureefficientutilizationandthegreatestpossiblegeneralbenefitinallareasoftheworld,bearinginmindthespecialneedsoftheunder-developedareasoftheworld;

4.SubmitreportsonitsactivitiesannuallytotheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsand,whenappropriate,totheSecurityCouncil:ifinconnectionwiththeactivitiesoftheAgencythereshouldarisequestionsthatarewithinthecompetenceoftheSecurityCouncil,theAgencyshallnotifytheSecurityCouncil,astheorganbearingthemainresponsibilityforthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity,andmayalsotakethemeasuresopentoitunderthisStatute,includingthoseprovidedinparagraphCofArticleXII;

5.SubmitreportstotheEconomicandSocialCouncilandotherorgansoftheUnitedNationsonmatterswithinthecompetenceoftheseorgans.

C.Incarryingoutitsfunctions,theAgencyshallnotmakeassistancetomemberssubjecttoanypolitical,economic,military,orotherconditionsincompatiblewiththeprovisionsofthisStatute.

D.SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisStatuteandtothetermsofagreementsconcludedbetweenaStateoragroupofStatesandtheAgencywhichshallbeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheStatute,theactivitiesoftheAgencyshallbecarriedoutwithdueobservanceofthesovereignrightsofStates.

moreinfo:/worldatom/Documents/statute.html

TBI

TotalBodayIrradiation

X（γ）射線全身照射

TBI配合化療和骨髓移植或外周血干細胞移植治療急性白血病和某些惡性淋巴瘤，已為越來越多的放射治療中心所采用。TBI是一種有別于常規(guī)照射的大野照射技術(shù)，它的劑量學(xué)參數(shù)受到治療的幾何條件和照射技術(shù)等因素的影響，需要給予特殊考慮。

可參考胡逸民主編《腫瘤放射物理學(xué)》p217。

我們科室使用Varian2100C開展TBI，治療患者已超過300例。一般加速器劑量率為最小檔－－80MU/min，單次全身照射大約需要一整個下午時間（4～5小時）。由