考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷267

考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷267

一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）（本題共20題，每題7.0

分，共20分。）

Neuroscientistshavelongunderstoodthatthebraincanrewireitselfinresponseto

experience—aphenomenonknownasneuroplasticity.Butuntilrecently,theydidn't

knowwhatcausesgraymattertobecomeplastic,tobeginchanging.Breakthrough

researchbyateamatMIT'sPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryhasdocumented

onetypeofenvironmentalfeedbackthattriggersplasticity:success.Equallyimportant

andsomewhatsurprising:Itsopposite,failure,hasnoimpact.EarlMiller,thelead

researcheronthestudy,saysunderstandingthelinktoenvironmentalfeedbackiscrucial

toimprovinghowpeopleteachandmotivatebecauseit'sabigpartofhowwelearn.But

wcabsorbmorefromsuccessthanfromfailure,accordingtothestudy.Miller's

researchersgavemonkeysasimplelearningtask:Theypresentedoneoftwopictures.If

itwasPictureA,themonkeysweresupposedtolooktotheleft;ifPictureB,totheright.

Whenthemonkeyslookedinthecorrectdirection,theywererewardedwithadropof

juice.Allthewhiletheteamrecordedbrainfunction."Neurons^ellsspecializedto

conductnerveimpulses）intheprefrontalcortexandstriatum,wherethebraintracks

successandfailure,sharpenedtheirtuningaftersuccess,"saysMiller.What'smore,those

changeslingeredforseveralseconds,makingbrainactivitymoreefficientthenexttime

themonkeydidthetask.Thereafter,eachsuccesswasprocessedmoreefficiently.Thatis,

themonkeyhadlearned."Butafterfailure,"Millerpointsout,"therewaslittlechangein

brainactivity."Inotherwords,thebraindidn'tstoreanyinformationaboutwhatwent

wronganduseitthenexttime.Themonkeyjusttried,triedagain.Millersaysthismeans

thatonaneurologicallevel,successisactuallyalotmoreinformativethanfailure.Ifyou

getareward,thebrainrememberswhatitdidright.Butwithfailure（unlessthereisa

clearnegativeconsequence,liketheshockachildfeelswhenshestickssomethinginan

electricaloutlet）,thebrainisn'tsurewhattostore,soitdoesn'tchangeatall.Docsthis

researchconfirmthemanagementtenetoffocusingonyour—andyourteam's—strengths

andsuccesses?Millercautionsagainstmakingtootidyaconnectionbetweenhisfindings

andanenvironmentliketheworkplace,butheoffersthissuggestion:"Maybethelesson

istoknowthatthebrainwilllearnfromsuccess,andyoudon'tneedtodwellonthat.You

needtopaymoreattentiontofailuresandchallengewhyyoufail."

1、WhichofthefollowingistrueofEarlMiller'sresearch?

A.Itdiscoversneuroplasticity.

B、Itisthefirststudyofthiskind.

C、Itstudiesoneenvironmentalfeedback.

D、Itatteststoonecauseofneuroplasticity.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：是非細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題目選項定位到第一段。由第一段可知，該研究確

認了一種可引起大腦神經可塑性變化的環(huán)境反饋，也就是確認了一種導致該可塑性

的原因，故D項正確。

2、AccordingtoMiller'sstudy,failureasanenvironmentalfeedback

A、hasagreatimpactonourneuro-system.

B、cancausegraymattertobecomeplastic.

C、playsamoreimportantroleinlearningthansuccess.

D、provideslessbenefitsthansuccess.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)failure定位至第一段最后一句話和第二段最后一

句話。由第二段可知相比失敗，我們能從成功中學到更多，故D項正確。

3、Duringtheexperimenteachfailuremadethemonkey

A、repeatthetaskfruitlessly.

B、realizetherightwaytodothetask.

C、giveuptryingeventually.

D、becomemoreefficientandclosertosuccess.

標準答案：A

知識點解析：細節(jié)理解題。由第四段最后兩句得知猴子的大腦根本不存儲失敗的信

息以備下次參照，只是一次又一次地嘗試。這樣的嘗試，當然包括“無效的重復”，

故A項正確。

4、TheexampleofanelectricshocktoachildinParagraph5isgiventoshow

A、successismuchmoreinformativethanfailure.

B、failureisinstructiveifitisimpressive.

C>failureconfusesthestoringprocessofthebrain.

D、failureisstoredonlywhenitbringsobviousnegativeoutcomes.

標準答案：D--

知識點解析：例證細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第五段。文章說，除非失敗有明顯的負

面結果，不然大腦不會有所改變，兒童遭電擊作為有明顯負而結果的例子就是為了

說明這一點，故D項正確。

5、Inthelastparagraph,Millersuggeststhatweshould

A、applyhisfindingstotheworkplace.

B、becautiouswhilepursuingsuccess.

C、notthinkaboutthesatisfactionofsuccess.

D、strivetolearnfromfailuresaswell.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段。由最后一句話可知Miller建

議大家要更加關注失敗并找出原因，也就是汲取失敗的教訓，故選D項。

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,v/ithahealthiermixofrevenues

fromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheir

relianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2006,accordingto

theOECD.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersare

muchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody.but

muchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleast

distinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusiness

reporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelypruned.Newspapersarelesscompleteasa

result.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.Justlookatthe

fateofOtisChandler'screation.Thankstofamilyconnections,Chandlerendedupin

controloftheLosAngelesTimesinI960.Thepaperheinheritedwasparochialand

conservative,reflectingthecityitserved.Chandlerabandonedtheanti-uniondogmaand

setaboutbuildingawest-coastrivaltotheNewYorkTimes.Hispaperwasheavyon

foreignnewsandserious,objectivereporting.Theresultwashugelyimpressive-butnot,

asitturnedout,suitedtotheinternetera.Inthepastfewyearsthepaperhassuffered

repeatedstaffcuts.In2007itwasacquiredbyapropertymagnateandin2008filedfor

bankruptcyprotection.Theproblemwithsuchnewspapersisthat,althoughtheydomuch

thatisexcellent,theydolittlethatisdistinctiveenoughforpeopletopaylorit.TheLos

AngelesTimes'foreignreportingisextremelygood.Butitishardtoarguethatitisbetter

thanthestuffsuppliedbytheNewYorkTimesorforeignpapers.Similarly,ithasnever

beenclearwhyeachmajornewspaperneedsitsowncarrevieweraCorollaisaCorolla,

whetheritisdriveninAlbuquerqueorAtlanta.Papersshouldconcentrateonwhatthey

dobest,whichmeans,inmanycases,localnewsandsport.Iftherestisboughtinfrom

wireservicesornationalorganizations,readersarcunlikelytocomplain—aslongas

thereisenoughcompetitionbetweenthoselargerproviderstokeepupstandards.

Specializationgenerallymeanshigherquality.Itisgrimtoforecaststillmorewriters

losingtheirjobs.Butwhethernewspapersarethrownontodoorstepsordistributed

digitally,theyneedtodeliversomethingthatisdistinctive.NewtechnologieslikeApple's

iPadonlymakethismoretrue.Themereacquisitionofasmoothblockofmetalandglass

doesnotmagicallypersuadepeoplethattheyshouldstartpayingfornews.Theywillpay

fornewsiftheythinkithasvalue.Newspapersneedtofocusrelentlesslyonthat.

6、FromParagraph1welearnthatAmericannewspapers

A、arebalancedbusinessesnow.

B、aremorestablethanJapaneseones.

C、getmostrevenuesfromreaders.

D、havebeenheavilyrelyingonads.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。第一段提到美國報業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀，指出其正在成為mo企

balancedbusinesses,但是還是嚴重依賴廣告收入，不如日本報業(yè)穩(wěn)定，所以正確

答案應為D項。

7、NewspapersinAmericaarebecominglesscompleteinthat

A^newspaperindustryisindepression.

B、newsroomshavesufferedawhirlwind.

C^manycolumnsandforeignagenciesarecut.

D、OtisChandler'screationhasfailed.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)complete定位到第二段，該段講到報業(yè)面臨危

機，對于許多沒有特色的欄目，從業(yè)者紛紛被炒，國外辦事處也遭到大肆削減，因

而導致報業(yè)不再那么完整。所以正確答案為C項。

8、LosAngelesTimesmanagedbyChandler

A、isnarrowandconservative.

B、nowisarivaltoNewYorkTimes.

C、oncewasverysuccessful.

D、isseriousandsubjective.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：根據(jù)LosAngelesTimes定位到第三段。從Theresultwashugely

impressive…可知.經過改革，該報紙曾獲得成功；butnot...suitedtotheinternetera

是說《洛杉磯時報》不能適應互聯(lián)網時代，由此也可倒推出，在互聯(lián)網時代來臨

前，它是成功的。所以C項正確。

9、Accordingtotheauthor,LosAngelesTimes'failureisduetoits

A、focusonforeignreport.

B、lackofuniquefeatures.

C、ignoranceofwireservice.

D、ignoranceofcomplaints.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：推理判斷題。作者在第四段中分析了LosAngelesTimes這類報紙失

敗的原因是theydolittlethatisdistinctive,即缺乏特色，所以正確選項為B項。

10、Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreethat

A、newspaperindustrywilldisappearsoon.

B、newspapersshouldstrivetoattractpeople.

C、nomorewriterswouldlosetheirjobsinfuture.

D、technologyhelpsnewspaperattractmorereaders.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：作者觀點題。最后兩句作者說，人們只有在覺得新聞有價值時才會付

錢購買，報紙應該注重這一點。換句話說，報紙應該專注于為讀者提供人們愿意付

錢購買的新聞，也就是，報業(yè)需要想辦法吸引人。所以B項正確。

Manywilldoubttobaccoindustryclaimsthatitissharpeningitssciencetoevaluate

"healthiercigarettes".Butthat'swhatwillhappeniftheUSFoodandDrug

Administration(FDA)getsthejobofregulatingtheindustry,asaSenatevoteontheissue

wasexpectedtodecidethisweek.Thenthehealthagencywillbeplacedinthebizane

situationofdecidingwhe:hertoapprovenewversionsofproductsthathavekilled

millions.Radicalswillarguethattheonlywayofpreventingtobacco-relateddeathand

diseaseistobancigarettes,notencouragemoretobaccoproductsontothemarket—even

iftheymightbesafer.However,abanisunlikely,andsohelpingpeopletoquit,

dissuadingteensfromsmokinginthefirstplaceandhelpingpeopleavoidsecond-hand

smokeshouldremainattheheartofhealthpolicies.Suchmeasureshavealreadycutthe

numberofUSsmokersfromaround50percentofthepopulationinthe1960stoaround

20percenttoday-butthisisstillwellshortoftheUSgovernment'stargetof12percent

by2010.Abstinencecannotbetheonlypolicy,however.Pragmatistswillseethesense

ofsafercigarettes.Thereisahardcoreofpeoplewhocannotorwillnotgiveup,and

safercigarettescouldalsohelpinpoorerpartsoftheworld,wheremoreandmorepeople

aretakingupsmoking:theWorldHealthOrganizationpredictsthatby2030morethan

80percentoftobacco-rclatcddeathswillbeinlowtomiddle-incomecountries.Wcneed

tofindnewwaysofcuttingtherisksoftobacco.Nicotinereplacementsareonesolution;

reduced-harmproductslikemodifiedcigarettesmightbeanother.Withoutrobustscience

tobackuptheclaimsofsafety,however,theycouldmakethingsworse,ashashappened

before.Themarketingof"light1*,"ultra-light"and"low-tar"cigarettesledmanysmokers

tobelievethatthesewerehealthieralternativestostrongerbrands,yetwenowknowthat

theycausejustasmuchcancer.Thetobaccoindustryhasapoorhistoryoftransparency

whenitcomestoresearch.Tobaccocompaniesarenowdevelopingbiomarkerstoassess

riskmoreaccurately.Theyshouldbeapplauded,butonlyiftheyarepreparedtosubject

theirresearchtotoughexamination.FDAregulationmayforcethemtodothis.Itshould

alsomakethelabelingofcigarettesevenclearer,sothatconsumersunderstandthe

relativerisks.Onlygoodsciencecancutthroughthesmokescreenthatfbrdecadeshas

obscuredthehazardsofcigarettes.

11、Fromthefirsttwoparagraphsweknowthat

itisimpossibleforthetobaccoindustrytomakesafercigarettes.

BNtheUSFoodandDrugAdministrationisgoingtobansmoking.

C、discouragingpeoplefromsmokingshouldbethefirstpriority.

D^theUSgovernmenthasmetitstargetofreducingthesmokingpopulation.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：推理判斷題。第二段講到healthpolicies的核心之一在于幫助人們戒

煙，所以C項正確。

12、Whenitcomestosmoking,pragmatistsbelieve

A、peopleshouldbeencouragedtosmokeconsideringeconomicinterests.

itissensibletointroducesafercigarettessincemanypeoplewon'tquit.

C>theUSgovernmentshouldsparenoefforttobansmokinginpublic.

D、thetobaccoindustryshouldexportcigarettestoundevelopedcountries.

標準答案：B「

知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)pragmatists定位到第三段，實用主義者的觀點是

安全型香煙的存在有意義，因為總有頑固分子戒不掉也不肯戒煙，所以B項正

確。

13、Themarketingof"light","ultra-light"and"low-tar"cigarettesismentionedto

A、introducesomekindsofsafercigarettes.

provethatit'spossibletocuttherisksoftobacco.

C、illustratetheinabilityoftobaccoindustrytodoscienceresearch.

D^showthattheclaimedsafercigarettesarerisky.

標準答案：D」

知識點解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)“l(fā)ight”，3啥鹿山“皿(1”10亞心「”定位到第四段0第

四段提及了煙草業(yè)科研透明度很不夠，一個表現(xiàn)就是誤導吸煙者認為light,ultra-

lightandlow-tar香煙比濃煙更健康，其實同樣有害，所以D項正確。

14、IlisimportantforFDAtoregulatethetobaccoindustryinthat

A、itwillimposetoughexaminationonthetobaccoindustryintheUS.

B、ithasstrongerscientificmethodstoboostAmerica^tobaccoindustry.

C^itcanevaluatetherisksinthetobaccoindustrymoreaccurately.

D^itwillintroducepoliciestobansmokinginthepublicplacesintheUS.

標準答案：A

知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)FDA定位到最后一段，該段講到煙草業(yè)研制安全

型香煙必須subjecttotoughexamination,并且FDA可能會迫使他們這樣做，所以

A項正確。

15、Whichadjectivebestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetowardstobaccoindustry?

A、Radical.

B、Supportive.

C、Objective.

D、Disgustful.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：觀點態(tài)度題。本題考的是作者對煙草業(yè)的態(tài)度。整篇文章作者都是以

事實為依據(jù)進行客觀的論述，既有對煙草業(yè)一些不當行為的揭露和批評，也有對其

某些努力的褒獎，所以答案為C項。

Itwassupposedtobethenew-mediaelection.E-mail,blogging,socialnetworkingand

tweetingwereexpectedtosurgeinimportanceandperhapstodecidetherace.Something

elsehashappened.Britain'sfirsttelevisiondebate,onApril15th,wasfollowedbyaten-

pointswingtotheLiberalDemocrats.Thedebateanditsaftermathdominatedpolitical

newsforseveraldaysandhastransformedtherace.Itisatriumphforoldmedia.There

weresignsevenbeforethedebatethatnewmediawerenotlivinguptoexpectations.A

surveycarriedoutduringthefirstweekinAprilbytheNationalEndowmentforScience,

TechnologyandtheArts(NESTA)foundthat79%ofBritonscouldnotrecallseeingany

onlineelectioneering—notevenane-mail.Theorganizationconcludedthatpoliticians

werefailingtotakeadvantageofnewmedia'shugepotentialtoengagewithvoters.

Perhaps.Orperhapsthisistoconfusenoveltywithimportance.Forseveralreasons,

inidilionalmediaarerailiergoodaldeliveringpoliliccilmessages.Thefirsttelevision

debate,onITV,waswatchedby9.4mBritons.Thatworksoutto37%oftheprime-time

audience—betterthantheshareofAmericanswhowatchedthefirstroundbetweenJohn

McCainandBarackObamain2008.Televisionistheonlytechnologythatcanreachso

manypeopleinasingleday.Butothersarenotfarbehind.Althoughtheircirculationhas

declined,newspapersstillreachlargeaudiences.TheSun,whichsupportsthe

Conservatives,isreadby8mpeopleeachday.Bycomparison,much-toutedsocialmedia

likeTwitterarcsonicheastobealmostinvisible.Andoldmediatakeupabigproportion

ofpeople'sleisuretime.Eachteleviseddebatelastsfor90minutes.Theaveragereader

spends40minuteswithhisdailynewspaperandanhourwiththeSaturdayandSunday

papers.Ittakesjustsecondstoreadane-mailorapolitician^tweet.Onemustmake

someheroicassumptionsabouttheappealofdigitalmediatothinktheyinfluencepeople

asmuchastraditionaloutlets.Unliketheinternet,newspapersandtelevisiontilttowards

theold,withfully47%oftheaudienceforthefirstdebatebeingaged55orolder.

Advertisersarelesskeentoreachtheoldthantheyoung,whichisonereasonnewspapers

arclosingmoney.Butanagedaudienceispreciselywhatpoliticianswant.Theoldarc

muchmorelikelytovotethantheyoung.Ofcourse,thetelevisiondebateshavebeen

circulatedthroughtweetsande-mails,justastheyhavebeendissectedbynewspapers.

Newmediaarehandyforfiringupcommittedsupporters,too.Butwhenitcomesto

reachingthevoterswhomatter,theoldtechnologiesare