新托福詞匯分類突破36-70

036Score,musicalnotationforamultipartcomposition,inwhichthemusictobeperformedbyeachvoiceorinstrumentiswrittenwithclefsonaseparatestaff,allthestavesbeingalignedoneaboveanother.score[skC:]n.樂譜notation[nEu5teiFEn]n.譜號（musicalnotation:音樂記譜（法））composition[kCmpE5ziFEn]n.樂曲perform[pE5fC:m]v.演奏instrument[5instrumEnt]n.樂器clef[klef]n.譜號F[G]clef[klef]n.低［高］音譜號staff[stB:f]n.五線譜align[E5lain]v.排列037Orchestra,ensembleofmusicalinstruments;inthenarrowestsense,thecharacteristicensembleofWesternmusic,havingasitscoreagroupofbowed-stringinstrumentsoftheviolinfamily,augmentedbywoodwind,brass,andpercussioninstruments.orchestra[5C:kEstrE]n.管弦樂ensemble[a:n5sB:mbl]n.合奏musicalinstruments[5mju:zikEl][5instrumEnt]n.樂器core[kC:]n.中心bowed-string[baud][striN]adj.演奏弦樂的violin[7vaiE5lin]n.小提琴augment[C:^5ment]v.增補，擴充woodwind[5wudwind]n.木管樂器brass[brB:s]n.銅管樂器percussion[pE:5kQFEn]n.打擊樂器038Percussioninstrumentsarereferredtoasmembranophonesiftheyproducesoundthroughthevibrationsofastretchedskinorothermembrane.Theyarecalledidiophonesiftheyproducesoundthroughtheirnaturalresonancewhenstruck,rubbed,plucked,orshaken.Drumsaremembranophones;hollowedlogs,bells,gongs,xylophones,andpianosareexamplesofidiophones.membranophone[mem5breinEfEun]n.膜鳴樂器stretched[stretFd]adj.有彈性的membrane[5membrein]n.膜idiophone[5idiEufEun]n.體鳴樂器resonance[5rezEnEns]n.共振strike[straik]v.敲擊rub[rQb]v.摩擦pluck[plQk]v.撥(弦)shake[Feik]v.搖晃drum[drQm]n.鼓hollowedlog[5halEud][lC^]n.中空的原木bell[bel]n.鈴、鐘，或鐘琴gong[^CN]n.鑼xylophone[5zailEfEun]n.木琴piano[pi5B:nEu]n.鋼琴039Windinstruments,oraerophones,producesoundbyvibration,whichmaybeproducedbyperformers’lips(brass),acolumnofairsplitacrossasharpedge(flutes,pipes,whistles),orbyoneortworeeds,aswithinstrumentssuchastheclarinet,saxophone,oboe,bassoon.windinstrument[wind][5instrumEnt]n.管樂器aerophone[5eErEfEun]n.管樂器column[5kRlEm]n.柱split[split]n.裂縫edge[edV]n.邊緣flute[flu:t]n.豎笛，橫笛pipe[paip]n.風笛whistle[wisl]n.口哨reed[ri:d]n.簧片clarinet[klArE5net]n.單簧管，黑管saxophone[5sAksEfEun]n.薩克斯管oboe[5EubEu]n.雙簧管bassoon[bE5su:n]n.低音管，巴松040Thestring,orchordophone,familyhasseveralbranches.Inonebranch,whichincludesthezither,dulcimer,stringsarestretchedacrossaflatbody.Inasecondbranch,eachinstrumenthasaneck,forexamplethelute,guitar,orviolin.Athirdbranchincludespluckedinstrumentswithmultiplestrings,suchasthelyreortheharp,whereeachstringproducesonlyonepitch.string[striN]n.琴弦chordophone[5kR:dEufEun]n.弦樂器zither[5ziTE]n.齊特琴（與中國的“箏”相似）dulcimer[5dQlsimE]n.洋琴neck[nek]n.琴頸lute[lu:t]n.琉特琴guitar[^i5tB:]n.吉他violin[7vaiE5lin]n.小提琴lyre[5laiE]n.里拉，(古希臘的)七弦豎琴(古希臘的一種弦樂器)harp[hBrp]n.豎琴041Themodernpianofortehassixmajorparts:(1)Theframeisusuallymadeofiron.Attherearendisattachedthestringplate,intowhichthestringsarefastened.Inthefrontisthewrestplank,intowhichthetuningpinsareset.Aroundtheseiswoundtheotherendofthestrings,andbyturningthesepinsthetensionofthestringsisregulated.(2)Thesoundboard,athinpieceoffine-grainedspruceplacedunderthestrings,reinforcesthetonebymeansofsympatheticvibration.(3)Thestrings,madeofsteelwire,increaseinlengthandthicknessfromthetrebletothebass.Thehigherpitchesareeachgiventwoorthreestringstunedalike.Theloweronesaresinglestringsmadeheavierbybeingoverspun—thatis,woundaroundwithacoilofthincopperwire.(4)Theactionistheentiremechanismrequiredforpropellingthehammers(wrappedwithfelt)againstthestrings.Themostvisiblepartoftheactionisthekeyboard,arowofkeysmanipulatedbythefingers.Thekeyscorrespondingtothenaturaltonesaremadeofivoryorplastic;thosecorrespondingtothechromaticallyalteredtones,ofebonyorplastic.(5)Thepedalsareleverspresseddownbythefeet.Thedamper,orloudpedal,raisesallthedamperssothatallthestringsstruckcontinuetovibrateevenafterthekeysarereleased.Theuseofthesepedalscanproducesubtlechangesintonequality.(6)Accordingtotheshapeofthecase,pianosareclassifiedasgrand,square,andupright.Grandpianosarebuiltinvarioussizes,fromthefullconcertgrand,2.69mlong,totheparlororbabygrand,lessthan1.8mlong.pianoforte[pi7AnEu5fC:tei]n.鋼琴frame[freim]n.骨架rear[riE]adj.后面的attach[E5tAtF]v.附加fasten[5fAsn]v.使固定；加固plank[plANk]n.支架（wrestplank:（校準弦音的）扭鑰架）tuningpin[5tu:niN][pin]n.調(diào)音弦軸wind[wind]v.繞,纏tension[5tenFEn]n.壓力,張力regulate[5re^juleit]v.調(diào)節(jié),校準fine-grained[fain][^reind]adj.紋理細膩、平整的spruce[spru:s]n.云杉質(zhì)木材reinforce[7ri:in5fC:s]v.加強sympatheticvibration[7simpE5Wetik][vai5breiFEn]n.共振treble[5trebl]n.高音部分bass[beis]n.低音部分pitch[pitF]n.音高overspinwire[5EuvEspin][5waiE]n.纏弦coil[kCil]n.一卷action[5AkFEn]n.機械裝置mechanism[5mekEnizEm]n.機械裝置propel[prE5pel]v.推動hammer[5hAmE]n.音錘felt[felt]n.氈制品manipulate[mE5nipjuleit]v.(熟練地)操作,使用(機器等)correspondingto[7kCrEs5pCndiN][tu:]adj.與……相應的ivory[5aivEri]n.象牙plastic[plB:stik]n.塑料chromatic[krE5mAtik]adj.半音(階)的,含半音的chromatically[krE5mAtikli]adv.半音地ebony[5ebEni]n.烏木pedal[5pedl]n.踏板lever[5levE]n.控制桿damper[5dAmpE]n.制音器release[ri5li:s]v.釋放sustaining[sEs5teiniN]adj.支持的subtle[5sQtl]adj.微小的grand[^rAnd]adj.大的square[skweE]adj.正方形的upright[5Qp7rait]adj.立式的various[5veEriEs]adj.許多的parlor[5pB:lE]adj.客廳的042Themainpartsoftheviolinarethefront,alsocalledthebelly,top,orsoundboard,usuallymadeofwell-seasonedspruce;theback,usuallymadeofwell-seasonedmaple;andtheribs,neck,fingerboard,pegbox,scroll,bridge,tailpiece,andf-holes,orsoundholes.Thefront,back,andribsarejoinedtogethertoformahollowsoundbox.Thesoundboxcontainsthesoundpost,athin,dowel-likestickofwoodwedgedinsideunderneaththerightsideofthebridgeandconnectingthefrontandbackoftheviolin;andthebass-bar,alongstripofwoodgluedtotheinsideofthefrontundertheleftsideofthebridge.Thesoundpostandbass-barareimportantforthetransmissionofsound,andtheyalsogiveadditionalsupporttotheconstruction.Thestringsarefastenedtothetailpiece,restonthebridge,andaresuspendedoverthefingerboard,andruntothepegbox,wheretheyareattachedtotuningpegsthatcanbeturnedtochangethepitchofthestring.Thestringsaresetinvibrationandproducesoundwhentheplayerdrawsthebowacrossthematarightanglenearthebridge.Amongtheprizedcharacteristicsoftheviolinareitssingingtoneanditspotentialtoplayrapid,brilliantfigurationsaswellaslyricalmelodies.Violinistscanalsocreatespecialeffectsbymeansofthefollowingtechniques:pizzicato,plucking,tremolo,etc.violin[7vaiE5lin]n.小提琴belly[5beli]n.(弦樂器的)面板well-seasoned[wel][5si:znd]adj.完全風干的spruce[spru:s]n.云杉maple[5meipl]n.楓木rib[rib]n.琴骨pegbox[5pe^bCks]n.(弦樂器的)弦軸箱scroll[skrEul]n.渦卷形頭：提琴類樂器上的彎曲狀飾頭tailpiece[5teilpi:s]n.系弦鈕hollow[5hClEu]adj.中空的sound[saund]n.聲音post[pEust]n.桿dowel[5dauEl]n.暗榫wedge[wedV]v.楔入underneath[7QndE5ni:W]prep.在...的下面bass-bar[beis][bBr]n.低音梁strip[strip]n.條glue[^lu:]v.粘合transmission[trAns5miFEn]n.傳播fasten[5fAsn]v.附著suspend[sEs5pend]v.懸掛tuningpeg[5tu:niN][peg]n.調(diào)音弦軸pitch[pitF]n.音質(zhì)vibration[vai5breiFEn]n.振動draw[drC:]v.拉bow[bau]n.琴弓prize[praiz]v.珍視figuration[7fi^ju5reiFEn]n.用裝飾音裝飾lyrical[5lirikEl]adj.抒情的melody[5melEdi]n.曲調(diào)pizzicato[7pitsi5kB:tEu]n.撥奏樂曲pluck[plQk]v.撥tremolo[5tremElEu]n.顫音043Photographyisbasedonprinciplesoflight,optics,andchemistry.Forthepurposeofproducingaphotograph,thesesilversaltsaredistributedingelatintomakeamixturecalledanemulsion,whichisappliedtofilmoranothersupportingmaterialinathinlayer.Whentheemulsionisexposedtolight,thesilverhalidecrystalsundergochemicalchangesand,afterfurtherprocessing,animagebecomesvisible.Thestrongerthelightthatstrikesthecrystals,thedenserormoreopaquethatpartofthefilmbecomes.Mosttypesoffilmproduceanegativeimage,fromwhichapositivefinalcopycanbeprintedonsensitizedpaper.Thedense(ordark)areasofthenegativetranslateintolightareasonthefinalphotograph.Almostallmodernphotographyreliesonthisnegative-to-positiveprocess.photography[fE5tC^rEfi]n.攝影principle[5prinsEpl]n.原則optics[5aptiks]n.光學silversalt[5silvE][sC:lt]n.銀鹽distribute[dis5tribju:t]v.分布，散布(over)gelatin[5dVelEtn]n.凝膠emulsion[i5mElFEn]n.感光乳劑apply[E5plai]v.涂,搽,撒film[film]n.膠片layer[5leiE]n.墊片，層expose[iks5pEuz]v.曝光，暴露halide[5hAlaid]adj.鹵化物的crystal[5kristl]n.晶體undergo[7QndE5^Eu]v.經(jīng)歷(變遷等)；遭受(苦難等)processing[prEu5sesiN]v.處理image[5imidV]n.影像strike[straik]v.照在..上opaque[Eu5peik]adj.不反射光線的negativeimage[5ne^Etiv][5imidV]n.底片(負像)sensitizedpaper[5sensitaizd][5peipE]n.感光紙translateinto[trAns5leit][5intu]v.轉(zhuǎn)化為relyon[ri5lai][Cn]v.依賴，依靠044Inmostcasesthecameraanditslensdeterminetheappearanceofthephotographicimage.Camerasworkonthebasicprincipleofthecameraobscura.Inboththecameraobscuraandthemoderncamera,lightpassesthroughalensfittedintoanotherwiselightproofbox.Lightpassingthroughthelenscastsanimageofthecamera’ssubject—theobject,person,orsceneinfrontofthecamera—ontotheinsideofthebox,whichinamoderncameracontainsfilm.Thecameraandlenscontrolhowmuchlightstrikesthefilminwhatiscalledanexposure.camera[5kAmErE]n.照相機lens[lenz]n.鏡頭cameraobscura[5kAmErE][Eb5skjurE]n.暗箱otherwise[5QTEwaiz]adj.別樣的，另外一種的lightproof[5laitprU:f]adj.不透光cast[kB:st]v.投射subject[5sQbdVikt]n.對象scene[si:n]n.景色exposure[iks5pEuVE]n.暴光045Anthropologistsandtheaterhistorianstracetheoriginsoftheatertomythandritualfoundindancesandmimedperformancesbymaskeddancersduringfertilityritesandotherceremoniesthatmarkedimportantpassagesinlife.Imitation,costumes,masks,makeup,gesture,dance,music,andpantomimeweresomeofthetheatricalelementsfoundinearlyrituals.anthropologist[7AnWrE5pClEdVist]n.人類學家theater[5WiEtE]n.戲劇trace[treis]v.追蹤，探索myth[miW]n.神話ritual[5ritFuEl]n.(宗教)儀式mimedperformance[maimd][pE5fC:mEns]n.啞劇、笑劇、鬧劇表演fertilityrite[fE:5tiliti]n.豐收儀式ceremony[5serEmEuni]n.儀式passage[5pAsidV]n.轉(zhuǎn)變imitation[imi5teiFEn]n.道具costume[5kastu:m]n.裝束makeup[5meikQp]n.化妝品gesture[5dVestFE]n.造型pantomime[5pAntEmaim]n.啞劇表演046Inadditiontotheactorandtheaudienceinaspace,otherelementsoftheaterincludeawrittenorimprovisedtext,costumes,scenery,lights,sound,andproperties(props).Mosttheatricalperformancesrequirethecollaborativeeffortsofmanycreativepeople,includingdramaturge,craftspeople,designer,composer,orchoreographerandmanagersworkingtowardacommongoal:theproduction.Theperformanceisveryoftenaplay—atragedy,comedy,ormusical—butitneednotbe.Theaterperformancesincludevaudeville,puppetshows,mime,andotherformsofentertainment.Theatricaltexts,oftenreferredtoasdrama,usuallyprovidethevitalframeworkofaperformance.InAristotle'sfamousdefinition,dramaisanimitationofanactionthatiswhole,complete,andofacertainmagnitudeorscope.audience[5C:diEns]n.觀眾improvised[5imprEvaiz]adj.即興的scenery[5si:nEri]n.舞臺布景property[5prCpEti]n.道具props[praps]n.小道具collaborative[kE5lAbEreitiv]adj.協(xié)作的dramaturge[5drB:mEtEdV]n.劇作家craftspeople[kra:fspi:pl]n.道具師composer[kEm5pEuzE]n.作曲家choreographer[5kCri5C^rEfE]n.舞蹈指導production[prE5dQkFEn]n.作品，成品，電影制片tragedy[5trAdVidi]n.悲劇comedy[5kamEdi]n.喜劇vaudeville[5vC:dEvil]n.歌舞雜耍puppetshow[5pQpit][FEu]n.木偶劇mime[maim]n.笑劇theatricaltext[Wi5AtrikEl][tekst]n.戲劇文本drama[5drB:mE]n.戲劇framework[5freimwE:k]n.結(jié)構(gòu)magnitude[5mA^nitu:d]n.量值scope[skEup]n.范圍047Theatercanservemanyends.Itcanbedesignedtoentertain,instruct,motivate,persuade,andevenshock.Butwhatevertheintentionsofthedirector,performers,andcrew,theresultdependsontheinteractionwithanaudience.Theaudienceaffectstheperformancebyprovidingtheperformerswithimmediatefeedback,suchaslaughter,tears,applause,orsilence.Eachnightthereiscontinuousinteractionbetweentheauditoriumandthestage.Ultimately,audiencesmaketheiropinionsknownthroughtheirattendanceornonattendance.Theysupportwhatappealstothemandgenerallyfailtosupportwhattheyfinddistasteful,offensive,orincomprehensible.serve[sE:v]v.滿足，服務end[end]n.目的entertain[7entE5tein]v.娛樂instruct[in5strQkt]v.教導motivate[5mEutEveit]v.激發(fā)persuade[pE5sweid]v.說服shock[FCk]v.震撼intention[in5tenFEn]n.意圖，目的director[di5rektE]n.導演performer[pE5fC:mE]n.表演者crew[kru:]n.全體人員interaction[7intEr5AkFEn]n.相互作用affect[E5fekt]v.影響immediate[i5mi:diEt]adj.立即的feedback[5fi:dbAk]n.反饋applause[E5plC:z]n.喝彩auditorium[7C:dE5tC:riEm]n.觀眾席attendance[E5tendEns]n.出席appeal[E5pi:l]v.對…有吸引力distasteful[dis5teistful]adj.(令人)不愉快的offensive[E5fensiv]adj.冒犯的incomprehensible[7inka:mpri5hensEbl]adj.不能理解的048Directorsassumeresponsibilityfortheoverallinterpretationofascript,andtheyhavetheauthoritytoapprove,control,andcoordinatealltheelementsofaproduction.Throughouttheages,performershavebeenjugglers,mimes,minstrels,puppeteers,acrobats,clowns,singers,dancers,andamateurandprofessionalactors.Thefirstperformersweremostlikelysingersanddancers,asthefirstperformanceshadnospokendialogue.assume[E5su:m]v.承擔interpretation[in7tE:prE5teiFEn]n.演繹script[skript]n.劇本coordinate[kEu5C:dEnEt]v.調(diào)整juggler[5dVQ^lE]n.魔術師mime[maim]n.滑稽演員minstrel[5minstrEl]n.詩歌演唱者puppeteer[pQpE5tiE]n.演木偶戲的人acrobat[5AkrEbAt]n.雜技演員clown[klaun]n.小丑amateur[5AmEtE]n.業(yè)余藝術家dialogue[5daiElC^]n.對白049Incommercialandnonprofittheaters,theproduceristhepersonwhoputstogetherthefinancing,managementstaff,andtheartisticteamtoproducetheshow.Usually,theproducerworksintandemwithageneralmanagerandotherstoaccomplishthedailyrunningoftheproduction,fromrehearsalstoclosing.Inthisroleheorsheselectsaseasonofseveralplays,hirestheartisticteamsandtechnicalstaff,workswithacastingdirectortoauditionandcastactorsinthevariousparts,controlsthetheater'sfunding,andactsasthefinalauthorityinallartisticandadministrativemercial[kE5mE:FEl]adj.商業(yè)的nonprofit[nCn5prCfit]adj.非贏利的producer[prE5du:sE]n.制片人puttogether[put][tE5^eTE]v.組合staff[stB:f]n.全體職員intandemwith[in][5tAndEm][wiT]adv.同...合作accomplish[E5kQmpliF]v.完成rehearsal[ri5hE:sEl]n.彩排season[5si:zn]n.適合某種活動的季節(jié)[期間]castingdirector[5kB:stiN][di5rektE]n.負責挑選演員的人，星探audition[C:5diFEn]v.在試演中評估某一人物cast[kB:st]v.指定角色administrative[Ed5ministrEtiv]adj.管理的050Alllivingthingsarecomposedofcells.Somemicroscopicorganisms,suchasbacteriaandprotozoa,areunicellular,meaningtheyconsistofasinglecell.Plants,animals,andfungiaremulticellular;thatis,theyarecomposedofagreatmanycellsworkinginconcert.cell[sel]n.細胞microscopic[maikrE5skRpik]adj.極微小的organism[5C:^EnizEm]n.有機生物protozoan[prEutEu5zEuEn]n.原生動物(plural:protozoa[prEutEu5zEuE])unicellular[5ju:ni5seljulE]adj.單細胞的fungi[5fQndVai]n.真菌類multicellular[7mQlti5seljulE]adj.多細胞的inconcert[in][5kCnsEt]adv.同051Thecomponentsofcellsaremolecules,nonlivingstructuresformedbytheunionofatoms.Smallmoleculesserveasbuildingblocksforlargermolecules.Proteins,nucleicacids,carbohydrates,andlipids,whichincludefatsandoils,arethefourmajormoleculesthatunderliecellstructureandalsoparticipateincellfunctions.molecule[5mClikju:l]n.分子union[5ju:njEn]n.結(jié)合atom[5AtEm]n.原子buildingblock[5bildiN][blCk]n.結(jié)構(gòu)單元protein[5prEuti:n]n.蛋白質(zhì)nucleicacid[nju:5kli:ik][Asid]n.核酸carbohydrate[7kB:bEu5haidreit]n.碳水化合物lipid[5lipid]n.脂類underlie[7QndE5lai]v.成為…的基礎participate[pB:5tisEpeit]v.參與052Theeukaryoticcellcytoplasmissimilartothatoftheprokaryotecellexceptforonemajordifference:Eukaryoticcellshouseanucleusandnumerousothermembrane-enclosedorganelles.Likeseparateroomsofahouse,theseorganellesenablespecializedfunctionstobecarriedoutefficiently.Thebuildingofproteinsandlipids,forexample,takesplaceinseparateorganelleswherespecializedenzymesgearedforeachjobarelocated.eukaryoticcell[ju5kAriEut][sel]n.真核細胞cytoplasm[5saitEpla:zm]n.細胞質(zhì)prokaryotecell[prEu5kAriEut][sel]n.原核生物細胞house[haus]v.包含nucleus[5nu:kliEs]n.細胞核membrane[5membrein]n.膜organelle[7C:^E5nel]n.細胞器enzyme[5enzaim]n.酶gear[^iE]v.使適合于053Thenucleusisthelargestorganelleinananimalcell.ItcontainsnumerousstrandsofDNA,thelengthofeachstrandbeingmanytimesthediameterofthecell.UnlikethecircularprokaryoticDNA,longsectionsofeukaryoticDNApackintothenucleusbywrappingaroundproteins.Asacellbeginstodivide,eachDNAstrandfoldsoverontoitselfseveraltimes,formingarod-shapedchromosome.strand[strAnd]n.串，(繩子的)股diameter[dai5AmEtE]n.直徑packinto[pAk][5intu]v.將...裝(塞,擠)入wrap[rAp]v.纏繞chromosome[5krEumEsEum]n.染色體054Plantcellshaveallthecomponentsofanimalcellsandboastseveraladdedfeatures,includingchloroplasts,acentralvacuole,andacellwall.Chloroplastsconvertlightenergy—typicallyfromtheSun—intothesugarglucose,aformofchemicalenergy,inaprocessknownasphotosynthesis.Chloroplasts,likemitochondria,possessacircularchromosomeandprokaryote-likeribosomes,whichmanufacturetheproteinsthatthechloroplaststypicallyneed.Thevacuole,amembranousbag,crowdsthecytoplasmandorganellestotheedgesofthecell.Thecentralvacuolestoreswater,salts,sugars,proteins,andothernutrients.Inaddition,itstorestheblue,red,andpurplepigmentsthatgivecertainflowerstheirponent[kEm5pEunEnt]n.組成部分chloroplast[5klCrEplB:st]n.葉綠體vacuole[5vAkjuEul]n.液泡cellwall[sel][wC:l]n.細胞壁glucose[5^lu:kEus]n.葡萄糖photosynthesis[7fEutEu5sinWEsis]n.光合作用mitochondria[7maitE5kCndriE]n.線粒體ribosome[5raibEsEum]n.核糖體crowd...to...[kraud]v.把…擠進…；把…塞進…cytoplasm[5saitEpla:zm]n.細胞質(zhì)pigment[5pi^mEnt]n.色素055Forestsmaybedividedintothefollowingeightgeneraltypesonthebasisofleafcharacteristicsandclimate.1)DeciduousforestsofthetemperateregionsarethetypicalformationoftheeasternUnitedStates.2)DeciduousmonsoonforestsarecharacteristicofBengalandMyanmar(formerlyknownasBurma)andcommonthroughoutSoutheastAsiaandIndia.3)TropicalsavannaforestsarefoundinregionssuchasthecamposofBrazil,whereforestandgrasslandmeet.4)Northernconiferousforestsformaworldwidebeltinsubarcticandalpineregionsofthenorthernhemisphere.5)TropicalrainforestsarecharacteristicofcentralAfricaandtheAmazonwatershed.6)TemperateevergreenforestsarefoundinthesubtropicalregionsofNorthAmericaandtheCaribbeanislandsthathaveawarmmaritimeclimate.7)Temperaterainforests,withbroad-leavedevergreentrees,arecommononMediterraneancoasts.8)Tropicalscrubforestsoccurinregionsofslightrainfall,borderingwetterforests.forest[5fCrEst]n.森林Deciduousforest[di5sidVuEs][5fCrEst]n.落葉林Deciduousmonsoonforest[di5sidVuEs][man5su:n][5fCrEst]n.落葉季雨林Bengal[beN5^C:l]n.孟加拉Myanmar[5mjAnmB:]n.緬甸Tropicalsavannaforest[5trapikl][sE5vAnE][5fCrEst]n.熱帶稀樹草原campo[5kAmpEu]n.南美草原grassland[5^rB:slAnd]n.草地Northernconiferousforest[5nC:TEn][kE5nifErEs][5fCrEst]n.北方針葉樹林worldwidebelt[5wE:ldwaid]n.世界范圍分布subarctic[sQb5B:ktik]adj.亞寒帶alpineregion[5Alpain][5ri:dVEn]n.阿爾卑斯山區(qū)域hemisphere[5hemEsfiE]n.半球Tropicalrainforest[5trapikl][rein][5fCrEst]n.熱帶雨林watershed[5wC:tEFed]n.流域Temperateevergreenforest[5tempErEt][5evE^ri:n][5fCrEst]n.溫帶綠葉林subtropical[sQb5trapikEl]adj.亞熱帶的maritime[5mArEtaim]adj.海洋性的Temperaterainforest[5tempErEt][rein][5fCrEst]n.溫帶雨林coast[kEust]n.海岸Tropicalscrubforest[5trapikl][skrQb][5fCrEst]n.熱帶灌叢056ThreemajorforestareasexistintheUnitedStates.ThewesternforestsoftheRockyMountainsandthePacificcoastareconiferousandcontainDouglasfir,ponderosapine,westernwhitepine,Engelmannspruce,andwhitefir.MorethanhalfofthesoftwoodlumberyieldoftheUnitedStatescomesfromtheproductiveDouglasfirforestsofthePacificNorthwest.TheSouthAtlanticandGulfstatesaccountformostoftheremainingsoftwoodlumber,chieflyfromlongleaf,shortleaf,loblolly,andslashpines.Hardwoods,yieldingaboutone-fourthofthetotalproduction,arefoundintheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStates,withparticularlydensestandsintheareasurroundingtheMississippiandOhiorivervalleys.Amongthemanyhardwoodspeciesareoaks,blackwalnut,yellowpoplar,andsugarmaple.fir[fE:]n.樅樹，冷杉pine[pain]n.松樹spruce[spru:s]n.云杉softwood[5sRftwud]n.針葉樹lumber[5lQmbE]n.木材yield[ji:ld]n.產(chǎn)量accountfor[E5kaunt][fC:]v.占據(jù)longleafpine[lCN5li:f][pain]n.長葉松shortleafpine[FC:t5li:f][pain]n.短葉松loblollypine[5lCblCli][pain]n.火炬松slashpine[slAF][pain]n.沼澤松hardwood[5hB:dwud]n.闊葉樹stand[stAnd]n.高大樹叢oak[Euk]n.橡樹blackwalnut[blAk][5wC:lnEt]n.黑胡桃yellowpoplar[5jelEu5pCplE]n.北美鵝掌楸（poplar，相當于中國人說的“楊樹”）sugarmaple[5Fu^E][5meipl]n.糖槭057Tobeclassifiedasarainforest,aforestmusthaveaclosedcanopy,inwhichthetreetops,orcrowns,toucheachother,creatingashadedforestinterior.Inaddition,temperatureandrainfallmustbehighandrelativelyeventhroughouttheyear.ForeststhatmeetthesecriteriaarefoundflankingtheequatorinSouthandCentralAmerica,Asia,Africa,andAustralia.rainforest[rein][5fCrEst]n.雨林canopy[5kAnEpi]n.樹蔭：樹林中最上面一層crown[kraun]n.樹冠touch[tQtF]v.接觸criteria[kraitiriE]n.標準flank[flANk]v.位于..兩側(cè)equator[i5kweitE]n.赤道058Flower,reproductiveorganofmostseed-bearingplants.Flowerscarryoutthemultiplerolesofsexualreproduction,seeddevelopment,andfruitproduction.Manyplantsproducehighlyvisibleflowersthathaveadistinctivesize,color,orfragrance.Almosteveryoneisfamiliarwithbeautifulflowerssuchastheblossomsofroses,orchids,andtulips.Butmanyplants—includingoaks,beeches,maples,andgrasses—havesmall,greenorgrayflowersthattypicallygounnoticed.Whethereye-catchingorinconspicuous,allflowersproducethemaleorfemalesexcellsrequiredforsexualreproduction.Botanistscallthecone-bearingplantsgymnosperms,whichmeansnakedseeds;theyrefertofloweringplantsasangiosperms,whichmeansenclosedseeds.Flowerstypicallyarecomposedoffourparts,arrangedinconcentricringsattachedtothetipofthestem.Frominnermosttooutermost,thesewhorlsarethe(1)pistil,(2)stamens,(3)petals,and(4)sepals.reproductiveorgan[7ri:prE5dQktiv]n.生殖器官fragrance[5frei^rEns]n.香氣blossom[5blCsEm]n.花簇orchid[5C:kEd]n.蘭花tulip[5tu:lEp]n.郁金香beech[bi:tF]n.山毛櫸eye-catching[ai][5kAtFiN]adj.引人注目的inconspicuous[7inkEn5spikjuEs]adj.不顯眼的botanist[5batEnist]n.植物學家cone[kEun]n.球果gymnosperm[5dVimnEu7spE:m]n.裸子植物referto[ri5fE:][tu:]v.指的是……angiosperm[5AndViEu7spE:m]n.被子植物becomposedof[bi:][kEm5pEuzd][Ev]v.由...組成concentric[kEn5sentrik]adj.同中心的stem[stem]n.莖pistil[5pistl]n.雌蕊stamen[5steimen]n.雄蕊petal[5petl]n.花瓣sepal[5si:pl]n.萼片059Bacterialackatruenucleus,afeaturethatdistinguishesthemfromplantandanimalcells.Inplantsandanimalsthesaclikenucleuscarriesgeneticmaterialintheformofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA).BacteriaalsohaveDNAbutitfloatswithinthecell,usuallyinalooporcoil.Atoughbutresilientprotectiveshellsurroundsthebacterialcell.bacteria[bAk5tiEriE]n.細菌lack[lAk]v.缺乏nucleus[5nu:kliEs]n.細胞核feature[5fi:tFE]n.特征distinguish[dis5tiN^wiF]v.區(qū)別saclike[5sAklaik]adj.囊狀的geneticmaterial[dVE5netik][mE5tiEriEl]n.遺傳物質(zhì)deoxyribonucleicacid[di:5Cksi7raibEu5nju:kli:ik][5Asid]n.脫氧核糖核酸float[flEut]v.漂浮loop[lu:p]n.環(huán)coil[kCil]n.一卷resilient[ri5ziliEnt]adj.有彈性的shell[Fel]n.外殼060Virus,infectiousagentfoundinvirtuallyalllifeforms,includinghumans,animals,plants,fungi,andbacteria,consistofgeneticmaterial—eitherdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)orribonucleicacid(RNA)—surroundedbyaprotectivecoatingofprotein,calledacapsid,withorwithoutanouterlipidenvelope.virus[5vaiErEs]n.病毒infectiousagent[in5fekFEs][5eidVEnt]n.傳染因子virtually[5vE:tFuEli]adv.實際上fungi[5fQndVai]n.真菌類(singular：fungus)consistof[kEn5sist][Ev]v.由…組成ribonucleicacid[raibEunju:5kli:ik][5Asid]n.核糖核酸coating[5kEutiN]n.外殼capsid[5kApsEd]n.衣殼(包裹著一個病毒粒子的蛋白質(zhì)外殼)lipid[5lipid]n.脂質(zhì)envelope[5envElEup]n.包裹性的結(jié)構(gòu)或包皮，例如膜，或者病毒的包061Amongthemostimportantclassesofbiomoleculesarenucleicacids,proteins,carbohydrates,andlipids.1)Nucleicacidsareresponsibleforstoringandtransferringgeneticinformation.Theyareenormousmoleculesmadeupoflongstrandsofsubunits,calledbases,thatarearrangedinaprecisesequence.Theseare“read”byothercomponentsofthecellandusedasaguideinmakingproteins.2)Proteinsarelargemoleculesbuiltupofsmallsubunitscalledaminoacids.Theproteinsofgreatestinteresttobiochemistsaretheenzymes,whichserveascatalysts,ofchemicalreactions.3)Carbohydratesarethebasicfuelmoleculesofthecell.theycontaincarbon,hydrogen,andoxygeninapproximatelyequalamounts.Greenplantsandsomebacteriauseaprocessknownasphotosynthesistomakesimplecarbohydrates(sugars)fromcarbondioxide,water,andsunlight.Animals,however,obtaintheircarbohydratesfromfoods.Onceacellpossessescarbohydrates,itmaybreakthemdowntoyieldchemicalenergyorusethemasrawmaterialtoproduceotherbiomolecules.4)Lipidsarefattysubstancesthatplayavarietyofrolesinthecell.someareheldinstorageforuseashigh-energyfuel;othersserveasessentialcomponentsofthecellmembran