《醫(yī)學英語視聽說第二版》課件unit13

ContentsPartIContagiousDiseases:HistoryandDevelopmentPartIITreatmentandMedicinePartIIIMoreThreatsandSolutionsPartIVFurtherThinking1PartIContagiousDiseases:HistoryandDevelopment2PartIContagiousDiseases:HistoryandDevelopmentVideoOneHistoryofFightingEpidemicsVideoTwoVirusesandBacteria3VideoOneHistoryofFightingEpidemics4ThinkandTalkIheardabouttheBlackDeathbefore.Ittraveledinthe14thcenturyinEurope,causingaseveredeathtoll.SomeestimatesthatitwipedoutoverhalfofEurope’spopulation.IknowalittleaboutSpanishFlu.IoncereadfromabookthatsaystheSpanishfludidn’tstartinSpain.Spainwasaneutralregionduringthewaranddidnotenforcestrictcensorshipofpress.whichcouldthereforefreelypublishearlyaccountsoftheillness.Asaresult,peoplefalselybelievedtheillnessstartedfromSpain.I’vebeenthroughSARSandCOVID-19pandemic.Thevirusesofthesetwocantransmitonairandareveryinfectious.Wehavetowearmasksandpracticesocialdistancingandhygienemeasures.Ihopetherewillbenoepidemicatallinthefuture.Reference5PartI-VideoOneTaskOne:MultipleChoice

WatchandDo1.D 2.B 3.B4.A 5.B6PartI-VideoOneTaskTwo:DubbingOmittedSuggestion:Payattentiontousethepace,volume,andpitchofyourvoicetoconveyasenseofgravity.WatchandDo7PartI-VideoOneVideoTwoVirusesandBacteria8ThinkandTalkConsideringtheprevalenceofobesity,heartdiseasesandlungdiseasesamongolderpeople,itmakesgoodsensetofocusonahealthylifestylefromnowon.You’llneedahealthydietandtrytoeatfoodsfromallthefoodgroupsincludingvegetables,fruits,wholegrainproductsandfat-freeorlow-fatdairyproducts.Whenyouageover30,regularcheck-upsarerecommended.Also,youshouldavoiddrinkingandsmoking.Moreover,regularsportsandoutdooractivitiesmaycontributetoagoodhealth.Don’tstayindoorsurfingonlineorplayingcomputergames!Goout,andtakeinmorefreshairinthenaturalenvironment.Reference9PartI-VideoTwoTaskOne:TrueorFalse

WatchandDo1.T 2.T 3.F4.F 5.T10PartI-VideoTwoWatchandDoTaskTwo:BlankFillinghost(2)multiply(3)organisms(4)division(5)favorable(6)intestines(7)digestion(8)immunity(9)diarrhea(10)fatigue11PartI-VideoTwoPartIITreatmentandMedicine12PartIITreatmentandMedicineVideoOneDiscoveryofPenicillinVideoTwoArtemisininandTuYouyou13VideoOneDiscoveryofPenicillin14ThinkandTalkYes,Ihavetakenantibioticdrugsbeforetotreatstrepthroatandbacterialpneumonias.Theywereparticularlyusefultocurethesetwoconditions.However,Ifoundtheantibioticsarenoteffectiveforcommoncold.Asforthesideeffects,sometimesIlostappetiteandfeltnauseaafterItookit.ThereareafewtimesthatIhadadiarrhea.Reference15PartII-VideoOneWatchandDoTaskOne:TrueorFalseT(2)F(3)F(4)T(5)F16PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:DescriptionPenicillinwasdiscoveredbytheScottishscientistAlexanderFlemingin1928accidentally.Helefthislabtogoonvacationwithoutcleaningup.Whenhecameback,hefoundmoldhaddevelopedonacontaminatedsampleofstaphylococci.Remarkably,themoldhadkilledthesurroundingbacteria.Themoldwasnamedaspenicillin.WatchandDoWatchandDo17PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:DescriptionPenicillincankillthebacteriaandwashailedasa‘miracledrug’thatsavedcountlesslivesduringWorldWarTwo.Itsdiscoverysparkedthehuntforotherantibioticsthatareusedtodayineverythingfromvaccinestocancerdrugs.Despitethehugebenefits,itmightnotbeeffectiveforever.Theantibioticresistancehasbecomeaproblemtotheworld.Newantibioticshastobefoundtokillthebacteria.WatchandDoWatchandDo18PartII-VideoOneVideoTwoArtemisininandTuYouyou19ThinkandTalkIthinkTraditionalChineseMedicineisveryusefultorestorethebody’sbalanceandharmony,keepingyouhealthyinaholisticway.IprefertouseitwhenIwanttotreatsomechronicdiseases,suchasindigestion.Usually,Ineedtotakeherbalmedicationswhichareextractedfromnaturalsubstances.Sometimes,Iwillhavetuinamassagestohelpeasemybackpainandrestoretheflowofthebody.TraditionalChineseMedicineisdifferentfromwesternmedicineandtheycanbecombinedwitheachothertotreatdiseases.Reference20PartII-VideoTwoTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers1.TuYouyouwaswillingtoriskherownlifetofindacureformalariaandbringittotheworld.2.It’sataskgivenbyChairmanMaotohelpVietnamesesoldierswhowasbittenbymalariacarryinginsectsandleftincapacitated.WatchandDo21PartII-VideoTwoTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers3.Shescouredtheancienttextandfoundapreparationinabookwritteninthe4thcenturybyChinesescholarGeeHong.4.Thekeyisextractingitatalowertemperature,mimickingtheoriginalformula.5.Tuvolunteeredtotestthedrugonherself.WatchandDo22PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:RetellingWatchandDo23PartII-VideoTwoTuYouyouisanexceptionalscientist,willingtoriskherownlifetofindacureformalariaandbringittotheworld.However,before2015,shewasnotknowntotheworld.HerstorywasuncoveredbytwoAmericanscientistsLouisandSue.TuwasinvolvedintheProject523,launchedbyChairmanMaotohelpVietnamesesoldiersfindacureformalaria.ShescouredhundredsofoldmanuscriptstolookforatraditionalherbalremedythatmightformthebasisofacureTaskTwo:RetellingWatchandDo24PartII-VideoTwoAfterendlesstrying,shefoundapreparationinabookwritteninthe4thcenturybyChinesescholarGeeHong.Takeahandfulofartemisiaannua,soakintwolitresofwater,extrudejuiceandtakeitall.Shetestedthenewdrugonaclusterofmalarialcellsandsucceededinkillingeverycell.However,theeffectsonanimalsvaried.Tofindoutifthedrugwassafeandeffectivetohumans,shevolunteeredtotestitonherself.Thedrugwasprovedtobesuccessful!Tu’sdiscoveryofartemisininsavedmillionsoflivesandwasawardedthe2015NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine.PartIIIMoreThreatsandSolutionsVideoOneAntibioticResistanceVideoThreeWhereDoNewVirusComeFromVideoTwo25DevelopmentofVaccineVideoFourHerdImmunityVideoOneAntibioticResistance26ThinkandTalkIdon’tagreewithsuchidea.Theunnecessaryorexcessiveuseofantibioticscancausemanydangeroussideeffects.Forexample,theantibioticresistance,whichmeansthebacteriabecomeresistanttotheantibioticsthatonceworkedwell.Treatingtheseresistantbacteriawouldneedhigherdosesofdrugsorstrongerantibiotics.Antibioticresistancehasbecomeawidespreadproblem.Overuseofantibioticscancauseotherproblems,suchasthediarrhea.Thisisbecauseantibioticskillthegoodbacteriawhichhelpdigestfood.Sodon’tuseantibioticsunlessit’snecessary.Forexample,ifyoucatchacoldcausedbyvirusinfection,justletitrunthecourse.Takeagoodrestandletyourimmunitysystemfightagainstit.Reference27PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:ErrorCorrection1.Thetotalbiomassofbacteriaisgreaterthanthatofallplantsandanimalscombined.2.Afewbacteriaareharmfultohumanandcancauseinfections,fromminorinconveniencestodeadlyepidemics.3.Theproblemofantibioticresistanceisnotcausedbyantibiotics,butbythebacteriatheyweremadetofight.WatchandDo28PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:ErrorCorrection4.Mutatedgenesarepassedalongbyreproductionofbacteria,releaseofDNAupondeathtobepickedupbyotherbacteria,andconjugation.5.Thesolutiontoantibioticresistanceistodevelopalternatetreatmentandcurbtheexcessiveandunnecessaryuseofantibiotics.WatchandDo29PartIII-VideoOneTaskTwo:DiscussionI’mnotsureit’sagoodideatouseantibioticsforyoursorethroat.Asorethroatcanhavemanycauses.Onlytheonecausedbyabacterialinfectionneedstheprescriptionofantibiotics.Otherwise,youdon’tneedtouseit.Takesomerest,drinkmorewaterandotherlifestylechangescanhelpyourecover.Unnecessaryuseofantibioticscancausetheresistance,whichmeansyouneedmorepowerfulantibioticstobeeffectiveformutedbacteria.Sodon’ttakeantibioticsunlessit’snecessary.WatchandDo30PartIII-VideoOneVideoTwoWhereDoNewVirusComeFrom31ThinkandTalkTopreventourselvesfromCOVID-19pandemic,weneedtopracticesocialdistancing,thatis,avoidgoingtothecrowdedplacesandlargegatheringactivities.Besides,weneedtodisinfectourselvesaftercominghome,usingsoupordisinfectant.Facialmasksareamustwhenbeingoutside.Makesurethemaskcoversthenoseandmouth.Sincethevirusisspreadfromtherespiratorydroplets,weneedtofollowtherespiratoryetiquettewhenwesneezeandcough.Reference32PartIII-VideoTwoWatchandDoTaskOne:BlankFillinggenetically(2)specimen(3)evolved(4)genes(5)Coronaviruses(6)spikes(7)reproduce(8)mutations(9)spillover(10)extinct33PartIII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:RetellingCOVID-19virusmaycomefromanevolvedolderanimal-infectingcoronavirus.Althoughtheproteinspikesofthecoronavirusesareveryselectiveaboutthehostspecies,therecouldbeamutationduringthereproduction,causingthespilloverinfection.Thatis,themodifiedvirushasspilledoverintoanewtypeofhost.Duringtheearlystagesofthespilloverevent,thevirususuallyisn'tverygoodatinfectingitsnewhost.However,naturalselectionwillpromotemorepositivemutationsthathelpspreadthevirusbetter.ThismaybethereasonforCOVID-19virus.WatchandDo34PartIII-VideoTwoVideoThreeDevelopmentofVaccine35ThinkandTalkIhavebeeninoculatedagainstchickenpox,measlesandHPVbefore.Vaccinesgreatlyreducetheriskofinfectionbyworkingwiththebody’snaturaldefensestosafelydevelopimmunitytodisease.Whengermssuchasbacteriaorvirusesinvadethebody,theyattackandmultiply,causinganinfection.Theimmunesystemusesseveraltoolstofightinfection,forexample,thewhitecellsincludingmacrophages,B-lymphocytesandT-lymphocytes.Reference36PartIII-VideoThreeThinkandTalkThefirsttimethebodymeetsagerm,itcantakeseveraldaystodevelopimmuneresponseagainstinfection.Aftertheinfection,theimmunesystemrememberswhatitlearnedabouthowtofightagainsttheinfection,duetoB-lymphocytesandT-lymphocytes.Vaccineshelpdevelopimmunitybyimitatinganinfection,causingtheimmunesystemtoproduceT-lymphocytesandantibodieswithoutcausingillness.Reference37PartIII-VideoThreeWatchandDoTaskOne:MultipleChoice1.D2.B3.C4.A5.B38PartIII-VideoThreeTaskTwo:SummarySmallpox,onceaninfectiousanddeadlydisease,wasconqueredbythediscoveryofthevaccinebyEdwardJennerin1796.Hewasinspiredbythedairymaidwhoclaimedshewouldnotgetsmallpoxsinceshehadcowpox.SoJennerdecidedtotestwhetherthecowpoxviruscouldbeusedtoprotectagainstsmallpox.WatchandDo39PartIII-VideoThreeTaskTwo:SummaryInMay1796,Jennerusedmatterfromadairymaid’scowpoxlesionstoinoculateaeight-year-oldboy.Thenheinoculatedtheboyagainwithmatterfromafreshsmallpoxlesion.Nodiseasedeveloped,andhisplanhadworked.Afterlargevaccinationcampaignsthroughoutthe19thand20thcenturies,theWorldHealthOrganizationcertifiedsmallpox'seradicationin1979.Jennerisforeverrememberedasthefatherofimmunology.

WatchandDo40PartIII-VideoThreeVideoFourHerdImmunity41ThinkandTalkIoncereadabouttheherdimmunityfromnews.Ithinkit’sawaytofightagainsttheinfectionbylettingcertainamountofpopulationdevelopantibodies,soitcanbreakthechainoftransmissionandprotectthosewhodon’thaveantibodies.Normally,weusevaccinestohelppeopleproduceantibodiesinsteadofexposingthemtoillness,whichwouldbeunethicalandscientificallyproblematic.Astohowmanypeopleshouldgetantibodiesvariesaccordingtodifferentdiseases,thatis,theherdimmunitythresholdisdifferent.Forexample,herdimmunityagainstmeaslesrequiresabout95%ofapopulationtobevaccinated.Reference42PartIII-VideoFourWatchandDoTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers1.BasicReproductionNumber,orR0isthenumberofcasesthateachinfectiouspersongenerates.It'sameasureofhowtransmissibletheinfectionis.2.No,weonlyneedtovaccinatecertainamountofpopulationtostopthechainoftheinfectioninsteadofthewholepopulation.3.Herdimmunitymeansthataslongasacertainproportionofthepopulationisvaccinated,thediseasewon'tbeabletotransmitwithinthatpopulation.43PartIII-VideoFourWatchandDoTaskOne:QuestionsandAnswers4.Herdimmunityisespeciallyusefulforprotectingmembersofthepopulationwhocan'tbevaccinated,perhapsbecausethey'retooold,tooyoung,orhavewe