考研英語(yǔ)翻譯(第s三講).ppt

考研翻譯和完形填空,主講人： 黨立新,外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,考研翻譯完形高分策略,考研翻譯完形高分策略,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯“主要考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解概念或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的英語(yǔ)文字材料的能力”。 第一步，看虛詞，分結(jié)構(gòu)，重點(diǎn)考查的是學(xué)生的句法結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)；而第二步則是考查考生根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境選擇詞義的能力。 2.1 譯動(dòng)詞，要傳神 1） A little politeness goes a long way. 譯1. 一點(diǎn)禮貌能讓你走得很遠(yuǎn)。 譯2. 禮貌是好的通行真。 譯3. 有禮走遍天下。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,2）My father-in-law Eddie was mere snippet of a man. Barely standing five feet tall and somewhat of a recluse, he was a quiet man. He seldom left the house. He didnt attend any of his childrens weddings-I even game away my sister-in-law at her wedding 分析：難點(diǎn)在于如何處理give away。查字典，我們能找到的意項(xiàng)有“背棄，出賣”，“泄露，暴漏，散掉；贈(zèng)送，分送，辦法，放棄，犧牲等。 原譯：在我小姨子的婚禮上，我放棄了她。 改譯：甚至在我小姨子的婚禮上，也是由我把她交到新郎手上的。 整句翻譯：我的岳父是個(gè)小個(gè)子男人，身高只有五英尺（約1.5米），他有點(diǎn)隱遁避世，沉默寡言，一直都深居簡(jiǎn)出。他從來(lái)不參加子女的婚禮甚至在我小姨子的婚禮上，也是由我把她交到新郎手上的。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,3） In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”. 分析：文中兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵的謂語(yǔ)，顯然不能直接譯成”站起來(lái)”和“倒下去”。 譯文：在應(yīng)對(duì)如此規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，可以毫不夸張地說(shuō)，“聯(lián)合，我們就生存；分裂，我們就滅亡”。 4）This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few famers with high yields. 分析：若把combine .with high yields 譯成“把較少的農(nóng)民與高產(chǎn)量結(jié)合起來(lái)”，這顯然不知所云。 譯文：這種困境將是無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無(wú)法以美國(guó)式的高能量消耗繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,4) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whort developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 譯文：由于沃爾夫?qū)φZ(yǔ)言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣，這使他逐漸形成了這樣的觀點(diǎn)：在一個(gè)社會(huì)中，語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定了習(xí)慣思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。 Develop a close relationship with st. Develop a device Develop a disease Develop a film Develop the business Develop new facts Develop ones argument,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.2 譯名詞，要靈活 動(dòng)詞（以及連詞、介詞）構(gòu)成一個(gè)句子的骨架，那么名詞及短語(yǔ)則是血肉。 2.2.1 抽象名詞具體化 抽象名詞的表達(dá)涉及到一個(gè)英漢思維差異的問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)重抽象思維概念性較強(qiáng)，而漢語(yǔ)擅長(zhǎng)形象語(yǔ)言，用形象具體的方法來(lái)表達(dá)抽象的事物。 1） He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit. Such as distinguished Huxley. 譯文：他說(shuō)自己并不像著名的赫胥黎那樣，擁有極好的理解力或敏銳的洞察力。 2) The meat smelled admirably good. I balanceed some time between priciple and inclination.,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯完形高分策略,The popularity of soccer around the world led to the inauguration(典禮，開幕式） of the first World Cup being played in 1930. 譯文：足球運(yùn)動(dòng)在全世界盛行，促成了1930年第一屆世界杯的舉辦。 4）No one has a perfect answer to the worlds problems. There are many viewpoints that can be considered. The complexity of relationships among all nations is growing. 字字對(duì)譯文：復(fù)雜性的關(guān)系在各國(guó)之間日益在增加。 改譯：國(guó)與國(guó)之間的關(guān)系正變得日益復(fù)雜。 全譯：對(duì)語(yǔ)世界上的種種問(wèn)題，沒(méi)有人能夠提出一個(gè)完美的方案來(lái)解決。只是有很多的觀點(diǎn)可以供人們參考。國(guó)與國(guó)之間的關(guān)系正變得日益復(fù)雜。,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯完形高分策略,如何處理英語(yǔ)的抽象表達(dá)？ 2原則： 1）根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境，準(zhǔn)確地立即誒抽象名詞所 要表達(dá)的確切含義。 2）將抽象概念用漢語(yǔ)具體地表達(dá)出來(lái)，甚至合理地創(chuàng)造，發(fā)揮。 5）The meat smelled admirably good. I balanced some time between principle and inclination. 譯文：這肉聞起來(lái)極香，我不知道是遵守（減肥）的原則不吃呢？還是由著我的性子去吃好，權(quán)衡半天，（一時(shí)拿不定主意）。,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯完形高分策略,6. In her habits, she was a living impersonation （扮演）of order,method and exactness. 譯文：她的生活習(xí)慣極鮮明地體現(xiàn)了井井有條，按部就班嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致的做事風(fēng)格。,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.2.2 一詞多義-由上下文決定詞義（語(yǔ)境） 1）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe. 分析：peoples 指民族，而不是人們。 譯文：電視是引發(fā) 和傳遞這些感受的手段之一-在歐洲近來(lái)發(fā)生的事件中，它把不同的民族和國(guó)家連到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2） We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. 譯文：我們之所以感激他們，是因?yàn)樵诖酥?，這些（土著）語(yǔ)言中有一些已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了，這是優(yōu)勢(shì)說(shuō)這些語(yǔ)言的部落或是消亡了，或是被同化二喪失了自己本族的語(yǔ)言。 3）The lion is the king of animals. 獅子是百獸之王。,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯完形高分策略,總結(jié)： 譯名詞，要靈活 上下文語(yǔ)境對(duì)于名詞的翻譯非常重要 抽象名詞具體化 一詞多義要選準(zhǔn) 復(fù)數(shù)名詞數(shù)字化。 Eg: It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all. 分析：extremes 兩個(gè)極端 譯文： 這種說(shuō)法從一開始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該這 樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么像人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無(wú)情。,二. 翻譯“三步曲”之二：譯實(shí)詞，要講究,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.3 形容詞，具體化 1） Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been concinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 分析：better 的處理是關(guān)鍵。 譯文：幽州膨脹說(shuō)雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的 理論在科學(xué)上看來(lái)可信的推論，許多天體物理學(xué)家7、8年以來(lái)一直認(rèn)為這一論說(shuō)是正確 。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.3 形容詞，具體化 2） For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 分析：underprivileged 是lacking opportunities or advantages enjoyed by other member of ones community ,其實(shí)就是說(shuō)貧困的，或物質(zhì)條件差的。 譯文：例如，測(cè)試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.3 形容詞，具體化 3） Untill such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”. 分析：原文中有三個(gè)抽象的名詞sense, point 和support,以及兩個(gè)抽象的形容詞，comfortable support and unnatural food. 譯文：除非人類終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有人提供足夠的飲食，否則人們將不得不接收更多的“人造食品”。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.3 形容詞，具體化 4) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 分析：這里的external and internal criticism表達(dá)抽象，漢譯時(shí)要譯成“史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士的評(píng)論。 譯文：這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的評(píng)論；后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究室具體方法的研究。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.4 譯代詞， 要還原 2.4.1 英漢表達(dá)差異-英語(yǔ)多代詞，漢語(yǔ)多名詞 1）He opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 譯文：他睜開雙眼，眼里充滿了淚水。 2） Big poweres have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 譯文：大國(guó)有大國(guó)的策略，小國(guó)也有小國(guó)的路線。 3） He heted failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others. 譯文：他討厭失敗，他一生中曾戰(zhàn)勝失敗，超越失敗，并且也鄙視別人的失敗。 4）Health si above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 譯文：健康比財(cái)富更重要，因?yàn)樨?cái)富不能像健康那樣給人們帶來(lái)幸福。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.4 譯代詞， 要還原 2.4.1 英漢表達(dá)差異-英語(yǔ)多代詞，漢語(yǔ)多名詞 在翻譯時(shí)，根據(jù)不同的上下文，可以采取三種策略： 1. 代詞省去不譯 2. 直接翻譯代詞 3.重復(fù)代詞所指對(duì)象，明確譯出代詞所指對(duì)象，比如具體的名詞 5）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will desable them when they offend. 分析： there will be there be 句型 television chat shows hosted by robots 并列主語(yǔ)1 and cars with pollution monitors 并列主語(yǔ)2 that will desable them when they offend. 定語(yǔ)從句,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.4 譯代詞， 要還原 2.4.1 英漢表達(dá)差異-英語(yǔ)多代詞，漢語(yǔ)多名詞 譯文：屆時(shí)，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)由機(jī)器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)視器控制的汽車，一旦這些汽車的排污超標(biāo)，監(jiān)視器就是使其停駛。 2.4.2 人稱代詞和物主代詞的指代 6） Until these issues are resolved , a technology of behavior wil continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the ony way to slove our problems 譯文（如果）這些問(wèn)題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問(wèn)題的惟一方式可能也會(huì)隨之受到排斥。 7） Historan Linda Colley argues that British identity was forged in the 18the century by the industrial revolution. The empire, and the protestant religion, has now vanished -and with it any concrete idea of what it means to be British.,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.4 譯代詞， 要還原 分析：（Britain has an identity crisis)英國(guó)身份認(rèn)同危機(jī)的文章。 It 指代 The empire, and the protestant religion any concrete idea of what it means to be British has now vanished. 譯文：歷史學(xué)家琳達(dá)?？祭J(rèn)為，英國(guó)身份是在18世紀(jì)由工業(yè)革命鑄成的。現(xiàn)在大英帝國(guó)及新教消失了，任何有關(guān)作為英國(guó)人到底意味著什么的具體概念也隨之消失了。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.4 譯代詞， 要還原 8） Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 分析： Additional social stresses may also occur 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ) because of the population explosion 原因1 or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern 原因2 means of transport 譯文：由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)（現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)變得相對(duì)容易）造成的種種問(wèn)題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)構(gòu)成新的壓力。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.5 不定代詞的指代 9）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the signficant events of the past. 分析： While there are almost as many definitions 讓步狀語(yǔ) of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one 主句 that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the signficant events of the past. （定語(yǔ)從句） 譯文： 幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最傾向認(rèn)為，歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其作出解釋。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.5 不定代詞的指代 10）He told us how he dealt with te self-interest of countries to bring them into a kind of international accord where everyone seemed to benefit. 分析：He told us 主句 how he dealt with te self-interest of countries 賓語(yǔ)從句 to bring them into a kind of international accord where everyone seemed to benefit. 定語(yǔ)從句 譯文：他告訴我們他是如何處理各國(guó)之間利益關(guān)系的，即讓各國(guó)搭乘一種令彼此均受益的國(guó)際協(xié)定。,考研翻譯完形高分策略,2.