關于definition作文寫法.ppt

Definition 下定義 DefinitionPurposeTypesOrganizationDevelopment writingstrategy Whatisdefinition Definitionmeansestablishinglimitsormarkingboundariesofasubject Definitionisamethodofmakingexplicitthemeaningofaword phrase orterm Itgivesclearanddistinctfactsaboutsomething Adefinitionistheenclosingofawildernessofideaswithinawallofwords AdefinitionistheefforttodistinguishanentityfromallotherthingsforthepurposeofbeingabletorecognizeitorinsomewaytounderstanditDefinitionisawritingtechniquewhichexplainsacomplextermorthewriter spersonalunderstandingofaword Purpose Toavoidconfusionormisunderstandingofsomesymbolsorideas Toexplainorcharacterizecertainconcepts subjects ideas ortheoriestothereader Classification 11 Simpledefinition2 ExtendeddefinitionClassification 21 Formal standard definition2 Informal personal definition3 ExtendeddefinitionClassification 31 Logicaldefinition 2 Descriptive extended definition Inthesimplestsense todefineawordistoshowwhatclassorgroupthewordbelongstoandthenpointoutthebasicfeatureswhichdistinguishitfromothermembersofthesamegroup Thetermtobedefined Theclassthetermbelongsto Thecharacteristicsoftheterm被定義詞 種 屬差eg Todefine SISU classroom water brunch happiness love beauty Simpledefinition formal personal logical Happiness Happinessisastateofwell beingandcontentment apleasurableorsatisfyingexperience Merriam Webster sOnlineDictionaryHappinessiswhenwhatyouthink whatyousay andwhatyoudoareinharmony MahatmaGandhiHappinessisthatstateofconsciousnesswhichproceedsfromtheachievementofone svalues AynRandHappinessissomethingthatyouareanditcomesfromthewayyouthink WayneDyerHappinessisessentiallyastateofgoingsomewhere wholeheartedly one directionally withoutregretorreservation WilliamH SheldonHappinessisthemeaningandthepurposeoflife thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence AristotleHappinessisthespiritualexperienceoflivingeveryminutewithlove graceandgratitude DenisWaitley Rulesobservedwhengivingadefinition Toavoidcirculardefinition Economics isthestudyoftheeconomy Economics isascienceoftheproductionanddistributionofgoods ToavoidtoobroaddefinitionAn automobile isameansoftransportation An automobile isacarusedasameansoftransportation ToavoidtoonarrowdefinitionApoemistwoormorerhymedlineswrittentoexpressanidea mood oremotion Apoemisapieceofwritinginverseformexpressingdeepfeelingornoblethoughtinbeautifullanguage Extendeddefinition simpledefinition supportingdetails1 additionalinformation2 physicalfeatures3 functions4 symptoms5 detailsandexamples6 origins eg A liberatedwoman issimplyawomanwhocontrolsherownliferatherthanallowingittobecontrolledbyotherpeople traditions orexpectations A liberatedwoman canbefoundpursuinganylineofwork includinghousework ornoworkatall Shemayormaynotbemarried shemayormaynothavebornechildren Shemaybelongtoanyrace shemayhaveattainedanyage Shemaybepoororwealthy educatedorilliterate Sheneedhaveonlyonetraitincommonwithher liberatedsisters shemakesherownchoices whethertheybethecolorsonherwallsortheadvanceddegreessheseeks Sheactsofherownvolition responsibletoherself andnotoutoffearofwhathermother lover orneighbormightsay Apencilisanimplementforwriting drawing ormarking Usualpencilshavefourparts awoodedcase asolidrodofgraphiteorothermarkingmaterial asmalleraser andapieceofmetalfixingtheerasertothewood Thewoodencasesofmostpencilsareeitherroundorhexagonal 六邊形的 withroundededges Insidethewoodencase thereisasolidrodofmarkingmaterialwhichgivesthepencilitsspecialwritingcharacteristics Attheendofthewoodenpart thereissmallcolorederaserforerasingunwantedwritings Theeraserisfixedtothemainpartbyacoloredpieceofmetal Althoughthelength weightandcolordifferfromonepenciltoanother theusuallengthandweightare25cmand50g Theshapeofthepencilallowsittofiteasilyinthehandwhenitiscorrectlyheldbetweenthethumbandfingers andtofitinthepocketwhenitiscarried AHackeroriginallyreferstoapersonwhochopsorcutsroughlyandirregularlywithahatchet斧頭 Butwiththewide spreadapplicationofcomputerstovariousaspectsofourlifeandwork ithasassumedanewmeaning AHackernowisacomputeruserwhoisabletouseorchangetheinformationinotherpeople scomputersystemswithouttheirknowledgeorpermission ManyHackersareverytalentedpeoplewhohaveacquiredcomputerknowledgeallbythemselves Organizationofacompositionofdefinition Opening introduction thesisstatement topic opinionthetermtobedefinedyourdefinitionoftheterm HowyouwilldefinethetermIntroductionA Hook1 Youmaywanttoincludethetraditionaldefinitionatthebeginningofyouressaytoprovideabasisforyourpersonaldefinition 2 Youmaywanttoopenwithacontradictoryimagetowhatwouldbeyourimagetoillustratethatdefinition B ThesisStatehowyoudefinetheterm Ifyoucanwritethedefinitionusingspecificpoints youwillfindthedefinitioneasiertofollowwhenwritingthepaper TheideaofHope Somesaysthat whatoxygenistothelungs suchishopetothemeaningoflife Sokeephope Butwhatishope Dictionarytellsusthathopeis anexpectationwhichhaslittleornochanceoffulfillment p 1267 shorterOxfordEnglishDictionary Thisdefinitionalmostmeansthathopeisthemooninwaterorflowersinmirrorwhichwouldnotbelikelytobecomereality Yet itcanalsomeansomethingelse forme hopeis Howdoesthewriterhooktheaudience Thesisstatement definition how to RestrictthemeaningofyourdefinitionattheverybeginningAsawordoraconceptmighthaveavarietyofmeanings youshouldlimitthemeaningaccordingtothespecificpurposeofyouressayinthebeginningpart Afrequentlyusedwayistostipulatethemeaningbyyourselftofitinwiththepurposeofwholeessay Happinessisthatstateofconsciousnesswhichproceedsfromtheachievementofone svalues AynRandHappinessissomethingthatyouareanditcomesfromthewayyouthink WayneDyerHappinessisessentiallyastateofgoingsomewhere wholeheartedly one directionally withoutregretorreservation WilliamH SheldonHappinessisthemeaningandthepurposeoflife thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence AristotleHappinessisthespiritualexperienceoflivingeveryminutewithlove graceandgratitude DenisWaitley Thedevelopmentalparagraphs Asthedefinitionessayisacombinationofalmostalltypesofexpositorywriting youcanchooseanytypeofthefollowingpatternsoracombinationofthemtodevelopthebodyofyouressay Theoriginoftheword love isprobablythemostlogicalplacetostart AswithmanywordsintheEnglishlanguage loveisaderivativeoftheLatinword causemajoraproblemus whichmeans You remiserablewhenyougotitandmiserablewhenyoudon t Thewordwascreatedtoexplainthebiologicalphenomenonthatexistedwhencertainindividualscameintocontactwitheachotherandeitherremainedtogetherorwentabouttheirlivesseparately Regardlessoftheoutcome therelationshipwasusuallycharacteristicofthroatlumps knottedstomachs weakknees temporarylossoflanguage sweatypalms dizziness sneezing andoccasionalnausea Belligerentinsanityalsoresulted Historyclearlyillustratesthis Canweeverforgetthefacethatlaunchedathousandships FederallyexpressingVanGogh sear TheconstructionofLeTourEiffel Allofthesewereresultsofloveandlovelost Defineatermbycitingitsoriginanddevelopment theterm sderivation originalmeaning andusages Star crossedlovershavestatedthatloveisnothandnorfootnoranypartbelongingtoaman Matrimonialceremoniesalsoclaimthatloveisnotjealousorboastful Letitbestatedherethatlovealsoisnotagourmetdish adomesticatedanimal oralatesttrend LoveisnotastrategicdefensemechanismnorthebestkeptsecretatthePentagon Loveisnotanotherseasoningtobottleandstickonthedust linedshelvesofthespicerack Loveisnottobeconfusedwithadhesivetape Defineatermbyusingnegation tellingwhatitisnot Povertyisgettingupeverymorningfromadirt andillness stainedmattress Povertyisbeingtired Povertyisdirt Povertyisstayingupallnightoncoldnightstowatchthefireknowingonesparkonthenewspapercoveringthewallsmeansyoursleepingchilddiesinflames Povertyisaskingforhelp Povertyisremembering Povertyislookingintoablackfuture Povertyisanacidthatdripsonprideuntilallprideiswornaway Defineatermbyusingenumeration listingitscharacteristics Amapisaconventionalpictureofanareaofland sea orsky Perhapsthemapsmostwidelyusedaretheroadmapsgivenawaybytheoilcompanies Theyshowtheculturalfeaturessuchasstates townsparks androads especiallypavedroads Theyshowalsonaturalfeatures suchasriversandlakes andsometimesmountains Assimplemaps mostautomobiledrivershaveonvariousoccasionsusedsketchesdrawnbyservicestationsmen orbyfriends toshowthebestautomobileroutefromonetowntoanother Defineatermbyclassification Mapshavebeenusedsincetheearliercivilizations andexplorersfindthattheyareusedinrathersimplecivilizationsatthepresenttimebypeoplewhoareaccustomedtotraveling Forexample Arcticexploreshaveobtainedconsiderablehelpfrommapsofthecoastlinesshowingsettlements drawnbyEskimopeople Occasionallymapsshownotonlytheroads butpicturesofotherfeatures Oneoftheearliestsuchmapsdatesfromabout1400BC Itshowsnotonlyroads butalsolakeswithfish andacanalwithcrocodilesandabridgeoverthecanal Thisissomewhatsimilartothemodernmapsofastatewhichshowforeachlargetownsomefeaturesofinterestorthechiefproductsofthattown Defineatermbyillustration givingexamples Thedistinctionusuallymadebetween maps and charts isthatachartisarepresentationofanareaconsistingchieflyofwater whileamaprepresentsanareathatispredominantlyland Itiseasytoseehowthisdistinctionisaroseinthedayswhentherewasnonavigationoverland butatruerdistinctionisthatchartsarespeciallydesignedforuseinnavigation whetheratseaorintheair Defineatermbyusinganalogies Whenyoudefineadevice multimedia anevent nationalsportsmeetforcollegestudents oraconcept marketeconomy youneedtoexplainwhatthedevicedoes howtheeventtakesplace orhowaprocedureiscarriedout Allthisrequiresusingprocessanalysistobetterclarifytheparticularmeaningforthereader e g Ifyouessayisabout happiness youshouldnotjustdefinewhathappinessis youshouldalsoexplainhowtobehappy Defineatermbyusingprocessanalysis Itisapparentlyverynecessarytodistinguishbetweenparenthoodandparentage Parenthoodisanart parentageistheconsequenceofamerebiologicalact Thebiologicalabilitytoproduce toconceive andtogivebirthtoachildhasnothingtodowiththeabilitytocareforthatchildasitrequirestobecaredfor Itishighlydesirablethatparentageshouldnotbeundertakenuntiltheparenthoodhasbeenlearned Parentageisoftenirresponsiblewhereasparenthoodisresponsible Parentageatbestisirresponsiblyresponsibleforthebirthofachildwhileparenthoodisresponsibleforthedevelopmentofahumanbeing notsimplyachild butahumanbeing Itcanthusbestatedthatparenthoodisthemostimportantoccupationintheworld Defineatermbyusingcomparisonandcontrast Defineatermbyusingcauseandeffect Asmightbeexpected researchershaveofferedmanytheoriesconcerningthecauseofcribdeath Dr R C Reisinger anationalcancerInstitutescientist haslinkedcribdeathtothegrowthofacommonbacterium E coli intheintestinesofnewbornbabies Theorganismsmultiplyintheintestines manufacturingatoxinthatisabsorbedbytheintestinalwallandpassesintothebloodstream Breastmilkstopsthegrowthoftheorganism whereascow smilkpermitsit Therefore Dr Reisingerbelieves bottle fedbabiesrunahigherriskofcribdeaththanotherbabies Defineatermbyusingnegation Manypeoplethinkthatanurseisasmilingwoman inawhiteuniformandcap whosemainjobistotaketemperatureforapatientandchangehisorherbedpaninthehospital However thisstereotypeisnotcorrect Today snursesarebothmaleandfemale Theyaretrainedprofessionalswhooffercomfortandassistancetopeoplewhoareillorwhoareexperiencinggreatphysicalormentalstress Theyworkinhospitalbedroomsandinoperatingroom Theyalsohelppeopleinstitutionsandprovideprofessionalhomecare Definethetermmaturitybymakingalistofthecharacteristicsofthematurity Definethetermmaturitybynegation Byillustration eg ofmature immaturepeople sbehavior Definethetermmaturitybyanalogy Ismaturityequaltosophisticationorworldliness Howtojudgewhetherapersonismatureornot Ismaturityjudgedbytheage socialstatusorthedegreeofsuccessofaperson Howtoachievematurity ClassexerciseDiscussion thedefinitionofmaturity Maturityistheabilitytocontrolangerandsettledifferenceswithoutviolenceordestruction Maturityispatience Itisthewillingnesstopassupimmediatepleasureinfavorofthelong termgain Maturityisperseverance theabilitytosweatoutaprojectorasituationinspiteofheavyoppositionanddiscouragingset backs Maturityisthecapacitytofaceunpleasantnessandfrustration discomfortanddefeat withoutcomplaintorcollapse Samplethesis Maturityishumility Itisbeingbigenoughtosay Iwaswrong And whenright thematurepersonneednotexperiencethesatisfactionofsaying Itoldyouso Maturityistheabilitytomakeadecisionandstandbyit Theimmaturespendtheirlivesexploringendlesspossibilities thentheydonothing Maturitymeansdependability keepingone sword comingthroughinacrisis Theimmaturearemastersofthealibi Theyaretheconfusedandthedisorganized Theirlivesareamazeofbrokenpromises formerfrie