奧林匹克篇改.doc

奧林匹克篇奧林匹克精神- the Olympic spirit requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. 奧林匹克精神：相互了解，友誼，團(tuán)結(jié)和公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)奧林匹克格言Citius, Altius, Fortius, Faster(Swifter), Higher, Stronger 芬蘭Citius，Altius，F(xiàn)ortius，更快，更高，（更強(qiáng)）奧林匹克信條Olympic Creed“The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well”在奧林匹克中最重要的事情不是取勝而是參與，正如生活中最重要的不是勝利，而是奮斗。重要的不是打客服，而是打的不錯(cuò)。網(wǎng)球的規(guī)則Draw 抽簽The process by which matches are arranged and scheduled for a tournament. Generally, seeded players are given byes or scheduled before the draw, and names of the other entrants are then randomly selected to determine match-ups and order of play. Seed 種子Before a tournament, certain players are ranked, based on their ability and recent performances. The process is called “seeding”, the rankings are called “seeds”, and the top-ranked player is called “the top seed”. Matches are then arranged so that the top-seeded players will not meet until the later rounds of the tournament.Bye 輪空The right to advance to the next round of a tournament without playing a match. Top-seeded players are often given byes in the first round. Wild card 外卡A special “invitation” given to players ,regardless of ranking, to compete in a tournament. Often given to top players who have missed the entry deadline and young players who have demonstrated outstanding potential.Open tournament 公開(kāi)賽In the early days of tennis, clubs held two types of tournament: “closed”, to which only club members were admitted, and “open”, which non-members could also enter. With the advent of professionalism, “open” came to mean a tournament that could be entered by amateurs and professional alike. Today, all major tournaments are open. PeriodTournamentLocationSurfaceJanuary Australian Open澳網(wǎng)MelbourneHard (Plexicushion)May-JuneFrench Open法網(wǎng)ParisClayJune-JulyWimbledon溫布頓LondonGrassAugust-SeptemberUS Open美國(guó)New York CityHard (DecoTurf)網(wǎng)球四大滿貫網(wǎng)球裁判有哪些一場(chǎng)正規(guī)的網(wǎng)球比賽中有12名裁判： 一名主裁判，一名副裁判，4名邊裁，2個(gè)底線裁判，2個(gè)發(fā)球中線裁判，2個(gè)發(fā)球線裁判，另外還有六個(gè)球童。除主裁判以外，場(chǎng)上所有裁判和球童每小時(shí)換一次，確保他們得以休息，準(zhǔn)確裁決。主裁判 Tennis referee副裁判 Tennis deputy referees邊裁 Tennis linesman底線裁判 Bottom line tennis referee發(fā)球線裁判 Tennis half-way between the referee發(fā)球中線裁判 Tennis center line for the referee發(fā)球區(qū)中線 His tennis court Central Line球童 The tennis ball boy電子裁判 Tennis electronic referee排球的規(guī)則發(fā)球： serve 救球 dig 攔網(wǎng) block 一傳 pass 二傳 set 扣球 spikeSetter the second passer whose job is to position a pass to the hitter.Libero a substitute defensive player especially adept at digging. Antenna 標(biāo)志桿 Vertical poles attached to the outside edge of the net, that extend 80 centimeters above the net and delineate where the ball has to crass the net. The antemma is considered part of the net and is out of bounds. Attack line （three meters line） 進(jìn)攻線A line 3 meters from, and parallel to, the net. A back-row player cannot legally attack the ball above the net unless he takes off on his jump from behind this line.排球比賽中每方六個(gè)隊(duì)員，每個(gè)人都是有自己位置的，從1號(hào)位到6號(hào)位（以前沒(méi)有自由人）。2到4號(hào)在前排，其余在后排。前排與后排以三米線來(lái)區(qū)分。進(jìn)攻時(shí)位置在后排的隊(duì)員不許在三米線上或前面起跳扣球，否則犯規(guī)。從三米線后起跳扣球就是后排進(jìn)攻了。 Crossing space 過(guò)網(wǎng)區(qū)The zone above the net and between two antennae through which the ball must pass during a rally. Center line End lineSide lineFront zone Area abound the court (free zone ) 無(wú)障礙區(qū) The free zone surrounds the court with a recommended minimum width of 3 meters.Service zone 發(fā)球區(qū) The service zone is a 9 meters wide area behind each end line, it is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an extension of the sidelines. Both short lines are included in the width of the service zone. In depth , the service zone extends to the end of the free zone. 發(fā)球區(qū)寬9米，位置在端線后(不包括端線)。兩條端線后各畫(huà)一條長(zhǎng)15厘米、垂直并距離端線20厘米的短線，兩條短線之間的區(qū)域?yàn)榘l(fā)球區(qū)，短線寬度包括在發(fā)球區(qū)之內(nèi)。發(fā)球區(qū)的深度延至無(wú)障礙區(qū)的終端。Ready position - The flexed, yet comfortable posture a player assumes before moving to the point of contact.Forearm Pass sometimes referred to as the “bump” or “dig”. Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion. Introduced in the late 1940s as a desperation play, the forearm pass is now rated by many as the most important fundamentals in volleyball.Overhand pass- a pass with both hands open, and controlled by the fingers with the face below the ball. A ball-handling skill using both hands simultaneously to contact the ball above the head and direct it to the intended target.Spikealso hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive team who intend to terminate the ball on the opponents floor or off the opponents blocker.Block - a defensive player by one or more front row players meant to intercept a spiked ball. The combination of one, two or three players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.Team starting line-up There must always be six players per team in play. The teams starting line-up, i.e. the players serving order, indicates the rotational order of the players on the court. This order must be maintained throughout the set. Attacker also hitter or spiker. A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her teams favor.Main attacker, ace spikerSecond spike, side player排球翻譯There are normally three outside hitters on the court who function as the primary passers and are among the top defensive players. They hit the ball from the left or right side of the court, including the back row and are essential to an effective offence.The serve can be made from anywhere behind the end line, although players can land inside the court if jumping to serve.得一分：成功地讓球接觸到對(duì)方的場(chǎng)地或是對(duì)手失誤或是對(duì)手受到處罰。贏得一局：先贏得25分并至少領(lǐng)先兩分時(shí)贏得一局（決勝局，第五局除外）。如出現(xiàn)24平，比賽繼續(xù)直到一方領(lǐng)先2分。贏得比賽：先贏得3局的隊(duì)伍獲得比賽勝利。如出現(xiàn)2平?jīng)Q勝的第五局采用15分制，也要至少領(lǐng)先兩分。Scores a point:-by successfully grounding the ball on the opponents playing court;-when the opponent team commits a fault-when the opponent team receives a penaltyWin a set:A set (except the deciding, 5th set) is won by the team which firt scores 25 points with a minimum lead of two points. In the case of 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two point lead is achieved.Win a match:The match is won by the team that wins three sets. In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding set (the 5th)is played to 15 points with a minimum lead of 2 points. 籃球：（slam) dunk：(強(qiáng)力)灌籃 bank shot：擦板球 double pump：拉桿式投籃fade-away shot：后仰式跳投 hook shot：鉤射投籃 jump shot：跳投layup：帶球上籃 perimeter shot：中距離投籃 set shot：立定投籃 three-point shot：三分球 assist：助功 block shot：阻攻，蓋火鍋兒 defensive rebound：防守籃板球 field goal percentage：投球命中率 field goal：投球命中 free throw percentage：罰球命中率 free throw：罰球 offensive rebound：進(jìn)攻籃板球 rebound：籃板球 scoring：得分 steal：抄截/搶斷three-point shot percentage：三分球命中率 turnover：失誤 backboard：籃板 back court：后場(chǎng) freethrow lane：罰球圈，禁區(qū) freethrow line：罰球線 front court：前場(chǎng) game clock：比賽用時(shí)鐘 halftime：中場(chǎng)休息時(shí)間 hoop：籃框，籃圈 mid-court：中場(chǎng) net：籃網(wǎng) painted area：罰球圈，禁區(qū) restricted area near the basket：禁區(qū)內(nèi)籃框下的小圓圈區(qū)域 rim：籃框，籃圈 scoring table：記錄臺(tái)，記分臺(tái) shot clock：時(shí)限鐘（進(jìn)攻方在24秒內(nèi)必須投籃，并且球必須觸及籃框，否則即 違例) three-point line：三分（球）線 top of the circle：靠近禁區(qū)頂端之三分（球）線附近 wing：（左、右兩邊）底線區(qū)域 blocking foul：阻擋犯規(guī) charging foul：（帶球）撞人（犯規(guī)） defensive basket interference：防守方干擾投籃得分 delay of game：阻礙比賽之正常進(jìn)行 disqualification：犯滿離場(chǎng)，畢業(yè) ejection：驅(qū)逐出場(chǎng) expiration (of game, first half)：全場(chǎng)比賽first half：上半場(chǎng) first (second, third, fourth) period：比賽的第一(第二，第三，第四)節(jié) flagrant foul：惡性犯規(guī) foul：犯規(guī) foul trouble：快要犯滿離場(chǎng)，領(lǐng)到一張準(zhǔn)畢業(yè)證書(shū) held ball：持球（雙方均持球不放） illegal defense：防守違例 illegal offense：進(jìn)攻違例（見(jiàn)isolation） isolation：四位進(jìn)攻球員在一邊，而由第五位球員單吃對(duì)方防守球員 jump ball：爭(zhēng)球，跳球 out of bound：球出界線（千萬(wàn)不要說(shuō)outside） overtime：加時(shí)賽，延長(zhǎng)賽 referee：裁判 second half：下半場(chǎng) shot clock violation：違反24秒內(nèi)必須投籃(并且球必須觸及籃框)時(shí)限之規(guī)定 substitute：換人(上場(chǎng)、下場(chǎng)) technical foul：技術(shù)犯規(guī) three-second violation：（籃下）3秒鐘之違例 throw in：發(fā)球入場(chǎng) traveling：（帶球）走步 walking：（帶球）走步 動(dòng)作篇 (throw a) baseball pass：（快攻時(shí))長(zhǎng)傳 behind-the-back dribble：背后（換手）運(yùn)球 cross-leg dribble：胯下運(yùn)球 dribble：運(yùn)球 driving to the hoop：帶球上籃 four-point play：投進(jìn)3分球后因被犯規(guī)再罰進(jìn)一分 hacking：打手犯規(guī) holding：拉手犯規(guī) make the basket：投籃得分 make the hoop：投籃得分 nothing but the net/swish：空心球（入籃） shoot behind the arc：投三分球 score a basket：投籃得分 three-point play：投進(jìn)2分球后因被犯規(guī)再罰進(jìn)一分 球隊(duì)球員篇 backcourt：后衛(wèi)組（包括控球后衛(wèi)及得分后衛(wèi)） backup：后備（替換，支持）球員 bench：（指全體）后備（替換，支持）球員 center中鋒（又稱(chēng)5號(hào)位置球員） coach：教練 frontline：鋒線（包括大前鋒，小前鋒，中鋒） MVP：最有價(jià)值球員 one-guard：控球后衛(wèi) point guard：控球后衛(wèi) power forward：大前鋒（又稱(chēng)4號(hào)位置球員） rookie：第二年球員，菜鳥(niǎo)（球員） shooting guard：得分后衛(wèi) sixth man：第六人 small forward：小前鋒（又稱(chēng)3號(hào)位置球員） starter：（指?jìng)€(gè)人）先發(fā)球員 starting lineup：（指全體）先發(fā)球員 比賽篇 away game：客場(chǎng)比賽 home game：主場(chǎng)比賽 final：總決賽 first round：首輪比賽 guest team：客隊(duì) home team：主隊(duì) home court：主場(chǎng) home court advantage：主場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì) losing streak：連敗場(chǎng)數(shù)，連敗紀(jì)錄 post season：季后賽 賽事：NBA（National Basketball Association）世界籃球錦標(biāo)賽：Basketball World CupNCAA：National Collegiate Athletic Association1. In a basketball game, teams constantly trade possession of the ball. At any given movement, the offense is the team that has the ball, and the defense is the team without the ball. For the offensive team, its success depends on its members playing together. On offense, only one player handles the ball at a time, but the other players are always moving and positioning themselves to try to create scoring opportunities, either for the ball handler for themselves. 翻譯：在籃球比賽中，兩支隊(duì)伍不斷地交換持球權(quán)。在任何一場(chǎng)比賽中，進(jìn)攻方擁有持球權(quán)，而防守方?jīng)]有持球權(quán)。對(duì)于進(jìn)攻的一方，他們的勝利取決于隊(duì)員們一起的表現(xiàn)。每次進(jìn)攻時(shí)，只有一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員持球，其他隊(duì)友通過(guò)不斷移動(dòng)自己的位置試著為持球者或者自己創(chuàng)造得分機(jī)會(huì)。2.Play bigBigger players can force their way closer to the basket, creating shorter shots for themselves and opening up space for the guards on the perimeter to hit jump shots. Playing big also gives a team an advantage in rebounding, the disadvantage of playing big is that smaller, quicker opponents may use their speed to play a fast-break game. 翻譯：大塊頭的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。大塊頭的運(yùn)動(dòng)員們能強(qiáng)勢(shì)往前沖使自己更靠近籃板，為他們自己創(chuàng)造更近的（籃下的）投籃得分機(jī)會(huì)，在禁區(qū)內(nèi)為防守隊(duì)員打開(kāi)空間創(chuàng)造跳投得分的機(jī)會(huì)。大塊頭的隊(duì)友也給自己隊(duì)伍的籃板球帶來(lái)很大的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是他們的劣勢(shì)在于對(duì)方小個(gè)子、速度快的隊(duì)員會(huì)利用他們的速度打出快攻。 3. A teams three-point game certainly depends on having excellent shooter, but it also depends on players setting good, solid screens that get shooters open and on players using the w