《德伯家的苔絲》之苔絲的悲劇透視.doc

論文題 目： An Analysis of Tess Tragedy of Tess of the DUrbervilles 德伯家的苔絲之苔絲的悲劇透視 作者姓名： 鄧娜 2016年11 月An Analysis of Tess Tragedy of Tess of the DUrbervilles Author: Deng Na Abstract: Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the 19th century in England. Tess of the DUrbervilles is the most influential one of his works. The novel describes the tragedy of Tess, it cant be separated from her own weakness in character, because she has the dual nature of the society character obviously-resistance and compromise. Then it describes the two main heroes. The paper describes the environment of the society, and then it begins to analysis the morality of capitalism and the religion factors at that time. Tess tragic life is caused by that society and its the result of that time. As a common person, Tess fought with that society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of that society. Key Words: character; moral ethic; religion; unequal legal systemI. IntroductionThomas Hardy, (1840-1928), one of the representatives of English critical realism at the 19th century, he was a poet. He is well-known for novels of character and environment. His birthplace was in a country which named Egdon in the Westland. This natural environment came into being the main environment in the Hardys writes. There were 20 long novels in Hardys early life. The most famous novels are Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891), Jude the Obscure (1895), The Mayor of Cascetbridge (1901). Hardys works reflected the change of that social economy, politics, morality and tradition when the hypocritical bourgeoisie invaded the countries in England, especially exposed womens tragic life and hypocrisy of bourgeoisie morality, law and religion. His works not only inherited the great tradition of England realism, but also pioneering the way for British literature of 20th century.Tess of the DUrbervilles was a great influential work of Hardy, which told the tragic life story of a gorgeous country girl. Tess was a poor farmers daughter. Sent by her mother to claim kindred with a prosperous branch of the DUrbervilles family, she was seduced by the young master of the house, Alec. After giving birth to a child who died in infancy, she went to at a daisy farm in Talbothays. Then she met Angel Clare, a son of clergyman, and he felled in love with her. Soon after, he married her. On the wedding night, Tess and Angel told each other about their pasts, after hearing Tesss confession, Angel left her abruptly for Brazil. Poverty forced Tess to seek for work and she worked for a long time at a capitalist farm in Flint where she was insulted and oppressed by the master. Then the terrible things of her fathers death and the expulsion of her family from their cottage forced her to seek for assistance from Alec, and the latter, the preacher, Alec, soon tempted her and resumed his former illicit relations with her. Angel Clare returned repentant and ready to reconcile with Tess. Therefore, Tess found that her living with Alec hinders her from returning to Angel. She killed Alec. Finally, she was arrested speedily, tried and hanged.Tess of the DUrbervilles can be regarded as one of the greatest tragedy in prose in the history of English literature. The subheading of DUrbervilles is “A Pure Woman”, Hardy regarded Tess as a symbol of beauty and love. However, a pure womans fate was so tragic. Tess was a daughter of a country vendor, she was pure and pretty and kind and hard-working. She was forced to do farm work in a distant relatives just for improving her poor family. She was a young girl that just learned a little knowledge and dangerous things. Then she was seduced by Alec and pregnant. Her baby was died after born. Therefore, Tess was destroyed in mental and physical. At last she walked in a road with despair and indignation. At last, she was died by hanging. The transient and miserable life of Tess shocked everyone. Its regret. What lead to the tragedy of Tess? Through the study of it, we can find out there are many reasons.II. Reasons of Tess Tragedy2.1Tess Character2.1.1VanityTess was a vanity woman. She refused to afford for money from Alec when she was invaded. She went away from him with disgust and contempt. She cant get along with ignoble Alec because of her vanity and pure. It is valuable that Tess dont endorse classical notion of chastity with pure concept what reflected her simple and honesty from her nature. But because of it, Tess told her “secret” to Angel and not to care about her mothers dissuasion. Nevertheless, Angel had not forgiven Tess after he known about the “secret”. Tess should have not to tell the truth and she should have to leave Angel but she hasnt to do so because of vanity. Tess was willing to divorce or die for Angel. Tess was unwilling to ask Angels parents for help because of vanity. If Tess can ask Angels parents for help, she maybe hasnt be caught by Alec. The side of Tesss social character is resigned to bad conditions. Tess adopts completely another kind of manner to treat Angel. The relationship between lovers should be equal, but Tess constantly disparages herself and raises Angel. At the beginning of love “she loves he extremely, she looks he as the god.”(Thomas Hard, 1891:261)2.1.2Delicate Tess Tess was a daughter of poor peasants. Her nature character reflects the industrious and valiant of human nature. It refracted the quality of human natures brave benevolence. Tesss beauty and temperament are harmony with the nature, she was “the natures daughter”, and her mind which is contaminated after the common custom has not been good and the rich sympathy. She never hurts even a fly and worms, a little bird in a cage can make she cry. Tess this own character decided she has no ability to protect herself, and the efforts required to pay in excess of her endurance. The tragedy of her fate set the tone early, and the tragedys happen only was the problem of time or might different in form. 2.2Alec and Angel 2.2.1 AlecIn this novel, the description of male leading characters has reflected the capitalist society darkness and hypocritical capitalism morals view at that time. Alec is the represent of emerging bourgeoisies, he represented the bourgeois societys authority, the wealth and the evil, the reason to Tess tragic life.2.2.2 Angel The traditional ethics morality survives on Angel devastates to Tess is invisible, the more fearful spirit injures. In nature bosom, he feels the village life is simple and fresh when he stays with the innocent peasant family young girls. He was mild-mannered and cultivated, serious and earnest. He starts to recognize Tess could be a good steward in the future slowly. If we say because the Alecs ferocious adversary caused the chastity lost and to bring the deep pain to Tess, but it has not been able to disappear the desire and the future hope of her live.III. Analysis From Tess Family and Society3.1Poor Family of Tess and Incapable Parents of TessTess father was a poor countryside hawker, whose natural disposition is lazy and even benighted, Tess mother was a dairymaid, who was sloppy superstition and mind simply. They were pitiful creature who chart praise the vanity and depended on the time wind and rain willfully to devastate. Just as such terrible parents became the setter of a bad example of Tess tragedy.In order to showed off own so-called “aristocrat” status and satisfied mere vanity, Tess parents wanted to improve own status by “acknowledges as relatives”, “marries”. Although Tess obnoxious parents hypocrisy, despised the noble origin, and persisted herself is peasant familys daughter who living on own labor, but she was the oldest child in the family, parents incompetent made the heavy burden on herself early. She loved her little sisters and brothers deeply and she cannot cruel enough to looked they suffer hardships. Unfortunately, when the old horse what her family living on died, Tess obeyed the aunt to assign to go for shelter richly adulteration relative with same surname reluctantly. In the result, she suffered devastating, and she became the sacrificial victim and the Confucianism criminal which the beast wants. Afterwards, in order to her family, Tess was forced to leave native place, the wooden scoop anchors everywhere, she experienced every hard vicissitudes. At last, Tess came back to Alec again for family, in order to receive family members warm by her own human body.3.2Vanity Morality of Capitalism and ReligionTess tragedy is belonging to the 19th century. She is a figure of tragedy that be desecrated and damaged. Tess life time belongs to the patriarchal society and it has come to an end. With the rapid development of capitalism, the bourgeoisie had not satisfied with the city. Capitalism destroyed the village of pastoral peace. Traditional way of agricultural production was replaced by the agriculture of capitalist business. The peasant class went bankrupt and the old small peasant economy collapsed thoroughly. In order to survive, farmers had to do workers. This trend forced to Tess resistance. She can only use her poor power to show the dissatisfaction of the status.Tess lived in Victorian era, Men and womens love in marriage was never equal. There were triangle relationship and divorce, an affair, extramarital relations and so on. It is also considered unethical behavior. Tess is the victim of this unfair ethics and morality, her whole life is to survive under force and violence. During that period, philandering men was not popular. But accused and insulted women was more serious. This is the era of the lower womens unfortunate fate. 3.3Unequal Legal System Economic foundation for Tess family is very important. Tess of the DUrbervilles shown, originally prominent futurity of the family of DUrbervilles, they lost ancestors of real estate and reduced to owner-peasant. Their life all relied on small businesses of their father. Mentioned in the novel the property of DUrbervilles, which is Alecs house. Because of the British inheritance tax, they should pay high inheritance tax when land barons in replacement time. Thus, a lot of inability to pay taxes feudal nobility had abandoned ancestral homes. For Tess home in terms of lost homes, they fell to the bottom of society, it began a tragic fate.IV. Conclusion A lot of reflection was left by Hardy through his creation of Tess tragedy. Tess tragedy was as a result of action of other people or as a result of the social convention