譯林版高中英語選修8學(xué)案：語法解讀 Unit1　.doc

語法解讀negative statements 否定陳述我們有很多不同的方式進(jìn)行否定表達(dá)。最常見的就是用否定詞no, not, never, neither, nothing, nobody等。我們一般將否定表達(dá)形式歸為以下幾類：1.auxiliary verb+not(助動詞+not)具體形式為：主語+謂語(be, have或助動詞，情態(tài)動詞+not.)如：china is not a developed country.中國不是一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國家。he has not finished the experiment.他還沒做完實(shí)驗(yàn)。he will not come to the party because of his illness.因?yàn)樯?，他將不參加晚會。dont waste your money.不要浪費(fèi)你的錢。2.not 與帶有否定前綴或否定后綴的單詞連用，表達(dá)肯定的意思，但語氣沒有用直接肯定式表達(dá)那么強(qiáng)。如：1)since we have spent too much money, it seems impossible not to carry on this project.既然我們已經(jīng)花了那么多錢，這項(xiàng)工程看來不進(jìn)行下去是不可能的。2)this is not uncommon.這種現(xiàn)象不是不常見的。this is quite common.這種現(xiàn)象很常見。第二種表達(dá)語氣要強(qiáng)于第一種。3)its not unfair to praise him.(its fair to praise him.)不表揚(yáng)他是不公正的(表揚(yáng)他是公正的)。4)the young mustnt be so unreasonable to the old.年輕人不應(yīng)當(dāng)對老年人如此無禮。the young must be reasonable to the old.年輕人應(yīng)當(dāng)對老年人有禮貌。常見的構(gòu)成否定詞的前綴和后綴有：dis-否定、相對、相反like(v.喜歡)dislike(v.不喜歡)appear(v.出現(xiàn)) disappear(v.消失)agree(v.同意) disagree(v.不同意)cover(v.掩蓋) discover(v.發(fā)現(xiàn))obey(v.遵從) disobey(v.不遵從)believe(v.相信) disbelieve(v.不相信)honest(adj.誠實(shí)) dishonest(adj.不誠實(shí))advantage(n.有利條件;優(yōu)點(diǎn)) disadvantage(n.不利條件;缺點(diǎn))in-不directindirect不直接的correctincorrect不正確的completeincomplete不全的visibleinvisible看不見的activeinactive不活躍的im-不possibleimpossible不可能的politeimpolite不禮貌的perfectimperfect不完美的un-不ableunable無能力的usualunusual不尋常的healthyunhealthy不健康的knownunknown不知道的soldunsold未售完的successfulunsuccessful不成功的fairunfair不公平的certainuncertain不肯定的happyunhappy不高興的commonuncommon不普通的equalunequal不平等的naturalunnatural不自然的realunreal不真實(shí)的fortunatelyunfortunately不幸地kindunkind不仁慈的comfortableuncomfortable不舒服的easyuneasy不安的interestinguninteresting沒有趣的importantunimportant不重要的necessaryunnecessary不必要的pleasantunpleasant令人不快的il-,ir-不；無非regularirregular不規(guī)則的legalillegal不合法的logicalillogical不合邏輯的ab-脫離；反常absent，abusenormal-abnormal不正常的non-不；非；無nonsmoker不抽煙的nohuman非人類的后綴-less-less(n./adj.)沒有的care仔細(xì)careless不仔細(xì)的cord線cordless無線的end終點(diǎn)endless無止境的hope希望hopeless絕望的home家homeless無家可歸的job工作jobless無業(yè)的help幫助helpless無助的wire導(dǎo)線wireless無線的3.not與表示時(shí)間或距離的短語連用，有時(shí)也可與名詞短語(包括數(shù)量等)連用，目的是為強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)短語的否定含義。如：not many people heard the speech.=very few people heard the speech.去聽那次演講的人并不多。not every conclusion can hold water.不是所有的結(jié)論都站得住腳。both her brothers are not in new york.她的兩個(gè)兄弟不都是在紐約。(注：這一部分牽涉到部分否定和完全否定。部分否定是指在英語中含有總括意義的代詞、形容詞、副詞等與否定詞連用時(shí)，只否定一部分，常見的有every, both, all等)。如：all that glitters is not gold.閃閃發(fā)光物，未必盡黃金。而完全否定一般與neither, none, no等連用。如：neither of them was in good health.他們兩人身體都不好。none of us are afraid of difficulties, but all of us are not good at overcoming difficulties.我們都不害怕困難，但并非都善于克服困難(前半句用完全否定，后半句用部分否定)。4.if從句里面的附加否定。有時(shí)候我們會運(yùn)用whether或if從句來表示我們對某種情形的懷疑。這些表達(dá)比較隨便，更多地用于口語當(dāng)中。如：i wonder whether/if i shouldnt bring an umbrella.(i wonder whether/if i should bring an umbrella.)我想知道我是否需要帶傘。i wouldnt be surprised if they didnt move soon.如果他們不快搬走,我一點(diǎn)都不吃驚。5.直接由表示否定意義的詞構(gòu)成的否定表達(dá)，常見的否定詞有hardly, seldom, unless, would rather.than., never, scarcely, none, no, nor, nothing, nobody, the last, far from, free from。ill never forget the day when i joined the league.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我入團(tuán)的那一天。we could hardly (scarcely) understand his english.我們幾乎聽不懂他的英語。none of the answers is/are correct.所有的答案都不正確。the classics are far from d